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Heui-Chun An, Sam-Kwang Cho, Seong-Hun Kim National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Korea [email protected]
Review of Fishing Technology to
Reduce Bycatch in Asia
29th Wakefield Fisheries Bycatch Symposium May 14, 2014
! Catch & Bycatch of Asia
! Bycatch Reduction Technology
( Gillnet, Pot, Towed Gears)
! Conclusion
Contents
22.9% / 6.0% (5.94)
2.05% /13.3% (0.53)
0.69% / 7.7% (0.16)
13.1% / 8.5% (3.40)
3.15% / 2.1% (0.82)
12.3% / 9.2% (3.19)
7.7% / 8.6% (2.00)
4.50% / 8.1% (1.17) 1.51% / 5.1%
(0.35)
1.60% / 4.0% (0.41)
1.88% / 4.8% (0.49)
0.22% / 3.3% (0.05)
5.12% / 3.9% (1.17)
2.41% / 1.7% (0.55)
0% / 2.6% (0)
8.58% / 4.0% (2.22)
Data from FAO (2011)
! Catch = Marine capture production (Total 93,494 million ton) ! Area Grand total 360.7 , Asia Sub Total 85.9 (million ㎢), 23.8%
Catch and area proportions by fishing area, 2011 ( ) : catch per unit area (mt/km2)
Global catch by fishing area, 2011
Data from FAO yearbook. Fishery and aquaculture statistics Yearbook (2011)
- Asia Total: include Region No 57,61,71 - Area Grand total 360.7 , Asia Sub Total 85.9 (million ㎢), 23.8%
Region No. Nominal regions Catch (1,000MT) (%) 61 Northwest Pacific 21,437 22.93 71 Western Central Pacific 11,521 12.32 57 Indian Ocean, Easten 7,212 7.71 87 Southeast Pacific 12,254 13.11 27 Atlantic, Northeast 8,021 8.58 51 Indian Ocean, Western 4,212 4.50 67 Northeast Pacific 2,950 3.15 77 Eastern Central Pacific 1,913 2.05 41 Atlantic, Southwest 1,759 1.88 31 Atlantic, Western Central 1,497 1.60
Others 20,718 22.16 Global Total 93,494 100.00
Asia Total 40,170 42.96
Sea Food Culture of Asia
Fish meal
Fish sauce
Salted seafood Dried fish products(pollack )
SeaFood
http://ourdailybrine.com/
http://100.empas.com/
Salted fermented seafood
http://www.pangasius-vietnam.com/
www.tradekorea.com
Surimi
6
(Prof Arimoto, FAO/SEAFDEC Workshop on by-‐catch and discards 2003 Bangkok)
Alaska Sea Grant - “bycatch” include retained incidental catch, fishery discards, and unobserved mortalities as a result of direct encounters with fishing gear
By-catch and Discards are not a new problem, it exists since fishing began
Up-dated Global Estimates of 6.8 mil. Tons (2005) Estimated global discards by countries (1000 tons)
Asian countries Discards (%) Cambodia 0.0 0.0 China 74.3 1.1 Indonesia 270.4 4.0 Japan 918.4 13.5 Korea 1.0 0.0 Malaysia 10.4 0.2 Myanmar 27.4 0.4 North Korea 1.1 0.0 Philippines 7.5 0.1 Thailand 27.8 0.4 Viet Nam 17.8 0.3 Others 5463.1 80.1 Global Total 6819.2 100.0
Formulated on data from Kelleher (2005)
7 MATSUOKA T., 2009,Negative impacts in capture fisheries: bycatch and discards and derelict fishing gear and ghost fishing. PICES meeting.
Sub Area Ratio By-Catch:Shrimp References
II~VI
B i n t u n i , Kaimana, D o l a k , Aru
4:1~21:1 Iskandar et al. (1993), Badrudin & Karyana (1993), others (1993~2002)
By-catch ratio to shrimps caught by shrimp trawler in the Arafura waters, Indonesia (1992~2001)
WUDIANTO and BAMBANG SUMIONO, 2010. BYCATCH MITIGATION ON SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA. Meeting on Coral Triangle Fishers Forum
Growth overfishing and trash fish landings, Malaysia
AREA Trash fish landings (tonnes) % trash in trawl Landi
ngs Trawlers All methods % by trawlers
West Coast Peninsular Malaysia 132,304 169,709 77.96 35.99
East Coast Peninsular Malaysia 58,777 60,599 96.99 38.54
Sabah, Sarawak & Labuan 23,899 31,362 76.20 16.88
Whole Malaysia 214,980 261,670 82.16 32.49
Nuruddin & Isa (2013)
MATSUOKA T., 2009,Negative impacts in capture fisheries: bycatch and discards and derelict fishing gear and ghost fishing. PICES meeting.
GF :Ghost fishing.
Kaeser et.al. Erzini et.al. Nakashima-Matsuoka
Net length (m) 90 100 72
Net height (m) 3.0 2.1 2.3
Mesh size (mm) 100 60 60～99
Major GF species Cat-sharks
Nursehound Scorpionfishes
Sea breams Threadsail filefish
Dragonet
GF duration (days) 141 56 142
GF mortality (number) 334 318 455
Accumulation of data by researches on Ghost Fishing (GF) by gillnets on flat seabed
Bycatch Reduction Methods
• BRD : Bycatch Reduction Devices • TED, Fish eye, BED, JTED, ETC..,
Fishing Gear Selectivity (Mesh , Bar etc. ) Vent BRD
Gillnet ○
Pot ○ ○
Dredge ○ ○
Trawl ○ ○
Bycatch Reduction in Snow Crab Gillnet, Korea
Park et al. 2003
Snow crab 97.12% Spinyhead sculpin 0.81% Pacific cod 0.18%
Catch rate of major species in snow crab gillnet
Trap, 560MT 12%
Other 3MT 0%
Trawl 47MT 1%
Gill net 4,207MT 87%
Catch per net by mesh size
0
4
8
12
16
20
150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Mesh size (mm)
Cat
ch n
umbe
r / n
et
Male (>90 mm)Male (≤90 mm)
Female crab
Park et al. 2003
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Maximum carapace length / Mesh size
Ret
entio
n pr
obab
ility
. 62.567.572.577.582.587.592.597.5102.5107.5112.5117.5122.5127.5
RL (mm)
RL/m = 0.549
exp(cubic equation)
Mesh selectivity of male snow crab
- Used mesh size : 180 ~300 mm (5steps)
- Retention Probability 0.5 → RL/m=0.356
(RL: Maximum carapace length, m: mesh size) - Snow crab CL 90mm → optimal mesh size 253mm
Item Before 2002 After 2002
Mesh size of gillnets 180 – 270 mm 240 mm ≤
Fishing season 11.01 ~ 05.31 12.01 ~ 05.31
Landing size (carapace length) 90mm 90mm
Female × ×
Park et al. 2003
Advanced Management efforts for snow crab
Use of escape vents to improve size and species selectivity of collapsible pot for Portunus pelagicus in Thailand
- Collapsible crab pot: box shaped with size of 36 × 54 × 19 cm
Boutson et al. (2009)
- Four different shapes of escape vent (a), located at the bottom sides of the lower slope panel (b) used to observe the escape behavior of blue swimming crabs from the pot
http://en.wikipedia.org
Boutson et al. [2005] immature blue swimming crab catch: 32–42%
- Square-shaped escape vents were located at five pairs of different positions: on the lower slope panel at the corner (1) and center (2), on the side panel at upper (3) and lower (4) positions, and at the top panel corner (5) to observe escape behavior of crabs from the same pot for the vent position experiment
" Escape rate : Square(70%) > Circle(18%) > Rectangular(10%) > Ellips(2%)
" Escape Position : 4(84%) > 1(14%) > 2(2%)
A Size selectivity for blue swimming crab according to escape vent length when vent height was fixed at 35 mm, b master curve for crab size (CL) according to vent length (VL)
- Blue swimming crab size sampled with conventional pots (open columns) and vented pots (shaded columns)
- Size selectivity of 35 x 45 mm escape vent for blue swimming crab from the field trials with L50% = 46.9 mm, a = -25.9403, b = 0.5528, and SR = 4.0 mm, in comparison with the result from the laboratory observation
Boutson et al. (2009)
First maturity size of crab : 46 mm CL L50%(vent 35 × 45 mm) = 46.9 mm
Reducing catch of immature crab: 70.5 → 11.0%
Tottori 2009 report
- Red queen crab trap with vent. - Mesh size 130mm, vent dia 95mm
Size selectivity of red queen crab traps in Japan
- Selectivity curve of vented traps, the commercial trap (150 mm mesh size)
- Selectivity master curve of circular escape vent in trap for male red queen crab.
Landing 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 (𝐂𝐋): 90mm, L50 escape vent dia: 93mm
- Specification for the vents trap used in experiment
Mesh size 150mm, escape vents: 90, 100, 110 mm
Watanabe T. 2005. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 71, 16-23.
Selectivity of Venus Clam Dredge in Korea
- Beam of dredge: 1,200L × 370H mm, net 4m
- Bar space : 12, 16, 20, 24, 35 mm
- Mesh size of net: 22, 24, 30, 41, 47 mm
Shellfish Dredge
KIM & Jo (2001)
http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=774312
645 370
420300
1,200
steel t2 x 150(B) x 550(L)
(b) Selection shell length - Selection curves for venus clam, Gomphina melanaegis.
KIM & Jo (2001)
(a) Mesh size
L75 = 0.8665M - 0.376
(R2 = 0.9828)
L25 = 0.5396M - 0.2177
(R2 = 0.8964)
0
1
2
3
4
2 3 4 5
Mesh size (cm)
Shell
Length
(cm
)• First maturity length 25mm
• Optimum mesh size for 25mm Venus clam: 40.5mm
• Regulation: mesh size ≥40mm , bar space ≥15mm,
Landing size of Venus Clam ≥35mm
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0.05 1.05 2.05 3.05 4.05 5.05 6.05
Shell length (cm)
Rete
ntio
n
24mm 30mm 41mm 47mm
Crab separator for flatfish seine
• Developed to exclude snow crab while retaining flatfish
wing
Belly slope
Selection mesh
Chaffer
Belly slope
Snow crab reduction : approx. 90 %
Flatfish retention : approx. 85%
Matsushita and Fujita (2004) Horie et. al., (2001)
Plan of codend
Schematic diagram of codend
- Plan of codend and schematic diagram of codend and grid separator used in the fishing experiment.
Selectivity of grid separator with horizontal bars for beam trawl fishery in Tokyo Bay
Schematic diagram of grid separator bar space: 13，1 5，2 0, 24 mm
Ohata et al. (2008)
marbled flounder
white-spotted conger
Landing size:
marbled flounder- 15cm total length, with 11~21 mm
white-spotted conger- 35cm total length, with 5~17 mm
Ohata et al. (2008)
- Selectivity of grid separator for marbled flounder Pleuronectes yokohamae plotted against a function of (body width) / (bar space) and that for white-spotted conger Conger myriaster plotted as a function of (head height) / (bar space), □: bar space 13 mm， X: bar space 15 mm ▲:bar space 20 mm, ○ : bar space 24 mm.
white.spotted conger
- Proportion retained of each bar space from the master curve. Three arrowed lines indicate the range of head height from 8 to 14 mm for white-spotted conger Conger myriasfer
A grid of 15 mm bar space reduced juvenile discards of marbled flounder by 40% and caught most of the white-spotted conger
Development of JET (Jellyfish excluder for Towed fishing gear)
Takayanagi (2007)
Nemopilema nomurai Bell diameter 25~106 cm
Producing area of Nemopilema nomurai
Kuroshio Current
Lee et al., (2007)
Jellyfish (damaging to fishery)
Distribution ratio of fish and jellyfish in survey trawl (2004~2007)
F is h5 9 . 0 %
Je lly f is h4 1 . 0 %
F i s h2 . 0 %
Je lly f is h9 8 . 0 %
F i s h3 1 . 0 %
Je lly f is h6 9 . 0 %
F i s h1 2 . 7 %
Je lly f is h8 7 . 3 %
Kim et al, 2007. The status of the development of jellyfish separator system (JSS) in Korea. The 4th International jellyfish workshop.
□ Development of the JSS
Jellyfish separator system
Cod-end
Cover net
Guiding net Separator net
Outlet
Net
Cutting net
Outlet Chain
Park et al., 2010, The performance of a wedge type jellyfish excluder device inserted in a trawl net. J. Kor. Soc. Fish. Tech., 46 (4), 302－312.
Cod-end Cover-net Jellyfish Exclu
sion rate Catch loss rate Jellyfish (kg) Fish (kg) Jellyfish (kg) Fish (kg)
442.0 330.9 3,184.3 157 87.8% (74.0~92.7) 32.2%
Experiment Results
Park et al., 2010, The performance of a wedge type jellyfish excluder device inserted in a trawl net. J. Kor. Soc. Fish. Tech., 46 (4), 302－312.
Method of designing and manufacturing JET (Jellyfish excluder for Towed fishing gear) for various towed fishing gears
- Separation of Jellyfish from target species by JET.
- A part of towed fishing gear where JET is inserted.
MATSUSHITA and HONDA., 2006, Method of designing and manufacturing JET（Jellyfish Excluder for Towed fishing gear） for various towed fishing gears. Bull. Fish. Res. Agen. No. 16, 19-27.
Research on by-catch of shrimp trawl fishery in Arafuru Sea (volume, reduction devices, and utilization of discarded by-catch)
SEAFDEC (2005)
Ari Purbayanto, Ph.D Professor in Fishing Technology Department of Fisheries Resource Utilization Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Purbayanto (2013) Purbayanto, 2013. Research on by-catch of shrimp trawl fishery in Arafuru Sea. WGFTFB 2013 meeting.
• The by-catch is still the main problem on shrimp trawl fishery in Arafuru sea, Indonesia.
• A large volume of the by-catch is discarded • Presidential decree No. 39/1980 to ban the operation of Trawl
Net in Indonesia waters • BED - Equipped Trawl(shrimp trawl) is permitted to be operate
d only in Arafuru sea at geograpic position of 130º E to the east • Bycatch Excluder Device (BED) or Turtle Excluder Devices (T
ED) – must be attached on shrimp trawl net during operation
Purbayanto, 2013. Research on by-catch of shrimp trawl fishery in Arafuru Sea. WGFTFB 2013 meeting.
Mahiswara (2004) reported that: TED super shooter decreased bycatch/towing/hour by 5% (12 cm grid space) and by 60% (4 cm grid space).
TED performance (815 shots, 3 years period)
turtle reduction 99% stingray reduction 96% large shark reduction 80% sponge reduction 80% shrimp loss 2 – 38% Source: Eayrs (2006)
Purbayanto, 2013. Research on by-catch of shrimp trawl fishery in Arafuru Sea. WGFTFB 2013 meeting.
(a) TED super shooter (US type) (c) Fish eye (b) Square mesh window
Kind of Bycatch Reduction Devices
Purbayanto et al. (2007)
Mesh opening 22.50mm 31.75mm
Bar distance 100mm
Height : 600mm Diameter : 450mm
Comparison between BRDs in reduncing by-catch
The by-catch reduction and shrimp loss of the BRDs tested compared to the control net
Percent reduction by weight US-TED Square Mesh
Window Fish Eye
By-catch reduction -(4.66)* 5.98 13.36 Shrimp loss 32.29 22.13 21.25
*) The bycatch increase compared to the control net.
Purbayanto et al. (2007)
JTED bar 1.75 mm saved 33 % young fish
80 Immature and trash fish
60
67 %
40 33 %
20
0
Retained
Escaped
pen = 12 cm Widodo & Mahiswara (2007)
Purbayanto, 2013. Research on by-catch of shrimp trawl fishery in Arafuru Sea. WGFTFB 2013 meeting.
(Juvenile and Trash Excluder Device)
Utilization of discarded by-catch utilizing the discarded by-catch
Increasing efficency of fisheries resource utilization in order to sustain bio-diversity, environment, and food security for people prosperity
Development of environmentally
friendly fishing tech.
Target species
Fishing
By-catch
Processing technology to utilize discarded by-catch
Food industry
Surimi
Export
Food Security
People prosperity Purbayanto, 2013. Research on by-catch of shrimp tra
wl fishery in Arafuru Sea. WGFTFB 2013 meeting.
Peptone
Feed industry
ICES-‐FAO WGFTFB 2014 -‐ New Bedford, USA, 5-‐9 May 2014
SelecGve, non-‐selecGve and balanced fishing
Petri Suuronen1, Pingguo He2, Michael Pol3, Norman Graham4, and Dave Reid4
Mean trophic level analysis as indicator for balanced harvesGng -‐ Cast study on Japanese-‐type set-‐net,
in Thailand •
Takafumi Arimoto, U.Khrueniam, T.Yoshikawa, K.Kon, Y.Okamoto, S.Ishikawa,
et al.
Simplified representaVon of a trophic pyramid of aquaVc ecosystems. In balanced harvest, fishing mortality should be proporVonal to producVvity across trophic levels (and producVvity of species). Drawing modified from Jeppe Kolding Suuronen P. (2014)
Photo from Arimoto T. (2014)
Conclusions
• Development & Application of Bycatch Reduction Methods has
been promoted in Asian Countries.
- Key factors: Selectivity, Escapement Devices
! Reduction of Bycatch by Selective Fishing & New Approach of
Balanced Harvesting are important Factors for Sustainable
Utilization of Healthy Ecosystem
