Occasional paper World Agroforestry Centre

Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products

Eddah Nang’ole, Dagmar Mithöfer and Steven Franzel

17

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Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis

for agricultural and forest products

Eddah Nang’ole, Dagmar Mithöfer and Steven Franzel

Titles in the Occasional Papers series aim to disseminate information on agroforestry research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other publication series from the World Agroforestry Centre include Technical Manuals and Working Papers.

Correct citation: Nang’ole EM, Mithöfer D and Franzel S. 2011. Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products. ICRAF Occasional Paper No. 17. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre

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© World Agroforestry Centre 2011 ICRAF Occasional Paper No. 17

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Abstract

This paper gives an overview of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis in agriculture and forestry. The publications were compiled through web search using key words such as value chain manuals, value chain guidelines, value chain handbooks. Information was also gathered by requesting key informants to provide any guidelines they knew of. The value chain concept has been applied in different ways by different organizations. Thus, this paper starts by reviewing the commonalities and differences in the definition of value chain and other relevant terms. Four stages of value chain analysis are described: appraisal, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. It then lists 32 guidelines and manuals, breaking them into four groups: (1) those that deal with all four stages of value chain analysis, (2) those focusing on the first two stages, appraisal and design, (3) those that focus on forest products, and (4) those examining special topics cutting across the other guidelines such as collective marketing, farmer-trader relations or gender analysis. For each guideline or manual, there is a brief overview of the contents, the specific survey instruments, case studies and the web address or other means of accessing it. Future work should include a more detailed analysis of the approaches and methods used in the different manuals and their strengths and weaknesses.

Keywords

Marketing; rapid market appraisal; supply chain analysis; development

iv

About the authors

Eddah Nang’ole is a Research Assistant at the World Agroforestry Centre in the Global Research Priority on Tree Crop Marketing and Extension. She holds a Masters of Economics from the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Her research interests are value chain analysis of agroforestry products, enterprise viability and marketing.

Dagmar Mithöfer is an Economist/Senior Marketing Specialist at the World Agroforestry Centre in the Global Research Priority on Tree Crop Marketing and Extension. She holds a PhD in Economics from University of Hannover, Germany. Her main research interests include certification and quality assurance systems, value chain analysis and smallholder market participation and impact assessment.

Steven Franzel is a Principal Agricultural Economist at the World Agroforestry Centre and leads the Centre’s Global Research Priority on Tree Crop Marketing and Extension. He holds a PhD in Agricultural Economics from Michigan State University, USA. His main research interests include farming systems research, extension approaches, marketing, participatory research and natural resource management.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Jason Donovan and Patrick Van Damme, our peer reviewers, for their valuable comments. We also thank Amos Gyau for his input and comments and guidance towards other important references.

Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

v

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Methods .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2

History of value chains .................................................................................................................................................... 2

Value chain analysis for designing and assessing development interventions ..................................................... 4

Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 14

References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Figure 1: Porter’s generic value chain ....................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2: Stages of value chain analysis ..................................................................................................................... 4

Table 1: Guidelines and manuals for analyzing value chains for agricultural and

forest products ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-13

Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

1Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

Most poverty reduction strategies in developing countries are predicated on improving agricultural production and promoting market access and integration of smallholder producers in formal market exchange. Research has shown at both conceptual and empirical levels the potential benefits of such a market-driven perspective (Barrett 2008). Development practitioners make extensive use of the value chain concept for the design of market-driven rural development projects and strategies. It is also widely used by researchers, as shown by the increasing number of publications (Fasse et al 2009). There is a tremendous interest in learning about marketing and value chain analysis and a great number of publications are available. However, the large number of manuals and guidelines can be confusing due to differing objectives, a lack of guidance on which to use in a particular situation and the inconsistent use of concepts and terms. So far, no overview of these is available. This paper aims to provide an overview of available manuals and guidelines on value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products for field staff of development and research organizations. The aim is to help users identify the manual(s) most suitable for their own needs and circumstances. Private sector analysts and educators may also find this overview useful.

Kaplinsky and Morris (2002) define a value chain as the full range of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the different phases of production, transformation and delivery to final consumers, and eventual disposal after use. In Kaplinsky and Morris’ approach, value chain analysis seeks to characterize how chain activities are performed and to understand how value is created and shared among chain participants.

In contrast, other definitions exist. For example, Hobbs et al (2000) defines the value chain as one particular form of the supply chain. In this approach, the supply chain refers to the entire vertical chain of activities: from production on the farm, through processing, distribution and retailing to the consumer – in other words – the entire spectrum, from gate to plate, regardless of how it is organized or how it functions. Hobbs’ definition of supply chain is thus similar to Kaplinsky and Morris’ definition of value chain. Hobbs et al defines the value chain as a vertical alliance or

Introduction

strategic network between a number of independent business organizations within a supply chain. Thus, rather than value creation and sharing, emphasis is placed on the permanence of linkages among chain actors.

Further, value chain analysis can be viewed in a narrow or broad sense (van den Berg et al 2009). In the narrow meaning, a value chain focuses on a single firm and includes the conception and design stage; the acquisition of inputs; production, marketing and distribution activities; and the performance of after-sale services. The broad approach to value chains looks across enterprises at the range of activities implemented by various actors to bring a raw material to the final product. The broad value chain approach starts from the production system of the raw materials used to produce a product. It also includes linkages with other actors engaged in activities such as trading, assembling, processing and providing business development services such as credit and market information. The broad approach also comprises all backward and forward linkages, up to the level in which the raw material produced is linked to the final consumers (van den Berg et al 2009).

More recently, the concept of value chain analysis seems to have become synonymous to market analysis in general by also including aspects of the horizontal1analysis of a set of specific actors at one stage of the chain and the role of policies, institutions and laws in shaping markets. Often, the terms ‘supply chain’ and ‘value chain’ are used interchangeably.

The remaining sections are organized as follows. First, the methods used to assemble the manuals and guidelines are presented, then the history of the value chain and related concepts are discussed. For each manual or guideline, a brief overview of its contents, the methods used to gather evidence, data collection instruments, case studies and the web address or other means of accessing it are presented.

1 ‘Horizontal’ relationships refer to ones among actors at a particular stage of the chain such as in retailing. In contrast, ‘vertical’ relationships are those between actors at different stages of the chain, such as one among producers, wholesalers and retailers.

2 Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

Thirty-two manuals and guidelines were gathered through a web search using Google and Google Scholar. Key words used in the search were value chain manuals, value chain guidelines, guidelines for market chain analysis and value chain handbooks. The manuals selected mainly targeted researchers and development practitioners working with small farmers and traders to improve their incomes through market-driven enterprises. Other manuals were identified by sending out requests to key informants. Certain manuals on market analysis that had not used the term ‘value chain analysis’, were also included, such as ones on rapid

market appraisal (RMA), which is an iterative and interactive research methodology used to understand complex market systems in a short time (Joss et al 2002). RMA is a key element of many value chain analyses. Also included were volumes of case studies of value chain analysis in which tools and guidelines were discussed.

There may be other relevant manuals and guidelines that have been left out because they could not be accessed using electronic search engines. The authors appreciate suggestions from readers on manuals and guidelines that should be included in future versions of this paper.

Figure 1: Porter’s generic value chain

Source: Roduner 2004

Methods

History of value chains

The value chain concept is a systems approach that evolved over time drawing from different disciplines (da Silva and de Souza Filho 2007). The scientific discussion about the vertical integration of production and distribution processes started in the 1960s. The ‘filière’ concept was developed at the French Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) as an analytical tool to study the ways in which agricultural production systems were organized in the context of developing countries.

The framework paid special attention to how local production systems are linked to processing industry, trade, export and final consumption (van den Berg et al 2009). The concept was used to describe the flow of physical input and services in the production of a final product and in terms of its concern with quantitative technical relationships. However, ‘filière’ analysis tended to be viewed as having a static character, reflecting relations at a certain point in time. It did not indicate the growing or shrinking flows either of commodity or knowledge nor the rise and fall of actors (Roduner 2004).

The concept of the sub-sector, first introduced by Shaffer (1970), was also an important conceptual development related to value chains. A sub-sector is “an interdependent array of organizations, resources, laws and institutions involved in producing, processing and distributing an agricultural commodity”. A sub-sector thus involves a set of activities and actors and the rules governing those activities (Staatz 1997). Sub-sector analysis encompasses a meaningful grouping of economic activities linked horizontally and vertically by market relationships. It involves studying the networks of relationships linking suppliers, processors, transporters and traders in ways that connect producers and enterprises with final consumers of goods and services.

In the mid 1980s, Porter developed the value chain analysis as an instrument for identifying the value of each step in the production process (Figure 1). The concept of value chain is utilized as a conceptual framework that enterprises can use to detect their sources of competitive advantage. Porter argued that the sources cannot be detected by looking at a firm as a whole; rather the firm

3Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

should be disaggregated in a series of activities. Porter identified (1) primary activities, which directly contribute to add value to the production of goods and service and (2) support activities, which have an indirect effect on the final value of the product (van den Berg et al 2009). The primary activities are: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and services. The goal of these activities is to offer the customer a level of value that exceeds the cost of the activities thereby resulting in a profit margin (Roduner 2004).

Porter introduced the ‘value system’ as an alternative way of approaching the search of competitive advantage. A value system includes the activities implemented by all the firms involved in the production of a good or service, starting from basic raw materials to those engaged in the delivery to the final consumers. The concept of value system is therefore broader compared to the one of ‘enterprise value chain’ (van den Berg et al 2009). However, in Porter’s framework, the concept of value system is mostly a tool for assisting executive management in strategic decisions. The value chain analysis, according to Porter’s approach, is therefore restricted to the firm level neglecting the analysis of upstream or downstream activities beyond the company (Fasse et al 2009).

A third concept, the “Global Commodity Chain (GCC),” was introduced in the mid 1990s by Gereffi and others. Gereffi et al (2005) utilized the framework of value chain to examine the ways in which firms

and countries are globally integrated and to assess the determinants of global income distribution. GCC focuses on the power relations in the coordination of globally dispersed, but linked production systems. Gereffi shows that commodity chains are generally characterized by a leading party or parties that determine the overall character of the chain. Gereffi established four core elements: (a) input-output structure, (b) territorial (international) structure, (c) institutional framework, and (d) governance structure (Kaplinsky and Morris 2002). The focus was set on governance referring to institutional mechanisms and inter-firm relationships (Fasse et al 2009). This concept has been applied in the area of quality assurance procedures such as in coffee, e.g. Ponte (2002).

Based on Gereffi’s GCC, Messner (2002) developed the concept of the world economic triangle. Messner’s concept is based on the assumption that actors, governance and regulation systems determine the scope of action open to the regions in the global commodity chains. He determines six critical aspects in an economic triangle as; actor constellations, interests, power structures, situational mindsets, action orientation and trust. This approach focuses on upgrading entire regions or clusters through their integration into chains. Thus the economic triangle theory links horizontal (cluster development) and vertical approaches (value chain) (Roduner 2004). The global commodity chain concept has also been further developed into the Global Value Chain Concept reflecting a more dynamic view of chain governance (Sturgeon 2008, Gereffi et al 2005).

4 Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

Various guidelines (also known as manuals or handbooks) exist for carrying out value chain analysis. The guidelines cover four broad stages of value chain analysis (Figure 2):

• Appraisal of value chains and related information, e.g., choosing products, areas to work, and partners; conducting surveys to describe value chains and product sub-sectors; rapid market appraisals, and data analysis

• Design of interventions to improve value chain performances, including technologies, institutional innovations, and policies

• Implementation of interventions

• Monitoring and evaluation.

Figure 2: Stages of value chain analysis

Value chain analysis for designing and assessing development interventions – guidelines and manuals

Table 1 presents guidelines and models which focus on the agricultural and forest sector. The guidelines are divided into four groups. The first are general ones that present information on all four of the above stages. The second group deals only with the first two stages, appraisal and intervention design. These often focus on the kinds of surveys needed to develop an understanding of value chains and include rapid market appraisals. The third group includes guidelines that focus on a particular set of commodities, such as forest enterprises. The fourth group deals with special topics that are often neglected in other guidelines: collective marketing, gender analysis or farmer-trader relations. Where appropriate, collections of case studies to illustrate concepts and their applications have been included.

5Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

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tSe

lect

ing

com

mun

ities

and

or

gani

zing

farm

ers

(ses

ame

in

Nig

er, p

ulse

s in

Ken

ya, c

offe

e in

Ph

ilipp

ines

, alte

rnat

ives

to

popp

y in

Afg

anis

tan)

, ent

erpr

ise

desi

gn

(pot

atoe

s in

Eth

iopi

a, ag

ribu

sine

ss

cent

res

in E

l Sal

vado

r, po

tato

es

in U

gand

a an

d ca

lam

ansi

in

Phili

ppin

es),

mar

ketin

g (g

roup

s in

Ta

nzan

ia, f

inan

cial

ser

vice

s in

Indi

a, m

ilk in

Afg

hani

stan

and

inno

vatio

n gr

oups

in N

icar

agua

), sc

alin

g up

(b

eans

in E

thio

pia

and

coffe

e in

N

icar

agua

), le

arni

ng a

nd s

hari

ng

(Eas

t Afr

ica

and

Mad

agas

car)

6G

TZ

. 200

7. V

alue

links

man

ual.

The

met

hodo

logy

of v

alue

cha

in

prom

otio

n. E

schb

orn,

Ger

man

y: D

euts

che

Ges

ells

chaf

t fü

r Tec

hnis

che

Zus

amm

enar

beit

(GT

Z).

221

pp.

The

man

ual s

truc

ture

s th

e kn

ow-h

ow o

f val

ue c

hain

pro

mot

ion

into

12

mod

ules

org

aniz

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e pr

ojec

t cyc

le. I

t sta

rts

with

the

deci

sion

whe

ther

to e

ngag

e in

val

ue c

hain

pro

mot

ion

at a

ll, an

d ho

w to

co

mbi

ne V

C pr

omot

ion

with

oth

er d

evel

opm

ent a

ppro

ache

s. Th

e fir

st

step

in v

alue

cha

in p

rom

otio

n is

the

iden

tific

atio

n of

a v

alue

cha

in to

pr

omot

e (m

odul

e 1)

, fol

low

ed b

y va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is (m

odul

e 2)

and

the

form

ulat

ion

of a

cha

in u

pgra

ding

str

ateg

y (m

odul

e 3)

. Mod

ule

4 pr

esen

ts

know

-how

for

faci

litat

ors

of v

alue

cha

in p

rom

otio

n pr

ojec

ts. M

odul

es

(5-1

0) a

re a

ll de

vote

d to

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

pro

ject

s. Fi

nally

, mod

ule

11 c

lose

s th

e cy

cle

with

kno

w-h

ow o

n m

onito

ring

impa

cts

and

man

agin

g fo

r de

velo

pmen

t res

ults

.

Seco

ndar

y in

form

atio

n,

key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s

Man

go in

Ken

ya, h

oney

in M

exic

o,

jute

in B

angl

ades

h, a

mon

g ot

hers

7H

err

M a

nd M

uzir

a T.

200

9. C

hain

de

velo

pmen

t fo

r de

cent

wor

k: a

gu

ide

for

deve

lopm

ent

prac

titio

ners

, go

vern

men

t an

d pr

ivat

e se

ctor

in

itiat

ives

. Gen

eva,

Switz

erla

nd:

Inte

rnat

iona

l Lab

our

Org

aniz

atio

n (I

LO).

244

pp.

“Dec

ent w

ork”

is a

n ap

proa

ch to

sus

tain

able

dev

elop

men

t pro

mot

ed b

y th

e In

tern

atio

nal L

abou

r O

rgan

izat

ion

high

light

ing

soci

al ju

stic

e an

d so

cial

in

clus

ion.

The

gui

de g

ives

asp

ects

that

nee

d to

be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt

whe

n w

orki

ng to

impr

ove

valu

e ch

ains

hig

hlig

htin

g de

cent

wor

k. Ch

apte

r 1

give

s th

e ap

prop

riate

crit

eria

and

met

hodo

logy

for

sect

or s

elec

tion,

w

hile

Cha

pter

2 p

rovi

des

guid

ance

on

proj

ect s

etup

and

initi

al e

valu

atio

n.

Chap

ter

3 ex

plor

es v

alue

cha

in m

appi

ng. C

hapt

er 4

exp

lore

s ke

y ty

pes

of v

alue

cha

in r

esea

rch,

incl

udin

g w

hy a

nd h

ow to

ass

ess

the

natu

re o

f di

alog

ue, w

orki

ng c

ondi

tions

, pow

er r

elat

ions

and

the

posit

ion

of w

omen

w

ithin

a v

alue

cha

in, a

s w

ell a

s th

e ro

le o

f lea

d fir

ms

and

busin

ess

serv

ices

. Cha

pter

5, o

n va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is, e

xplo

res

a nu

mbe

r of

key

in

terv

entio

n st

rate

gies

. Cha

pter

6 d

iscus

ses

mon

itorin

g an

d ev

alua

tion

and

offe

rs g

uida

nce

on b

asel

ine

and

perio

dic

surv

eys,

and

the

sele

ctio

n an

d tr

acki

ng o

f ind

icat

ors,

from

inpu

ts to

out

puts

, to

outc

omes

, to

impa

cts.

Inte

rvie

ws,

focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

ons,

seco

ndar

y da

ta

Vege

tabl

e se

ctor

in B

angl

ades

h,

flori

cultu

re in

Sri

Lan

ka

7Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

R

efe

ren

ces

Ove

rvie

wS

urv

ey

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

5Fe

rris

S, M

undy

P a

nd B

est

R. 2

009.

G

ettin

g to

mar

ket;

from

agr

icul

ture

to

agr

oent

erpr

ise.

Bal

timor

e, U

SA:

Cat

holic

Rel

ief S

ervi

ces

(CR

S). 3

44 p

p.

This

book

pre

sent

s a

serie

s of

cas

es, d

raw

n fr

om a

ran

ge o

f val

ue c

hain

s an

d ac

ross

cou

ntrie

s. Ea

ch c

ase

focu

ses

on a

par

ticul

ar s

tage

in th

e ag

roen

terp

rise

deve

lopm

ent p

roce

ss, f

ollo

win

g a

new

“ag

roen

terp

rise

deve

lopm

ent c

ycle

” th

at o

utlin

es h

ow to

hel

p fa

rmer

s im

prov

e th

eir

mar

ket p

erfo

rman

ce. I

t is

pres

ente

d in

10

part

s, th

e fir

st g

ives

bac

kgro

und

info

rmat

ion

on a

groe

nter

prise

, the

sec

ond

is on

the

agro

ente

rpris

e cy

cle,

the

third

is o

n ch

oosin

g an

ent

ry p

oint

, and

the

four

th s

ectio

n co

vers

gen

der

in a

groe

nter

prise

. Sec

tions

five

to n

ine

outli

ne s

teps

to b

e fo

llow

ed w

hen

esta

blish

ing

an e

nter

prise

: get

ting

orga

nize

d an

d en

terp

rise

desig

n, w

hich

incl

udes

ana

lyzi

ng th

e va

lue

chai

n, m

arke

ting,

scal

ing

up

and

lear

ning

and

sha

ring.

Sect

ion

ten

pres

ents

con

clus

ions

and

the

way

fo

rwar

d.

Stru

ctur

ed

ques

tionn

aire

, che

cklis

tSe

lect

ing

com

mun

ities

and

or

gani

zing

farm

ers

(ses

ame

in

Nig

er, p

ulse

s in

Ken

ya, c

offe

e in

Ph

ilipp

ines

, alte

rnat

ives

to

popp

y in

Afg

anis

tan)

, ent

erpr

ise

desi

gn

(pot

atoe

s in

Eth

iopi

a, ag

ribu

sine

ss

cent

res

in E

l Sal

vado

r, po

tato

es

in U

gand

a an

d ca

lam

ansi

in

Phili

ppin

es),

mar

ketin

g (g

roup

s in

Ta

nzan

ia, f

inan

cial

ser

vice

s in

Indi

a, m

ilk in

Afg

hani

stan

and

inno

vatio

n gr

oups

in N

icar

agua

), sc

alin

g up

(b

eans

in E

thio

pia

and

coffe

e in

N

icar

agua

), le

arni

ng a

nd s

hari

ng

(Eas

t Afr

ica

and

Mad

agas

car)

6G

TZ

. 200

7. V

alue

links

man

ual.

The

met

hodo

logy

of v

alue

cha

in

prom

otio

n. E

schb

orn,

Ger

man

y: D

euts

che

Ges

ells

chaf

t fü

r Tec

hnis

che

Zus

amm

enar

beit

(GT

Z).

221

pp.

The

man

ual s

truc

ture

s th

e kn

ow-h

ow o

f val

ue c

hain

pro

mot

ion

into

12

mod

ules

org

aniz

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e pr

ojec

t cyc

le. I

t sta

rts

with

the

deci

sion

whe

ther

to e

ngag

e in

val

ue c

hain

pro

mot

ion

at a

ll, an

d ho

w to

co

mbi

ne V

C pr

omot

ion

with

oth

er d

evel

opm

ent a

ppro

ache

s. Th

e fir

st

step

in v

alue

cha

in p

rom

otio

n is

the

iden

tific

atio

n of

a v

alue

cha

in to

pr

omot

e (m

odul

e 1)

, fol

low

ed b

y va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is (m

odul

e 2)

and

the

form

ulat

ion

of a

cha

in u

pgra

ding

str

ateg

y (m

odul

e 3)

. Mod

ule

4 pr

esen

ts

know

-how

for

faci

litat

ors

of v

alue

cha

in p

rom

otio

n pr

ojec

ts. M

odul

es

(5-1

0) a

re a

ll de

vote

d to

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

pro

ject

s. Fi

nally

, mod

ule

11 c

lose

s th

e cy

cle

with

kno

w-h

ow o

n m

onito

ring

impa

cts

and

man

agin

g fo

r de

velo

pmen

t res

ults

.

Seco

ndar

y in

form

atio

n,

key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s

Man

go in

Ken

ya, h

oney

in M

exic

o,

jute

in B

angl

ades

h, a

mon

g ot

hers

7H

err

M a

nd M

uzir

a T.

200

9. C

hain

de

velo

pmen

t fo

r de

cent

wor

k: a

gu

ide

for

deve

lopm

ent

prac

titio

ners

, go

vern

men

t an

d pr

ivat

e se

ctor

in

itiat

ives

. Gen

eva,

Switz

erla

nd:

Inte

rnat

iona

l Lab

our

Org

aniz

atio

n (I

LO).

244

pp.

“Dec

ent w

ork”

is a

n ap

proa

ch to

sus

tain

able

dev

elop

men

t pro

mot

ed b

y th

e In

tern

atio

nal L

abou

r O

rgan

izat

ion

high

light

ing

soci

al ju

stic

e an

d so

cial

in

clus

ion.

The

gui

de g

ives

asp

ects

that

nee

d to

be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt

whe

n w

orki

ng to

impr

ove

valu

e ch

ains

hig

hlig

htin

g de

cent

wor

k. Ch

apte

r 1

give

s th

e ap

prop

riate

crit

eria

and

met

hodo

logy

for

sect

or s

elec

tion,

w

hile

Cha

pter

2 p

rovi

des

guid

ance

on

proj

ect s

etup

and

initi

al e

valu

atio

n.

Chap

ter

3 ex

plor

es v

alue

cha

in m

appi

ng. C

hapt

er 4

exp

lore

s ke

y ty

pes

of v

alue

cha

in r

esea

rch,

incl

udin

g w

hy a

nd h

ow to

ass

ess

the

natu

re o

f di

alog

ue, w

orki

ng c

ondi

tions

, pow

er r

elat

ions

and

the

posit

ion

of w

omen

w

ithin

a v

alue

cha

in, a

s w

ell a

s th

e ro

le o

f lea

d fir

ms

and

busin

ess

serv

ices

. Cha

pter

5, o

n va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is, e

xplo

res

a nu

mbe

r of

key

in

terv

entio

n st

rate

gies

. Cha

pter

6 d

iscus

ses

mon

itorin

g an

d ev

alua

tion

and

offe

rs g

uida

nce

on b

asel

ine

and

perio

dic

surv

eys,

and

the

sele

ctio

n an

d tr

acki

ng o

f ind

icat

ors,

from

inpu

ts to

out

puts

, to

outc

omes

, to

impa

cts.

Inte

rvie

ws,

focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

ons,

seco

ndar

y da

ta

Vege

tabl

e se

ctor

in B

angl

ades

h,

flori

cultu

re in

Sri

Lan

ka

R

efe

ren

ces

Ove

rvie

wS

urv

ey

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

8Lu

ndy

M, G

ottr

et M

V, O

ster

tag

C, B

est

R a

nd F

erri

s S.

200

7. P

artic

ipat

ory

mar

ket

chai

n an

alys

is fo

r sm

allh

olde

r pr

oduc

ers.

Balti

mor

e, U

SA:

Inte

rnat

iona

l Cen

tre

for T

ropi

cal

Agr

icul

ture

(C

IAT

), C

atho

lic R

elie

f Se

rvic

es, (

CR

S). 1

30 p

p.

The

guid

e is

pres

ente

d in

11

sect

ions

; the

firs

t par

t giv

es a

n ar

ea-b

ased

ap

proa

ch to

rur

al e

nter

prise

dev

elop

men

t, th

e se

cond

sec

tion

is on

m

arke

t cha

ins

and

serv

ice

prov

ider

s. Th

e th

ird p

art g

ives

bas

ic s

teps

in

deve

lopi

ng a

com

petit

ive

mar

ket c

hain

str

ateg

y an

d th

e fo

urth

sec

tion

give

s th

e gu

idel

ines

for

adap

ting

the

proc

ess

to lo

cal n

eeds

. The

fifth

se

ctio

n is

on s

elec

ting

a m

arke

t cha

in a

nd th

e six

th p

art p

rese

nts

the

proc

ess

of p

lann

ing

and

exec

utin

g a

rapi

d m

arke

t sur

vey.

Sect

ion

seve

n pr

esen

ts th

e pr

oces

s of

iden

tifyi

ng k

ey a

ctor

s in

mar

ket c

hain

s an

d st

eps

for

busin

ess

plan

ning

whi

le s

ectio

n ei

ght p

rese

nts

the

part

icip

ator

y m

arke

t ch

ain

anal

ysis

. Sec

tion

nine

ana

lyse

s cr

itica

l poi

nts

in th

e m

arke

t cha

in

and

sect

ion

ten

is on

neg

otia

ting

a st

rate

gy to

incr

ease

com

petit

iven

ess.

The

last

par

t pre

sent

s gu

idel

ines

for

mon

itorin

g of

str

ateg

ies

to in

crea

se

com

petit

iven

ess.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, fo

cus

grou

p di

scus

sion

s, st

ruct

ured

an

d se

mi-s

truc

ture

d in

terv

iew

s, se

cond

ary

data

Cof

fee

in H

ondu

ras,

dair

y m

arke

t in

C

osta

Ric

a

9Lu

ndy

M, G

ottr

et M

V, C

ifuen

tes

W, O

ster

tag

C, B

est

R, F

erri

s S,

Pe

ters

D. 2

004.

Incr

easi

ng t

he

com

petit

iven

ess

of m

arke

t ch

ains

fo

r sm

allh

olde

r pr

oduc

ers

- M

anua

l 3:

Ter

rito

rial

app

roac

h to

rur

al

agro

-ent

erpr

ise

deve

lopm

ent.

Cal

i, C

olom

bia:

Inte

rnat

iona

l Cen

tre

for

Trop

ical

Agr

icul

ture

(C

IAT

) R

ural

A

groe

nter

pris

e D

evel

opm

ent

Proj

ect.

117

pp.

The

guid

e co

mpr

ises

11 m

odul

es. T

he fi

rst m

odul

e is

on th

e te

rrito

rial

appr

oach

for

rura

l ent

erpr

ise d

evel

opm

ent.

Mod

ule

2 is

on m

arke

t cha

ins

and

serv

ice

prov

ider

s: ba

sic c

once

pts.

Mod

ule

3 pr

esen

ts th

e ba

sic s

teps

in

deve

lopi

ng a

com

petit

ive

mar

ket c

hain

str

ateg

y. M

odul

e 4

give

s gu

idel

ines

fo

r ad

aptin

g th

e pr

oces

s to

loca

l nee

ds, m

odul

e 5

give

s th

e pr

actic

al w

ork

for

sele

ctin

g a

mar

ket,

and

mod

ule

6 pr

esen

ts p

ract

ical

wor

k fo

r pl

anni

ng

and

exec

utin

g a

rapi

d m

arke

t sur

vey.

Mod

ule

7 is

on th

e Id

entif

icat

ion

of k

ey a

ctor

s in

the

mar

ket c

hain

and

ste

ps fo

r co

nven

ing

them

. Mod

ule

8 is

on p

artic

ipat

ory

mar

ket c

hain

ana

lysis

, Mod

ule

9 gi

ves

an a

naly

sis

of c

ritic

al p

oint

s in

the

mar

ket c

hain

, Mod

ule

10 is

on

nego

tiatin

g a

stra

tegy

to in

crea

se c

ompe

titiv

enes

s an

d M

odul

e 11

cov

ers

mon

itorin

g of

st

rate

gies

.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, st

ruct

ured

, se

mi-s

truc

ture

d in

terv

iew

s, ch

eckl

ist

for

diffe

rent

act

ors,

focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

on

Map

of t

he c

offe

e m

arke

t ch

ain

in

Hon

dura

s, da

iry

mar

ket

chai

n in

Ec

uado

r

10R

iisga

rd L

, Bol

wig

S, M

atos

e F,

Pont

e S,

du

Toit

A a

nd H

albe

rg N

. 200

8. A

st

rate

gic

fram

ewor

k an

d to

olbo

x fo

r ac

tion

rese

arch

with

sm

all p

rodu

cers

in

val

ue c

hain

s. C

open

hage

n: D

anis

h In

stitu

te fo

r In

tern

atio

nal S

tudi

es

(DIIS

). 79

pp.

The

pape

r pr

esen

ts a

str

ateg

ic a

nd p

ract

ical

gui

de o

n ho

w to

des

ign

and

impl

emen

t act

ion

rese

arch

in v

alue

cha

ins

in a

way

that

inte

grat

es

pove

rty,

envi

ronm

enta

l and

gen

der

conc

erns

. The

focu

s is

on s

mal

l pr

oduc

ers

in d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies

and

othe

r w

eak

chai

n ac

tors

suc

h as

sm

all t

radi

ng a

nd p

roce

ssin

g fir

ms.

The

pape

r is

pres

ente

d in

five

sec

tions

; it

star

ts b

y gi

ving

an

intr

oduc

tion

and

back

grou

nd o

n ac

tion

rese

arch

. The

se

cond

sec

tion

is on

val

ue c

hain

upg

radi

ng fo

r sm

all p

rodu

cers

. The

third

se

ctio

n pr

esen

ts th

e ev

alua

tion

of m

etho

ds fo

r ac

tion

rese

arch

in v

alue

ch

ains

. The

four

th s

ectio

n pr

esen

ts s

even

ste

ps o

f act

ion

rese

arch

in v

alue

ch

ains

and

the

fifth

par

t giv

es a

n ex

ampl

e of

how

the

tool

box

coul

d be

ap

plie

d.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, sa

mpl

e su

rvey

s, ge

nder

an

alys

is, g

roup

in

tera

ctio

n, fo

cus

grou

p di

scus

sion

s, pa

rtic

ipat

ory

map

ping

an

d en

terp

rise

bud

gets

Pige

on p

ea a

nd c

offe

e in

Uga

nda,

tea

and

cala

mar

i in

Sout

h A

fric

a

8 Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

R

efe

ren

ces

Ove

rvie

wS

urv

ey

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

11R

oyal

Tro

pica

l Ins

titut

e (K

IT),

Faid

a M

ali,

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Rur

al R

econ

stru

ctio

n. 2

006.

C

hain

em

pow

erm

ent

– su

ppor

ting

Afr

ican

farm

ers

to d

evel

op m

arke

ts.

Am

ster

dam

& N

airo

bi: R

oyal

Tro

pica

l In

stitu

te a

nd In

tern

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

of

Rur

al R

econ

stru

ctio

n. 2

12 p

p.

The

tool

book

is p

rese

nted

in n

ine

chap

ters

. The

firs

t cha

pter

giv

es

back

grou

nd in

form

atio

n, th

e se

cond

intr

oduc

es v

alue

cha

in a

naly

sis a

nd

desc

ribes

the

fram

ewor

k fo

r an

alyz

ing

the

farm

ers’

posit

ion

in a

val

ue

chai

n. C

hapt

ers

3–6

pres

ent 1

9 ca

se s

tudi

es s

how

ing

how

gro

ups

of

farm

ers

have

impr

oved

thei

r po

sitio

n in

the

chai

n. T

hese

cha

pter

s al

so

desc

ribe

the

role

of t

he in

term

edia

ry o

rgan

izat

ions

. Cha

pter

7 d

istill

s le

sson

s fr

om th

ese

case

s. It

desc

ribes

the

stra

tegi

es th

at th

e in

term

edia

ry

orga

niza

tion

can

use

to h

elp

farm

ers

impr

ove

thei

r po

sitio

n in

the

chai

n.

Chap

ter

8 de

scrib

es th

e va

rious

rol

es th

at th

e in

term

edia

ry o

rgan

izat

ion

may

con

sider

pla

ying

in p

rom

otin

g va

lue

chai

ns. C

hapt

er 9

giv

es a

brie

f ov

ervi

ew o

f var

ious

tool

s th

at in

term

edia

ry o

rgan

izat

ions

can

use

in

anal

yzin

g an

d fa

cilit

atin

g th

e de

velo

pmen

t of v

alue

cha

ins T

he h

andb

ook

is in

clud

ed h

ere

beca

use

of it

s co

llect

ion

of c

ase

stud

ies.

Seco

ndar

y da

ta,

stak

ehol

der

wor

ksho

psC

ashe

w in

Moz

ambi

que,

pin

eapp

le

in G

hana

and

Tan

zani

a, ja

trop

ha,

onio

n an

d su

garc

ane

in T

anza

nia,

goat

s an

d m

aize

in K

enya

, pap

rika

in

Mal

awi,

sunf

low

er in

Tan

zani

a, m

ango

mar

ket

linka

ges

thro

ugh

farm

er fi

eld

scho

ols

in K

enya

, or

gani

c co

ffee

from

Kili

man

jaro

Ta

nzan

ia, M

ozam

bica

n pi

neap

ples

12W

ebbe

r M

and

Lab

aste

P. 2

007.

Usi

ng

valu

e ch

ain

appr

oach

es in

agr

ibus

ines

s an

d ag

ricu

lture

in s

ub-S

ahar

an A

fric

a; a

met

hodo

logi

cal g

uide

: too

ls t

hat

mak

e va

lue

chai

ns w

ork:

dis

cuss

ion

and

case

s. W

ashi

ngto

n D

C: W

orld

Ban

k. 2

16 p

p.

The

guid

e is

divi

ded

into

five

sec

tions

: the

firs

t sec

tion

give

s an

intr

oduc

tion

and

obje

ctiv

es. T

he s

econ

d se

ctio

n gi

ves

the

defin

ition

of v

alue

cha

ins,

a de

scrip

tion

of th

eir

stru

ctur

e, a

nd b

ackg

roun

d on

usin

g an

d an

alyz

ing

valu

e ch

ains

. The

third

sec

tion

revi

ews

liter

atur

e on

val

ue/s

uppl

y ch

ains

, inc

ludi

ng c

urre

nt th

eorie

s an

d ap

plic

atio

ns. T

he fo

urth

pre

sent

s m

etho

dolo

gica

l too

ls an

d ap

proa

ches

that

inco

rpor

ate

impo

rtan

t val

ue

chai

n co

ncep

ts w

ith th

e th

emes

disc

usse

d an

d w

ith s

ound

bus

ines

s pr

inci

ples

. The

acc

ompa

nyin

g ca

ses

illus

trat

e th

e ap

plic

atio

n of

the

tool

s. Th

e fin

al s

ectio

n su

mm

ariz

es th

e gu

ide’

s pr

inci

ples

and

less

ons

and

sugg

ests

futu

re s

teps

for

achi

evin

g va

lue

chai

n co

mpe

titiv

enes

s.

Seco

ndar

y da

ta, k

ey

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

sU

gand

a flo

ricu

lture

; Ken

yan

gree

n be

ans

and

othe

r fr

esh

vege

tabl

e ex

port

s

Gu

ide

lin

es

for

val

ue

ch

ain

ap

pra

isal

an

d d

esi

gn o

f in

terv

en

tio

ns

1Bo

omga

rd J,

Dav

ies

SP, H

aggb

lade

S a

nd

Mea

d D

C. 1

986.

Sub

-sec

tor

anal

ysis

: its

nat

ure,

con

duct

and

pot

entia

l co

ntri

butio

n to

sm

all e

nter

pris

e de

velo

pmen

t. M

SU In

tern

atio

nal

Dev

elop

men

t Pa

pers

, Wor

king

Pap

er

No

26. 6

5 pp

.

This

pape

r de

scrib

es th

e su

b-se

ctor

app

roac

h to

sm

all e

nter

prise

res

earc

h.

The

body

of t

he p

aper

beg

ins

in S

ectio

n 2,

with

a g

ener

al d

escr

iptio

n of

th

e su

b-se

ctor

app

roac

h. S

ectio

n 3

follo

ws

with

a n

umbe

r of

brie

f cas

e st

udie

s. Th

e ca

se s

tudi

es g

ive

a fe

el o

f wha

t sub

-sec

tor

anal

ysis

can

offe

r. Se

ctio

n 4

lays

out

som

e ke

y pr

oced

ures

to b

e fo

llow

ed in

car

ryin

g ou

t su

b-se

ctor

res

earc

h.

Inte

ract

ive

and

prob

ing

inte

rvie

ws

Sorg

hum

bee

r in

Bot

swan

a, fu

rnitu

re in

Tha

iland

, gar

men

ts in

Eg

ypt,

shri

mp

in In

done

sia,

batik

cl

oth

in In

done

sia

2H

aggb

lade

SJ a

nd G

amse

r, M

S.

1991

. A fi

eld

man

ual f

or s

ub-s

ecto

r pr

actit

ione

rs; t

ools

for

mic

roen

terp

rise

pr

ogra

ms.

GEM

INI P

roje

ct, U

SAID

. 90

pp.

This

man

ual d

escr

ibes

the

proc

edur

es in

volv

ed in

con

duct

ing

sub-

sect

or

anal

ysis

. Sub

-sec

tor

anal

ysis

is pr

esen

ted

as a

tool

for

faci

litat

ing

“sm

all

firm

mov

es to

pro

misi

ng te

chno

logi

es a

nd m

arke

t nic

hes”

by

eval

uatin

g th

e dy

nam

ics

and

pros

pect

s fo

r in

terv

entio

n. T

he m

anua

l is

divi

ded

into

thre

e se

ctio

ns. T

he fi

rst s

ectio

n, g

ives

the

intr

oduc

tion

to s

ub-s

ecto

r an

d m

icro

sm

all e

nter

prise

and

key

con

cept

s. Th

e se

cond

sec

tion

give

s th

e an

alyt

ical

pr

oced

ures

for

a su

b-se

ctor

stu

dy a

nd th

e th

ird g

ives

poi

nter

s fo

r m

ovin

g fr

om a

naly

sis to

act

ion.

Trad

e st

atis

tics,

key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, op

en-e

nded

di

scus

sion

s

Bots

wan

a’s s

orgh

um b

eer

sub-

sect

or, T

haila

nd’s

silk

sub

-sec

tor

9Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

Re

fere

nce

sO

verv

iew

Su

rve

y

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

3H

ellin

J an

d M

eije

r M

. 200

6. G

uide

lines

fo

r va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is. R

ome:

Foo

d an

d A

gric

ultu

ral O

rgan

izat

ion

(FA

O).

24 p

p.

The

pape

r pr

esen

ts th

e co

ncep

tual

fram

ewor

k th

at g

uide

s m

appi

ng in

the

valu

e ch

ain.

It d

escr

ibes

val

ue c

hain

ana

lysis

, giv

es to

ols

for

valu

e ch

ain

anal

ysis

and

mar

ket m

aps.

The

pape

r fu

rthe

r gi

ves

the

prac

tical

use

of

mar

ket m

ap fr

amew

ork,

usin

g M

exic

o as

a c

ase

stud

y. In

the

case

stu

dy

mar

kets

wer

e m

appe

d al

ong

the

valu

e ch

ain.

The

pap

er c

an b

e us

ed

as a

gui

de fo

r th

ose

inte

ndin

g to

car

ry o

ut v

alue

cha

in a

naly

sis in

the

agric

ultu

ral s

ecto

r.

Part

icip

ant

obse

rvat

ion

tech

niqu

es, f

ocus

gro

up

disc

ussi

on, s

emi-

stru

ctur

ed in

terv

iew

s an

d qu

estio

nnai

re

The

cas

e of

mai

ze in

Chi

apas

M

exic

o

4H

oltz

man

John

S. 1

986.

Rap

id

reco

nnai

ssan

ce g

uide

lines

for

agri

cultu

ral m

arke

ting

and

food

sys

tem

re

sear

ch in

dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s. M

ichi

gan

Stat

e U

nive

rsity

, Wor

king

Pa

per

No

30. 8

5pp.

This

pape

r pr

esen

ts r

apid

rec

onna

issan

ce g

uide

lines

for

cond

uctin

g re

sear

ch o

n ag

ricul

tura

l mar

ketin

g co

mpo

nent

s of

food

sys

tem

s. It

is di

vide

d in

to 1

1 se

ctio

ns, s

tart

ing

with

the

intr

oduc

tion,

follo

wed

by

impo

rtan

t cha

ract

erist

ics

of r

apid

rec

onna

issan

ce. T

he th

ird s

ectio

n pr

esen

ts th

e an

alyt

ical

fram

ewor

k; th

e fo

urth

is o

n ke

y ar

eas

of

inve

stig

atio

n in

rap

id r

econ

naiss

ance

of c

omm

odity

sub

-sec

tors

. The

fif

th s

ectio

n pr

esen

ts a

n an

alys

is of

pric

es a

nd m

arke

ting

cost

s an

d m

argi

ns. S

ectio

n six

cov

ers

key

indi

cato

rs a

nd p

roxy

var

iabl

es in

rap

id

reco

nnai

ssan

ce. T

he s

even

th p

art i

s on

the

inst

itutio

nal a

nd n

on-m

arke

t fa

ctor

s in

food

sys

tem

s an

d th

e ei

ghth

cha

pter

is o

n pr

epar

ing

for

rapi

d re

conn

aiss

ance

fiel

d w

ork.

Sect

ion

nine

and

ten

are

on im

plem

entin

g an

d pr

esen

ting

rapi

d re

conn

aiss

ance

sur

veys

res

pect

ivel

y. Th

is is

follo

wed

by

limita

tions

of r

apid

app

raisa

l and

con

clus

ion.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, di

rect

ob

serv

atio

n, s

econ

dary

da

ta, g

roup

inte

rvie

ws

Sene

gal f

ood

syst

em

5Jo

ss S

, Sch

alte

nbra

nd H

and

Sch

mid

t P.

2002

. Clie

nts

first

! A r

apid

mar

ket

appr

aisa

l too

l kit

theo

retic

al

back

grou

nd a

nd e

xper

ienc

es fr

om

vari

ous

RM

A e

vent

s. Ex

peri

ence

and

le

arni

ng in

inte

rnat

iona

l co-

oper

atio

n –

Hel

veta

s Pu

blic

atio

ns, N

o 3.

Hel

veta

s. 51

pp.

This

publ

icat

ion

desc

ribes

the

mai

n ch

arac

teris

tics

of a

bas

ic m

arke

t st

udy

as w

ell a

s th

e m

etho

dolo

gy o

f a r

apid

mar

ket a

ppra

isal (

RMA)

. It i

s pr

esen

ted

in th

ree

chap

ters

; the

firs

t cha

pter

disc

usse

s th

e RM

A to

olki

t, it

pres

ents

the

prer

equi

sites

for

RMA,

the

part

icip

ator

y to

ols

used

in R

MA,

an

d it

advi

ses

on h

ow to

ana

lyze

dat

a an

d ho

w to

writ

e an

RM

A re

port

. Ch

apte

r tw

o gi

ves

case

stu

dies

for

RMA

expe

rienc

es w

hile

cha

pter

thre

e pr

esen

ts th

e co

nclu

sions

.

Dir

ect

obse

rvat

ion,

se

mi-s

truc

ture

d in

terv

iew

s, se

ason

al

cale

ndar

s, ra

nkin

g m

etho

ds, v

enn

diag

ram

s

Ani

mal

hus

band

ry in

Vie

tnam

, lin

king

K

yrgy

z ho

rtic

ultu

ral p

rodu

cers

with

th

e Si

beri

an m

arke

ts

6K

aplin

sky

R a

nd M

orri

s M

. 200

2. A

ha

ndbo

ok fo

r va

lue

chai

n re

sear

ch.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Dev

elop

men

t R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

(ID

RC

). 11

3 pp

.

This

hand

book

giv

es g

uide

lines

on

how

to c

arry

out

res

earc

h on

val

ue

chai

ns. T

he b

ook

is di

vide

d in

to th

ree

part

s. It

star

ts b

y de

finin

g va

lue

chai

ns, i

ntro

duci

ng k

ey c

once

pts

and

disc

ussin

g th

e co

ntrib

utio

n of

val

ue

chai

n an

alys

is as

an

anal

ytic

al a

nd p

olic

y to

ol. P

art 2

is c

once

rned

with

un

derly

ing

theo

retic

al c

onst

ruct

s in

val

ue c

hain

ana

lysis

. Par

t 3 la

ys o

ut a

m

etho

dolo

gy fo

r un

dert

akin

g va

lue

chai

n re

sear

ch. T

his

hand

book

is m

ore

rese

arch

-focu

sed

but p

rovi

des

the

conc

eptu

al b

asis

for

mos

t of t

he o

ther

m

ore

appl

ied

hand

book

s.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, op

en-

ende

d di

scus

sion

s, ke

y in

form

ant

inte

rvie

ws

Can

ned

peac

h va

lue

chai

n in

Sou

th

Afr

ica

10 Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

R

efe

ren

ces

Ove

rvie

wS

urv

ey

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

7M

ayou

x L.

200

3. P

artic

ipat

ory

valu

e ch

ain

anal

ysis

for

pro-

poor

ent

erpr

ise

deve

lopm

ent.

WIS

E D

evel

opm

ent.

30

pp.

This

pape

r pr

ovid

es a

pra

ctic

al g

uide

to v

alue

cha

ins

anal

ysis

. It f

ocus

es

on th

e w

ays

in w

hich

val

ue c

hain

act

ion

can

be u

sed

as p

art o

f a s

uita

ble

part

icip

ator

y pr

oces

s fo

r st

rate

gic

lear

ning

and

ong

oing

acc

ount

abili

ty

with

in a

nd b

etw

een

ente

rpris

e se

ctor

s. Th

e pa

per

begi

ns b

y co

nsid

erin

g pr

o-po

or e

nter

prise

dev

elop

men

t in

a gl

obal

ized

wor

ld. T

he s

econ

d se

ctio

n di

scus

ses

part

icip

ator

y va

lue

chai

ns a

naly

sis in

mor

e de

tail

and,

in

part

icul

ar, c

onsid

ers

the

unde

rlyin

g pr

inci

ples

, key

sta

ges,

pote

ntia

l use

rs a

s w

ell a

s pr

actic

al g

uide

lines

. The

pot

entia

l for

inte

grat

ing

gend

er a

naly

sis is

al

so c

onsid

ered

. The

fina

l sec

tion

of th

e pa

per

then

look

s at

the

poss

ibili

ty

of m

ovin

g fr

om p

artic

ipat

ory

anal

ysis

to th

e em

pow

erm

ent p

roce

ss.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s an

d pa

rtic

ipat

ory

brai

nsto

rmin

g

Supp

ly c

hain

for

Ken

ya fl

ower

pr

oduc

tion;

the

fore

stry

tim

ber

valu

e ch

ain

8O

ster

tag

C, L

undy

M, G

ottr

et M

V, B

est

R a

nd F

erri

s S.

200

7. Id

entif

ying

mar

ket

oppo

rtun

ities

for

rura

l sm

allh

olde

r pr

oduc

ers.

Cal

i, C

olum

bia

and

Balti

mor

e, U

SA: I

nter

natio

nal C

entr

e fo

r Tro

pica

l Agr

icul

ture

(C

IAT

) an

d C

atho

lic R

elie

f Ser

vice

s. 12

4 pp

This

guid

e co

mbi

nes

mar

ket r

esea

rch,

pro

duct

con

cept

eva

luat

ion

and

busin

ess

anal

ysis

tech

niqu

es, w

ithin

a p

ract

ical

, inn

ovat

ive

appr

oach

for

iden

tifyi

ng m

arke

t opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r ru

ral a

groe

nter

prise

dev

elop

men

t pr

ojec

ts w

ithin

a d

efin

ed a

rea.

It is

pre

sent

ed in

thre

e se

ctio

ns; t

he fi

rst

one

cove

rs th

e m

arke

ting

conc

epts

and

the

proc

ess

of fo

rmin

g a

mar

ket

rese

arch

team

. The

sec

ond

sect

ion

pres

ents

ste

ps to

be

follo

wed

whe

n de

signi

ng a

nd c

ondu

ctin

g a

rapi

d m

arke

t sur

vey.

The

third

sec

tion

is on

as

sess

ing

and

sele

ctin

g m

arke

t opt

ions

.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, fo

cus

grou

p di

scus

sion

s, se

cond

ary

info

rmat

ion,

che

cklis

t

Mar

ket

optio

ns in

Puc

allp

a, C

olom

bia,

prof

itabi

lity

anal

ysis

of

cass

ava

proc

essi

ng in

Gha

na

9R

enga

sam

y S.

200

9. S

ub-s

ecto

r/va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is fo

r liv

elih

ood

inte

rven

tion.

Put

huko

ttai

, Ind

ia: M

adur

ai

Inst

itute

of S

ocia

l Sci

ence

s. 23

pp.

The

pape

r gi

ves

guid

elin

es fo

r ca

rryi

ng o

ut s

ub-s

ecto

r an

d va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is. I

t sta

rts

by d

efin

ing

sub-

sect

or a

naly

sis a

nd g

ives

ste

ps to

be

follo

wed

whe

n ca

rryi

ng o

ut a

sub

-sec

tor

anal

ysis

.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

sFr

amew

ork

for

rura

l non

-far

m

empl

oym

ent

sub-

sect

or a

naly

sis,

sub-

sect

or m

ap -

- gr

een

bean

s fo

r ex

port

, milk

sub

-sec

tor

valu

e ch

ain

map

, Ind

ia

10Sc

ott

Gre

gory

J. 1

995.

Pri

ces,

prod

ucts

an

d pe

ople

. Ana

lyzi

ng a

gric

ultu

ral

mar

kets

in d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies.

Col

orad

o: In

tern

atio

nal P

otat

o C

entr

e.

493p

p.

The

book

pre

sent

s ap

plie

d m

etho

ds fo

r da

ta c

olle

ctio

n an

d an

alys

is.

The

first

sec

tion

on fi

eld

met

hods

for

sub-

sect

or a

naly

sis in

clud

es r

apid

ap

prai

sal m

etho

ds, p

olic

y an

alys

is m

atrix

and

met

hods

for

eval

uatin

g m

arke

t pot

entia

l. Pa

rt 2

on

field

met

hods

for

mar

ket a

naly

sis in

clud

es

seco

ndar

y da

ta c

olle

ctio

n an

d m

etho

ds fo

r an

alys

is of

inpu

t mar

kets

. Pa

rt 3

cov

ers

anal

ytic

al m

etho

ds fo

r pr

ice

anal

ysis

exam

ines

mar

ket

chan

nels

and

mar

gins

, spa

tial a

nd te

mpo

ral a

naly

sis, e

ffici

ency

and

mar

ket

inte

grat

ion,

whi

le P

art 4

pro

vide

s m

odel

s fo

r m

arke

t ana

lysis

, exa

min

es

finan

cial

mod

els,

spat

ial e

quili

briu

m m

odel

s an

d pr

ogra

mm

ing

mod

els.

Form

al a

nd in

form

al

surv

eys,

seco

ndar

y da

ta

Mai

ze in

Par

agua

y, co

arse

gra

ins

in M

ali,

mul

ti-pr

oduc

t su

b-se

ctor

st

udy

in R

wan

da, f

ield

met

hods

in

Gua

tem

ala,

seed

pot

ato

in

Arg

entin

a, ri

ce a

nd m

aize

in

Ecua

dor,

and

pota

to s

tora

ge in

Tu

nisi

a

11va

n de

n Be

rg M

, Boo

msm

a M

, Cuc

co

I, C

una

L, Ja

nsse

n N

, Mou

stie

r P,

Prot

a L,

Pur

cell

T, S

mith

D a

nd v

an W

ijk

S. 2

009.

Mak

ing

valu

e ch

ains

wor

k be

tter

for

the

poor

: a t

oolb

ook

for

prac

titio

ners

of v

alue

cha

in a

naly

sis.

Mak

ing

mar

kets

wor

k be

tter

for

the

poor

(M

4P).

85 p

p.

The

tool

book

is d

esig

ned

as a

con

cise

doc

umen

t aim

ed to

pro

vide

val

ue

chai

n pr

actit

ione

rs w

ith a

n ea

sy-to

-follo

w s

et o

f too

ls fo

r va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is, f

ocus

ed o

n po

vert

y re

duct

ion.

It is

div

ided

in tw

o m

ain

sect

ions

. Th

e fir

st s

ectio

n gi

ves

a th

eore

tical

bac

kgro

und

to v

alue

cha

ins

and

expl

ains

the

pro-

poor

ent

ry p

oint

s fo

r va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is. T

he s

econ

d se

ctio

n co

ntai

ns a

set

of e

ight

val

ue c

hain

ana

lysis

tool

s, th

e fir

st fo

ur

of w

hich

are

con

sider

ed to

be

“cor

e to

ols”

that

sho

uld

be u

nder

take

n to

fo

rm a

min

imum

pro

-poo

r va

lue

chai

n an

alys

is. T

he n

ext f

our

tool

s ar

e “a

dvan

ced

tool

s” w

hich

can

be

unde

rtak

en in

ord

er to

pro

vide

a m

ore

com

preh

ensiv

e pi

ctur

e of

som

e pr

o-po

or d

imen

sions

of t

he v

alue

cha

in.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, se

cond

ary

info

rmat

ion

Han

dicr

afts

in V

ietn

am, h

oney

in

Mex

ico,

soy

bean

in L

aos

11Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

Re

fere

nce

sO

verv

iew

Su

rve

y

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

12Ve

rmeu

len

S, W

oodh

ill J,

Pro

ctor

F

and

Del

noye

R. 2

008.

Cha

in-w

ide

lear

ning

for

incl

usiv

e ag

rifo

od m

arke

t de

velo

pmen

t: a

guid

e to

mul

ti-st

akeh

olde

r pr

oces

ses

for

linki

ng s

mal

l-sc

ale

prod

ucer

s to

mod

ern

mar

kets

. IIE

D. 1

14 p

p.

This

guid

e pr

ovid

es c

once

pts

and

tool

s fo

r w

orki

ng w

ith a

ctor

s al

ong

the

entir

e va

lue

chai

n so

that

mod

ern

mar

kets

can

be

mor

e in

clus

ive

of

smal

l-sca

le p

rodu

cers

and

ent

repr

eneu

rs. I

t exp

lain

s th

e dr

iver

s of

cha

nge

in m

oder

n ag

rifoo

d m

arke

ts, p

rovi

des

a fr

amew

ork

for

anal

yzin

g ho

w

inst

itutio

ns a

nd p

olic

ies

shap

e th

e ris

ks a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

smal

l-sca

le

prod

ucer

s an

d en

trep

rene

urs

and

show

s ho

w to

des

ign

mul

ti-st

akeh

olde

r pr

oces

ses

that

hel

p ac

tors

from

alo

ng th

e ch

ain

wor

k to

geth

er to

rea

lize

com

mon

inte

rest

s an

d se

cure

dom

estic

and

reg

iona

l mar

kets

incl

usiv

e of

sm

all-s

cale

pro

duce

rs a

nd e

ntre

pren

eurs

. The

gui

de a

lso o

ffers

pra

ctic

al

idea

s fo

r fa

cilit

atin

g w

orks

hops

and

pol

icy

dial

ogue

s.

Part

icip

ator

y pr

oces

ses,

stak

ehol

der

wor

ksho

p

Pota

to v

alue

cha

in in

Ban

glad

esh,

to

mat

o va

lue

chai

n in

Tur

key,

stra

wbe

rry

valu

e ch

ain

in M

exic

o

13W

ebbe

r M

and

Lab

aste

P. 2

009.

Bui

ldin

g co

mpe

titiv

enes

s in

Afr

ica’s

agr

icul

ture

: a

guid

e to

val

ue c

hain

con

cept

s an

d ap

plic

atio

ns. W

ashi

ngto

n D

C: W

orld

Ba

nk. 2

04 p

p.

This

guid

e is

desig

ned

for

thos

e w

ho w

ant t

o kn

ow m

ore

abou

t val

ue

chai

n-ba

sed

appr

oach

es a

nd h

ow to

use

them

in w

ays

that

can

con

trib

ute

to s

ound

ope

ratio

nal d

ecisi

ons,

impr

oved

mar

ket l

inka

ges,

and

resu

lts

for

ente

rpris

e an

d in

dust

ry d

evel

opm

ent.

Usin

g re

al e

xam

ples

, mos

tly

from

Afr

ican

cou

ntrie

s, it

revi

ews

and

illus

trat

es a

ran

ge o

f con

cept

s, an

alyt

ical

tool

s, an

d m

etho

dolo

gies

cen

tred

on

the

valu

e ch

ain.

The

se

can

be u

sed

to d

esig

n, im

plem

ent,

asse

ss a

nd e

valu

ate

agric

ultu

ral a

nd

agrib

usin

ess

deve

lopm

ent i

nitia

tives

that

str

ive

to e

nhan

ce p

rodu

ctiv

ity a

nd

com

petit

iven

ess

of a

gric

ultu

ral s

uppl

y an

d va

lue

chai

ns.

Seco

ndar

y da

taVa

lue

chai

n se

lect

ion

in

Moz

ambi

que,

Uga

ndan

flor

icul

ture

Valu

e ch

ains

for

fore

st e

nter

pris

es

1Le

cup

I and

Nic

hols

on K

. 200

0.

Com

mun

ity-b

ased

tre

e an

d fo

rest

pr

oduc

t en

terp

rise

s: m

arke

t an

alys

is

and

deve

lopm

ent.

Rom

e, It

aly:

Fore

st,

Tree

s an

d Pe

ople

Pro

gram

. FA

O. 3

60

pp.

This

publ

icat

ion

is a

serie

s of

man

uals

for

faci

litat

ors

who

ass

ist lo

cal

com

mun

ities

in c

ondu

ctin

g m

arke

ting

anal

ysis

and

deve

lopm

ent.

It di

scus

ses

how

to a

sses

s th

e ex

istin

g sit

uatio

n, id

entif

y pr

oduc

ts,

mar

kets

and

mea

ns o

f mar

ketin

g, an

d pl

an e

nter

prise

s fo

r su

stai

nabl

e de

velo

pmen

t. A

mai

n th

eme

is th

e fo

ur a

reas

of e

nter

prise

dev

elop

men

t: m

arke

t eco

nom

y, re

sour

ce m

anag

emen

t, so

cial

/inst

itutio

nal i

ssue

s, an

d sc

ienc

e an

d te

chno

logy

.

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s, pa

rtic

ipat

ory

rapi

d ap

prai

sal,

chec

klis

t

Use

of t

he m

arke

t an

alys

is a

nd

deve

lopm

ent

met

hodo

logy

in

Vie

tnam

2M

acqu

een

DJ (

Ed),

Bara

l S, C

hakr

abar

ti L,

Dan

gal S

, du

Ples

sis

P, G

riffi

ths

A, G

rouw

els

S, G

yaw

ali S

, Hen

ey

J, H

ewitt

D, K

amar

a Y, K

atw

al P

, M

agot

ra R

, Pan

dey

SS, P

anta

N,

Sube

di B

and

Ver

meu

len

S. 2

009.

Su

ppor

ting

smal

l for

est

ente

rpri

ses

– a

faci

litat

ors’

too

lkit.

Edi

nbur

gh, U

K:

Pock

et In

tern

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

for

the

Envi

ronm

ent

and

Dev

elop

men

t. 11

8 pp

.

The

guid

e is

pres

ente

d in

thre

e co

mpo

nent

s an

d 16

mod

ules

. The

firs

t co

mpo

nent

is o

n fa

cilit

atio

n ca

paci

ty b

uild

ing

whi

ch c

over

s m

anag

ing

an

inte

rnat

iona

l pee

r-pe

er le

arni

ng g

roup

or

allia

nce

on s

mal

l ent

erpr

ise

supp

ort a

nd s

ettin

g up

an

eval

uatio

n pr

oces

s. Th

e se

cond

com

pone

nt

pres

ents

faci

litat

ion

plan

ning

whi

ch c

over

s in

trod

ucin

g th

e m

arke

t sy

stem

dev

elop

men

t app

roac

h, c

ondu

ctin

g an

d pr

esen

ting

smal

l for

est

ente

rpris

e di

agno

stic

s, pa

rtic

ipat

ory

valu

e ch

ain

anal

ysis

, map

ping

and

be

nchm

arki

ng s

uppo

rt s

ervi

ces

and

desig

ning

com

mun

icat

ion

stra

tegi

es.

The

third

com

pone

nt is

on

faci

litat

ion

in a

ctio

n, c

over

s de

velo

ping

mar

ket

unde

rsta

ndin

g, pr

oduc

t dev

elop

men

t, bu

sines

s pl

anni

ng a

nd th

e fa

cilit

atio

n of

bus

ines

s de

velo

pmen

t ser

vice

s, fin

anci

al p

lann

ing,

stre

ngth

enin

g co

mm

unity

ent

erpr

ise g

over

nanc

e, b

uild

ing

in e

colo

gica

l sus

tain

abili

ty a

nd

polic

y re

sear

ch fo

r ch

ange

.

Moz

ambi

que’

s sm

all a

nd m

ediu

m

fore

st e

nter

pris

e di

agno

stic

, al

oe m

arke

t sy

stem

in K

enya

, pa

rtic

ipat

ory

mar

ket

anal

ysis

in

the

dair

y se

ctor

in N

epal

, cha

rcoa

l en

trep

rene

urs

in M

alaw

i, id

entif

ying

bu

sine

ss s

ervi

ce p

rovi

ders

in In

dia

amon

g ot

hers

12 Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

R

efe

ren

ces

Ove

rvie

wS

urv

ey

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

3W

ill M

. 200

8. P

rom

otin

g va

lue

chai

ns

of n

egle

cted

and

und

erut

ilize

d sp

ecie

s fo

r pr

o-po

or g

row

th a

nd

biod

iver

sity

con

serv

atio

n. G

uide

lines

an

d go

od p

ract

ices

. Rom

e, It

aly:

Glo

bal

Faci

litat

ion

Uni

t fo

r U

nder

utili

zed

Spec

ies.

This

pape

r pr

esen

ts g

uide

lines

and

goo

d pr

actic

es fo

r va

lue

chai

n de

velo

pmen

t (VC

D)

of n

egle

cted

and

und

erut

ilize

d sp

ecie

s (N

US)

. The

gu

idel

ines

dra

w u

pon

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd g

ood

prac

tices

des

crib

ed in

eig

ht

case

stu

dies

from

Afr

ica,

Asia

, Eur

ope

and

Sout

h Am

eric

a im

plem

ente

d by

the

GFU

and

its

part

ners

, oth

er p

ublis

hed

and

grey

lite

ratu

re o

n N

US

and

VCD

, and

exp

erie

nces

in h

ortic

ultu

ral m

arke

ting

and

VCD

. The

pa

per

begi

ns b

y fir

st g

ivin

g a

brie

f int

rodu

ctio

n to

bas

ic c

once

pts.

This

is fo

llow

ed b

y in

trod

uctio

n of

the

stra

tegi

c cy

cle

for

part

icip

ator

y va

lue

chai

n de

velo

pmen

t. The

four

th c

hapt

er ta

kes

stoc

k of

met

hodo

logi

es a

nd

tool

s fo

r bu

ildin

g st

ruct

ures

and

cap

aciti

es fo

r su

stai

nabl

e ne

glec

ted

and

unde

rutil

ized

val

ue c

hain

dev

elop

men

t. Bu

ildin

g on

thes

e gu

idin

g pr

inci

ples

an

d po

ssib

le a

ppro

ache

s to

NU

S-VC

D, t

he la

st tw

o ch

apte

rs lo

ok a

t th

e qu

estio

ns o

f how

far

and

with

wha

t pre

cond

ition

s N

US-

VCD

can

co

ntrib

ute

to th

e m

ain

obje

ctiv

es o

f bio

dive

rsity

con

serv

atio

n an

d pr

o-po

or

grow

th b

y di

scus

sing

soci

al, e

nviro

nmen

tal a

nd e

cono

mic

impa

cts

and

sum

mar

izin

g le

sson

s le

arnt

from

cas

e st

udie

s an

d ot

her

field

exp

erie

nce.

Rap

id a

ppra

isal

, key

in

form

ant

inte

rvie

w,

in d

epth

sur

veys

, des

k su

rvey

Afr

ican

gar

den

egg

in G

hana

, A

fric

an le

afy

vege

tabl

es in

Ken

ya,

amla

, kok

um a

nd t

amar

ind

in In

dia,

garc

inia

spe

cies

in S

outh

Indi

a, m

inor

mill

ets

in In

dia,

emm

er in

Tu

rkey

, far

ro in

Ital

y an

d m

aca

in

Peru

Spec

ial t

opic

s

1R

obbi

ns P

, Bik

ande

F, F

erri

s S,

Kle

igh

U, O

kobo

i G, W

ands

chne

ider

T. 2

005.

C

olle

ctiv

e m

arke

ting

for

smal

lhol

der

farm

ers.

Man

ual 4

; Ter

rito

rial

app

roac

h to

rur

al a

groe

nter

pris

e de

velo

pmen

t. C

ali,

Col

ombi

a: In

tern

atio

nal C

entr

e fo

r Tro

pica

l Agr

icul

ture

, CIA

T,

Rur

al A

groe

nter

pris

e D

evel

opm

ent

Proj

ect.

104

pp.

This

guid

e is

desig

ned

to a

ddre

ss th

e en

trep

rene

uria

l dev

elop

men

t nee

ds

of in

stitu

tions

that

sup

port

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es. I

t is

desig

ned

to h

elp

serv

ice

prov

ider

s ad

vise

sm

all-s

cale

farm

ing

com

mun

ities

on

how

they

co

uld

incr

ease

the

valu

e of

thei

r sa

leab

le g

oods

usin

g gr

oup

mar

ketin

g st

rate

gies

. It i

s pr

esen

ted

in fo

ur s

ectio

ns; t

he fi

rst s

ectio

n gi

ves

the

back

grou

nd o

n co

llect

ive

mar

ketin

g an

d w

hy s

mal

l-sca

le fa

rmer

s sh

ould

m

arke

t the

ir pr

oduc

ts c

olle

ctiv

ely.

The

seco

nd s

ectio

n pr

esen

ts th

e pr

actic

al

wor

k on

mee

ting

with

farm

er g

roup

s. Th

e th

ird s

ectio

n pr

esen

ts a

tool

for

colle

ctiv

e m

arke

ting

and

the

four

th is

on

mai

ntai

ning

the

mom

entu

m a

nd

sust

aina

bilit

y.

Focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

ons,

seco

ndar

y da

ta

Rak

ai a

nd M

asak

a fa

rmer

as

soci

atio

ns a

nd K

apch

orw

a co

mm

erci

al fa

rmer

s gr

oup

in

Uga

nda

2R

oyal

Tro

pica

l Ins

titut

e (K

IT),

Faid

a M

ali,

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Rur

al

Rec

onst

ruct

ion.

200

8. T

radi

ng u

p.

Build

ing

coop

erat

ion

betw

een

farm

ers

and

trad

ers

in A

fric

a. A

mst

erda

m

and

Nai

robi

: Roy

al T

ropi

cal I

nstit

ute

and

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Rur

al

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

(IIR

R).

282

pp.

This

man

ual f

ocus

es o

n th

e vi

tal r

ole

that

trad

ers

play

in th

e va

lue

chai

n.

It de

fines

two

type

s of

str

ateg

ies

for

impr

ovin

g ag

ricul

tura

l mar

ketin

g: st

reng

then

ing

chai

n re

latio

ns a

nd b

uild

ing

mar

ket i

nstit

utio

ns. C

hapt

ers

incl

ude

unde

rsta

ndin

g Af

rican

mar

kets

, fra

mew

ork

for “

trad

ing

up”,

stre

ngth

enin

g ch

ain

rela

tions

, bui

ldin

g m

arke

t ins

titut

ions

, fos

terin

g ch

ain

part

ners

hips

, str

ateg

ies

for

trad

ing

up, a

nd r

esou

rces

.

Focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

ons

with

key

in

form

ants

Live

stoc

k an

d fe

rtili

zer,

in

Zim

babw

e, t

omat

oes,

soyb

eans

an

d ya

ms

in G

hana

, milk

, tom

atoe

s, liv

esto

ck a

nd m

arke

t in

form

atio

n in

Ken

ya, m

arke

t in

form

atio

n an

d m

ango

s in

Bur

kina

Fas

o, c

offe

e in

Ta

nzan

ia, w

ool i

n Le

soth

o, g

reen

be

ans

in E

thio

pia

13Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

R

efe

ren

ces

Ove

rvie

wS

urv

ey

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

3W

ill M

. 200

8. P

rom

otin

g va

lue

chai

ns

of n

egle

cted

and

und

erut

ilize

d sp

ecie

s fo

r pr

o-po

or g

row

th a

nd

biod

iver

sity

con

serv

atio

n. G

uide

lines

an

d go

od p

ract

ices

. Rom

e, It

aly:

Glo

bal

Faci

litat

ion

Uni

t fo

r U

nder

utili

zed

Spec

ies.

This

pape

r pr

esen

ts g

uide

lines

and

goo

d pr

actic

es fo

r va

lue

chai

n de

velo

pmen

t (VC

D)

of n

egle

cted

and

und

erut

ilize

d sp

ecie

s (N

US)

. The

gu

idel

ines

dra

w u

pon

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd g

ood

prac

tices

des

crib

ed in

eig

ht

case

stu

dies

from

Afr

ica,

Asia

, Eur

ope

and

Sout

h Am

eric

a im

plem

ente

d by

the

GFU

and

its

part

ners

, oth

er p

ublis

hed

and

grey

lite

ratu

re o

n N

US

and

VCD

, and

exp

erie

nces

in h

ortic

ultu

ral m

arke

ting

and

VCD

. The

pa

per

begi

ns b

y fir

st g

ivin

g a

brie

f int

rodu

ctio

n to

bas

ic c

once

pts.

This

is fo

llow

ed b

y in

trod

uctio

n of

the

stra

tegi

c cy

cle

for

part

icip

ator

y va

lue

chai

n de

velo

pmen

t. The

four

th c

hapt

er ta

kes

stoc

k of

met

hodo

logi

es a

nd

tool

s fo

r bu

ildin

g st

ruct

ures

and

cap

aciti

es fo

r su

stai

nabl

e ne

glec

ted

and

unde

rutil

ized

val

ue c

hain

dev

elop

men

t. Bu

ildin

g on

thes

e gu

idin

g pr

inci

ples

an

d po

ssib

le a

ppro

ache

s to

NU

S-VC

D, t

he la

st tw

o ch

apte

rs lo

ok a

t th

e qu

estio

ns o

f how

far

and

with

wha

t pre

cond

ition

s N

US-

VCD

can

co

ntrib

ute

to th

e m

ain

obje

ctiv

es o

f bio

dive

rsity

con

serv

atio

n an

d pr

o-po

or

grow

th b

y di

scus

sing

soci

al, e

nviro

nmen

tal a

nd e

cono

mic

impa

cts

and

sum

mar

izin

g le

sson

s le

arnt

from

cas

e st

udie

s an

d ot

her

field

exp

erie

nce.

Rap

id a

ppra

isal

, key

in

form

ant

inte

rvie

w,

in d

epth

sur

veys

, des

k su

rvey

Afr

ican

gar

den

egg

in G

hana

, A

fric

an le

afy

vege

tabl

es in

Ken

ya,

amla

, kok

um a

nd t

amar

ind

in In

dia,

garc

inia

spe

cies

in S

outh

Indi

a, m

inor

mill

ets

in In

dia,

emm

er in

Tu

rkey

, far

ro in

Ital

y an

d m

aca

in

Peru

Spec

ial t

opic

s

1R

obbi

ns P

, Bik

ande

F, F

erri

s S,

Kle

igh

U, O

kobo

i G, W

ands

chne

ider

T. 2

005.

C

olle

ctiv

e m

arke

ting

for

smal

lhol

der

farm

ers.

Man

ual 4

; Ter

rito

rial

app

roac

h to

rur

al a

groe

nter

pris

e de

velo

pmen

t. C

ali,

Col

ombi

a: In

tern

atio

nal C

entr

e fo

r Tro

pica

l Agr

icul

ture

, CIA

T,

Rur

al A

groe

nter

pris

e D

evel

opm

ent

Proj

ect.

104

pp.

This

guid

e is

desig

ned

to a

ddre

ss th

e en

trep

rene

uria

l dev

elop

men

t nee

ds

of in

stitu

tions

that

sup

port

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es. I

t is

desig

ned

to h

elp

serv

ice

prov

ider

s ad

vise

sm

all-s

cale

farm

ing

com

mun

ities

on

how

they

co

uld

incr

ease

the

valu

e of

thei

r sa

leab

le g

oods

usin

g gr

oup

mar

ketin

g st

rate

gies

. It i

s pr

esen

ted

in fo

ur s

ectio

ns; t

he fi

rst s

ectio

n gi

ves

the

back

grou

nd o

n co

llect

ive

mar

ketin

g an

d w

hy s

mal

l-sca

le fa

rmer

s sh

ould

m

arke

t the

ir pr

oduc

ts c

olle

ctiv

ely.

The

seco

nd s

ectio

n pr

esen

ts th

e pr

actic

al

wor

k on

mee

ting

with

farm

er g

roup

s. Th

e th

ird s

ectio

n pr

esen

ts a

tool

for

colle

ctiv

e m

arke

ting

and

the

four

th is

on

mai

ntai

ning

the

mom

entu

m a

nd

sust

aina

bilit

y.

Focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

ons,

seco

ndar

y da

ta

Rak

ai a

nd M

asak

a fa

rmer

as

soci

atio

ns a

nd K

apch

orw

a co

mm

erci

al fa

rmer

s gr

oup

in

Uga

nda

2R

oyal

Tro

pica

l Ins

titut

e (K

IT),

Faid

a M

ali,

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Rur

al

Rec

onst

ruct

ion.

200

8. T

radi

ng u

p.

Build

ing

coop

erat

ion

betw

een

farm

ers

and

trad

ers

in A

fric

a. A

mst

erda

m

and

Nai

robi

: Roy

al T

ropi

cal I

nstit

ute

and

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Rur

al

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

(IIR

R).

282

pp.

This

man

ual f

ocus

es o

n th

e vi

tal r

ole

that

trad

ers

play

in th

e va

lue

chai

n.

It de

fines

two

type

s of

str

ateg

ies

for

impr

ovin

g ag

ricul

tura

l mar

ketin

g: st

reng

then

ing

chai

n re

latio

ns a

nd b

uild

ing

mar

ket i

nstit

utio

ns. C

hapt

ers

incl

ude

unde

rsta

ndin

g Af

rican

mar

kets

, fra

mew

ork

for “

trad

ing

up”,

stre

ngth

enin

g ch

ain

rela

tions

, bui

ldin

g m

arke

t ins

titut

ions

, fos

terin

g ch

ain

part

ners

hips

, str

ateg

ies

for

trad

ing

up, a

nd r

esou

rces

.

Focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

ons

with

key

in

form

ants

Live

stoc

k an

d fe

rtili

zer,

in

Zim

babw

e, t

omat

oes,

soyb

eans

an

d ya

ms

in G

hana

, milk

, tom

atoe

s, liv

esto

ck a

nd m

arke

t in

form

atio

n in

Ken

ya, m

arke

t in

form

atio

n an

d m

ango

s in

Bur

kina

Fas

o, c

offe

e in

Ta

nzan

ia, w

ool i

n Le

soth

o, g

reen

be

ans

in E

thio

pia

R

efe

ren

ces

Ove

rvie

wS

urv

ey

inst

rum

en

tsC

ase

stu

die

s

3R

ubin

D, M

anfr

e C

and

Bar

rett

KN

. 20

09. P

rom

otin

g ge

nder

equ

itabl

e op

port

uniti

es in

agr

icul

tura

l val

ue

chai

ns: a

han

dboo

k. U

SAID

. 137

pp.

This

hand

book

was

dev

elop

ed to

brin

g to

geth

er c

once

pts

from

di

ffere

nt te

chni

cal a

reas

in d

evel

opm

ent,

spec

ifica

lly g

ende

r, ag

ricul

ture

, m

icro

ente

rpris

e de

velo

pmen

t, an

d va

lue

chai

ns. I

t is

divi

ded

into

two

part

s; th

e fir

st p

art i

ntro

duce

s ge

nder

issu

es a

nd th

eir

rela

tions

hip

to a

gric

ultu

ral

valu

e ch

ain

deve

lopm

ent.

It al

so p

rovi

des

a fr

amew

ork

for

anal

yzin

g ge

nder

issu

es. T

he fi

rst p

art i

s co

mpo

sed

of th

e fo

llow

ing

sect

ions

: (a)

G

ende

r an

alys

is br

iefly

exp

lain

s th

is an

alyt

ical

met

hod;

(b)

Gen

der

dim

ensio

ns fr

amew

ork

desc

ribes

one

ana

lytic

al m

etho

d fo

r an

alyz

ing

gend

er is

sues

and

for

iden

tifyi

ng g

ende

r-ba

sed

cons

trai

nts,

whi

ch is

use

d th

roug

hout

the

hand

book

; and

(c)

Lin

king

gen

der

issue

s to

agr

icul

tura

l va

lue

chai

n de

velo

pmen

t illu

stra

tes

how

gen

der-

base

d co

nstr

aint

s af

fect

th

e st

ruct

ure

and

rela

tions

hips

of t

he v

alue

cha

in. T

he s

econ

d pa

rt

offe

rs p

ract

ition

ers

a fiv

e-st

ep p

roce

ss fo

r id

entif

ying

and

eva

luat

ing

gend

er -b

ased

con

stra

ints

with

in a

gric

ultu

ral v

alue

cha

ins

with

tool

s an

d w

orks

heet

s fo

r im

plem

entin

g th

e pr

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s.

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s gr

oup

disc

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on,

field

inte

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ws

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icul

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l pra

ctic

es in

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anya

(a

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. 201

0. A

n as

set-

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d ap

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impa

ct o

f val

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hain

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on

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: met

hodo

logi

cal g

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fo

r de

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actit

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rs a

nd

priv

ate

sect

or r

epre

sent

ativ

es. C

ATIE

/Fo

rd F

ound

atio

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hand

book

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t dea

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val

ue c

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ana

lysis

but

with

impa

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val

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hain

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incl

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her

e be

caus

e of

the

grow

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in im

pact

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luat

ion

of d

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opm

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nitia

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. In

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publ

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appr

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is d

efin

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s a

“set

of i

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vent

ions

by

cha

in a

ctor

s (b

uyer

s, pr

oces

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rs)

and/

or s

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rovi

ders

(g

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GO

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to g

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hips

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ong

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nter

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leve

l. At

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of t

hese

leve

ls, c

hang

es in

ass

ets

are

the

mai

n in

dica

tor

used

for

eval

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n. W

orki

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efin

ition

s of

val

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, val

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and

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. Thi

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201

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ndar

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ons

14 Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

There is growing recognition of the relevance of value chain analysis concepts and their application in agriculture and forestry for market-led rural development strategies. The concepts are applicable across a wide range of products in the primary sector and therefore have great potential to help in developing rural enterprises and the rural economy.

The guidelines and manuals follow similar steps in carrying out value chain analysis; some deal with all of them while others deal with only one or some. These are: appraisal of value chains (choosing products, mapping of chains, networks and systems), design of interventions (identifying opportunities), implementation of interventions and monitoring and evaluation (observing, monitoring and adapting). Though they follow similar steps, some of the handbooks do not explicitly mention the steps. The manuals also differ in the methodologies used for each step. For example, in the appraisal stage, some use participatory methodologies, e.g. Mayoux (2003), others use rapid market appraisals while others use more formal questionnaire surveys that involve household and key informant interviews

The manuals and handbooks reviewed in this paper provide considerable room for contextual adjustment. In some instances, manuals and handbooks do not provide definitions (or provide only very loose ones) of terms and concepts used. This level of flexibility is useful for indepth analysis of a particular situation. However this is not suitable for cross-study comparisons. Due to this flexibility, the application of the manuals also depends on the analytical skills and expertise of the team that wants to carry out the value chain analysis.

Development practitioners can use the handbooks to improve development intervention strategies that address economic growth and poverty reduction. For development practitioners case-specific analysis is more applicable and if possible can be replicated in other regions.

For researchers, value chain approaches and analyses need to be combined with more analytical methods to go beyond case-specific conclusions and ensure comparability across sites and applications (e.g. Rich et al 2011). Rich et al (2011) have identified System Dynamics and Agent-Based models as two promising approaches for more quantitative analysis and understanding of value chains. Shiferaw et al (2008) provides a good example of precise definitions and their use for more quantitative analysis based on surveys.

This overview is descriptive; it describes the manuals and guidelines in order to help readers identify which ones are most suited to their needs. Future work should expand more analytically on the approaches and methods used in the different manuals and their strengths and weaknesses. Ideally, the results of such analyses could help users to better understand the alternative methods available so as to choose appropriate modules from different manuals. The results could also help identify gaps in our knowledge of how to conduct value chain analysis for different purposes and in different contexts.

Summary and conclusions

15Review of guidelines and manuals for VCA for agricultural and forest products

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Barrett C. 2008. Smallholder market participation: concepts and evidence from eastern and southern Africa. Food Policy Vol. 33, pp. 299-317.

Bernet T, Thiele G and Zschocke T. 2006. Participatory market chain approach (PMCA) – user guide. Lima, Peru: International Potato Centre (CIP). http://www.cipotato.org/pmca/index.htm.

Boomgard J, Davies SP, Haggblade S and Mead DC. 1986. Sub-sector analysis: its nature, conduct and potential contribution to small enterprise development. MSU International Development Papers, Working Paper No 26. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAZ101.pdf.

da Silva C and de Souza Filho HM. 2007. Guidelines for rapid appraisals of agrifood chain performance in developing countries. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/publications/docs/AGSF_OccassionalPapers/agsfop20.pdf.

Donovan J and Stoian D. 2010. An asset-based approach for assessing the impact of value chain approaches on rural poverty: methodological guidelines for development practitioners and private sector representatives. CATIE/Ford Foundation.

Fasse A, Grote U and Winter E. 2009. Value chain analysis methodologies in the context of environment and trade research. Gottfried Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade.

Ferris S, Mundy P and Best R. 2009. Getting to market; from agriculture to agroenterprise.

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