REVIEW OF BUILDING CEILINGS IN THE TREND OF …ieomsociety.org/southafrica2018/papers/349.pdf · 2019-08-15 · To maintain balance in natural convection flow in a compartment between

Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Pretoria / Johannesburg, South Africa, October 29 – November 1, 2018

© IEOM Society International

REVIEW OF BUILDING CEILINGS IN THE TREND OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT

J. O Dirisu1, O.S. I Fayomi1,2*, S. O Oyedepo11Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University. P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

2*Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa.

*Corresponding authors: [email protected],[email protected], [email protected]

Tel: (+2348067017622) (+27835828119)

ABSTRACT Technological advancement tends to influence the selection, manufacture and modification of ceiling materials. The properties of the ceiling materials have been improved upon in decades so that end users are comfortable psychologically, mentally and are able to escape in the event of fire outbreak caused by external factors due to the flame-retardant characteristics of the ceiling material. This study examines the evolution of ceiling and the factors responsible for the new product. Such factor involve the aesthetic, thermal comfort, thermal insulation properties, combustion properties and emission characteristics which tend to improve the overall product in terms of style and safety. Factors that still needed to be investigated are presented in this article. Stakeholders such as standard organizations, manufacturers, and consumers will begin to appreciate a viable wholesome ceiling material due to thorough cognizance of various properties to be embedded in the ceiling products thereby leading to a safer environment and delay in fire propagation. Keywords: technological advancement; ceiling materials; flame retardants; fire propagation; thermal comfort.

1. IntroductionTechnology involves the introduction of new method and initiative to solve problem. It is an essential element of globalization (Dahlman, 2007). Technology gives birth to modern man called, renaissance, which is a product of education (Kruss, McGrath, Petersen, & Gastrow, 2015). This is a technological revolution as the society in which man exists is now transformed (Sutton, 2013). A city with its future is sustainable due to the application of technological innovation (Goi, 2017). Innovation is an offshoot of technology which reveals the differences in the dispensation of man; gone where the era of transportation by animal; now is the age of different models of automobile (Auma, 2014). Consumers now have options to make in patronizing products of technology (Pae & Hyun, 2002). The transportation industry is thriving under the ascension of innovation (Mizuta, Swindler, Jacobson, & Kuciemba, 2013); better still a radical innovation (Morone, 1993). The construction industry especially the offsite type, is revealed to be the focal sector in the economy of the United Kingdom (Taylor, 2010), some construction type is traceable to the ancient Roman era (Vokes, Brennan, Bayliss, & Beck, 2013). The challenge technology poses to this industry is that of competitiveness in its operation and the option of choice of its products (Cakmak & Tas, 2012). Technological advancement made available options for the choice of ceiling materials. This is so due to various profiles, products and style of building ceilings. Ceiling is the location in a building that is opposite to a floor in a bungalow, or opposite the last floor of storey building. It is also the material that is connected to the base of roofing framework(Ashby, 2005). Ceiling have been applied to inhibit sound at balconies of buildings(X. Wang, Mao, Yu, & Jiang, 2015) which prevented the environment from commuter noise. The height and aesthetics of ceiling is perceived to influence the emotion of encountered occupants who engages in active or passive activities under it(Vartanian et al., 2015).

2207

mailto:[email protected]





The aim of this paper is to: (i) identify the growing trend of ceiling in the light of technology, (ii) review ceilings design that eliminates the need for air-conditioning (iii) ascertain the impact of flame retardant as an additive to ceiling materials. 2. Thermal comfort of Ceilings The introduction of concrete to ceiling was reported to provide thermal comfort during the day and a cooling effect at night to a simulated office(Høseggen, Mathisen, & Hanssen, 2009)(Su, Li, Zhang, Sun, & Qian, 2015). The combination of desk fan and cooling ceiling in temperate environment was experimented which resulted into an improved comfort(He et al., 2017). Thermal comfort was achieved with the use of a diffused ceiling in a classroom. This was due to the application of an exhaust system and the air permeation and escape from the ceiling pores thus enabling ventilation effectiveness(Kristensen, Jensen, & Heiselberg, 2017). A convective equipment was installed in offices to enable phase change; extracting warm air from the room and opening cool air from the cooling ceiling(Weinläder, Körner, & Strieder, 2014)(Loveday, Parsons, Taki, & Hodder, 2002) which facilitates thermal comfort. This a displacement ventilation method which is argued to be more energy efficient than air conditioning system (Simon J Rees & Haves, 2013)(Wu, Cai, Chen, & Ji, 2018). An improvised façade system was used to improve thermal comfort(Eder & Bednar, 2015). The investigation of absorption coefficient of open ceiling as performed in a multipurpose hall could impact on the sound absorption and thermal comfort of participants(Kim, Lee, Seo, & Jeon, 2010)(He, Li, & Huang, 2015). In a separate study, suspended ceiling was perforated so that air will diffuse into it, the ceiling surface became a radiant coolant without trace of thermal discomfort to occupants. This concept has a potential application to end users(Anker & Svendsen, 2013). It was theorized that insulating ceiling will reduce the temperature infiltration, it was disproved by experiment that there was no effect of it in attic during winter(Hansen & Moller, 2017). To maintain balance in natural convection flow in a compartment between chilled ceiling; ceiling installed with capillary pipe(Arcuri, Bruno, & Bevilacqua, 2015); and displacement ventilation, honeycomb slat system was introduced by the authors(Taki, Jalil, & Loveday, 2011) to avoid a turbulent flow. Energy efficiency of displacement ventilation in terms of power consumption and cost was improved upon by combining it with evaporative cooled ceiling(Hao, Zhang, Chen, Zou, & Moschandreas, 2007)(Alamdari, Butler, Grigg, & Shaw, 1998)(Chakroun, Ghaddar, & Ghali, 2011)(Ghaddar, Ghali, & Chakroun, 2013). This also reported of cooling radiant ceiling panel which in addition to energy efficiency provides thermal comfort and cool indoor space(Ning, Chen, Liu, & Zhang, 2016). A theoretical heat interaction was studied between a chilled ceiling and improvised heat source using electric heater at the floor to cool a room(Castillo & Tovar, 2012). Temperature distribution of air and load distribution was predicted using nodal model for ventilated air and chilled ceiling(S J Rees & Haves, 2001). Cooling was achieved by installing a chilled beam and a false ceiling by employing a near cyclic air flow (Fredriksson & Sandberg, 2009). It was studied that an increase in area of ceiling vent will augment air inflow although may not affect the heat rate. Heat rate is a function of the fire source area(Li, Zhang, Li, Zhang, & Jiang, 2017). Forced convection type was employed to improve the cooling capacity of radiant cooled ceiling(Karmann, Bauman, Raftery, Schiavon, & Koupriyanov, 2018)(Mateus & Carrilho, 2015); the cooling power of displacement ventilation was improved when combined with evaporative cooled ceiling(Younis, Ghali, & Ghaddar, 2015)(Itani, Ghali, & Ghaddar, 2015)(Hodder, Loveday, Parsons, & Taki, 1998).The fire resistance of brick type ceiling was investigated which varied between 60-120 minutes(Szumigała & Polus, 2017). The increment time of fire resistance was due to the use of fire protective materials. The conductivity of ceiling in ionic state was investigated by(Ishii & Ishikawa, 2006). An adaptable temperature switch called air box both to remove moisture and maintain temperature at the chilled ceiling compartment was innovated to suit any weather condition(Keun & Leibundgut, 2014). Different cooling systems were studied in a simulated double office apartment for different level of draught, their results showed that there was little difference between the simulated and thermal environments(Mustakallio, Bolashikov, Rezgals, & Lipczynska, 2017)(Lipczynska, Kaczmarczyk, & Melikov, 2015)(Mustakallio, Bolashikov, Kostov, & Melikov, 2016). To prevent condensation in a chilled ceiling system during power outage, artificial neural network was adopted to predict pre-humidification time before it will occur(Ge, Xiao, & Wang, 2012). 3. Performance Evaluation of Potential Ceilings Materials In earthquake prone region, there is that necessity to analyse the failure, shear and bending capacities of ceiling systems so as to retrofit weak points for improved performance(Soroushian, Maragakis, & Jenkins, 2015a)(Soroushian, Maragakis, & Jenkins, 2015b). Various authors reported the insulation properties of ceiling types(Ma et al., 2016)(Ruuska, Vinha, & Kivioja, 2017). Nanocomposites was used to reinforce

2208



Polyetheretherketone so as to study the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity using differential scanning microscopy(Riviere, Causse, Lonjon, Dantras, & Lacabanne, 2016). Fibre glass and rock wool are reported to have low thermal conductivity which make them potential building insulation materials(Berardi & Naldi, 2017). 4. Building Standards and Fire Report The quality of life and environment are needed to achieve sustainable development of any nation (Yemi, 2016). Therefore, disaster and hazard of any source are to be controlled if it is impossible to eliminate. The method to achieve this will be establishing policies based on harvested incidences and enacting standards in various sectors to checkmate uncontainable occurrences. Standards in Nigeria needs to be solidified as there is concern to the agelong spate of building collapse and fire incidences. This alarm being raised by the public and stakeholders prompted the Federal Government to set up committee to investigate the recurring building collapse (F, 2017). A parallel report revealed that professionals were aiding and abetting substandard materials into the building industries which itself contributed to building collapse (J, 2017). Although there are upcoming standards made by SON, there is the need for standard to address ceiling in relation to fire outbreaks so that necessary measures be put in place to avoid and forestall its occurrence (Punch, 2017). The menace of building anomaly was spotted out amongst which are unqualified persons, wrong specification, poor design plan and poor workmanship (Adekoya, 2017). The report of fire disaster for 2013-2015 is shown in the chart below.

Figure 1: Fire Disaster showing no of incidences, death and year of occurrence

Source: Nigeria Bureau of Statistics(Yemi, 2016)

From the report death was highest in 2015. The frequency of the incidence isn’t the determinant of the number of the affected persons but rather, it is the extent of the frequency as it is revealed when other years are compared to 2015 report. The geographical zone of Nigeria ecosystem reveals that it is a semi-arid land with low rainfall and high amount of heat generation. Thus, at harmattan season that span between December to March, vegetation becomes fuel to fire. The Nigerian region is divided into two eco-region which are the savanna and forest. The chart below shows the frequency of seasonal fire forecast for the two eco-regions (Balogun & Ajayi, 2006).

2209



Figure 2: Frequency of seasonal fire forecast for the two eco-regions

Source: Balogun and Ajayi (Balogun & Ajayi, 2006)

Figure 3: Fire Deaths Frequency in the Month

Source: Adekunle et al(Adekunle et al., 2016)

From the data above, fire occur most in January as the harmattan season gets to its peak for both eco-regions. This is validated in the reported chart below. The number of death was highest in the month of January (Adekunle et al., 2016). Burns is the effect of flame on living thing especially human being (Oladele & Olabanji, 2010). Fire propagation affects some areas in the building where the main affected areas are furniture, cloths and flammable ceilings which are categorized as vital areas of a building. The structure is susceptible to collapse after much exposure to fire. The chart below reveals affected zones of buildings due to fire. Items outside are least affected such as vehicles.

2210



Figure 4: Area of Fire Origin

Source: Adekunle et al., 2016

To ameliorate the ecological challenges such as erosion, oil spillage, fire etc., 2% of the federation account has been reserved for this purpose. The Federal Fire Service were apportioned about ₦12.5 billion in the year 2014 (Ukura, 2014). These measures put in place are primarily for the protection of lives and properties which spells out the objective of standards (OAMF, 2012). Flame retardant paint surface treated on combustible material has its limited function. It is strongly advised not to be used for permanent structure. Flame spread rating for decorative materials should not exceed 75 and smoke spread rating not more than 100. Smoke detector is recommended to be installed in ceilings in public structures. If ceiling is not accessible, side sprinkler is advised. Standard ceiling tile is recommended to be of the dimension 600mm by 600mm tile this will enable ceiling to be accessible as it can be detachable (PBS-PQ100.1, 1996). In a separate standard documentation, ceiling must sound proof and fire resistant. It shall also be positioned in panels (Technical Standards, 2014). In health centres, the design should be cleanable and non-degradable. It should be able to support dead loads(Health Building Note, 2013). The use of timber ceiling for school is advised to be discouraged due to its flammable nature(Document, 2008). Ceiling finishes should ensure light reflection and acoustic tile ceiling is recommended for classrooms (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, 2011). It is important to develop ceiling that has appreciable measure of flame retardant. 5. Flame Retardants Flame retardants are chemicals that are introduced to materials to inhibit the propagation of flame or to maintain and sustain flame inertia (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 2016)(Al-mosawi, Ammash, Al-maamori, & Hashim, 2013). They are also additives to thermoplastics(EuroNanoForum, 2015), this is introduced due to the reduce the flammability of plastics that have replaced metal based structures in automobiles, buildings, furniture and electronics(Castrovinci, Lavaselli, & Camino, n.d.). Types of flame retardants are halogen organic compounds, magnesium or aluminium hydroxides. There are natural retardants which are eco-friendly such as Nano clay, carbon nanotubes and phosphorus based compounds(Soutter, 2012)(Y. Wang, n.d.). A material can be assessed for flammability by testing for ignitability, flame spread, heat release rate(Levchik, 2007), after flame, after flame time and afterglow/time. The more formation of char, the more effective it indicates the flame-retardant characteristics. Materials are set on fire in a cone calorimeter to study the thermal gravimetric action(Fernandes Jr, Araujo, Fonseca, Fernandes, & Silva, 2002). Material selection for the interior of aircraft is such that it should meet safety requirements in terms of heat release rate and smoke toxicity. They must be flame retardants such as carbon composites, aluminium reinforced composites, thermoplastics, glass reinforced phenolic etc.(Relyon, n.d.). The introduction of organic filler enabled thermal and dimensional stability of epoxy systems(Agunsoye et al., 2014)(Mantia & Morreale, 2011). The thermal behaviour of terephthalamide stabilized PVC was investigated using

2211



cone calorimeter and thermogravimetric analyser and was recommended safe for construction application. PVC degraded at the temperature of 285.56oC(Teotia et al., 2017). 6. Conclusion Technology has sped up the improvement in ceiling tiles and ceiling composites. There is the awareness to modify the materials taking into cognizance the flame-retardant properties. There must be the development of standards in Nigeria such that manufacturers in construction industries are enforced to comply so that the ceiling material is improved in the area of thermal comfort, low heat release rate and excellent flame-retardant property. This will in the overall curb fire outbreak in buildings and provide ample time of escape when combustion is detected. 7. References Adekoya, F. (2017). SON seeks sustainable solution to construction, building industry challenges. Adekunle, A., Asuquo, A., Essang, N., Umanah, I. ., Ibe, K. ., & Alo, B. A. (2016). Statistical Analysis of Electrical

Fire Outbreaks in Buildings: Case Study of Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 9(1), 76–92.

Agunsoye, J. O., Talabi, S. I., Hassan, S. B., Awe, I. O., Bello, S. A., & Aziakpono, E. (2014). The Development and Characterisation of Aluminium Dross-Epoxy Resin Composite Materials. Journal of Materials Science Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v3n2p23

Al-mosawi, A. I., Ammash, H. K., Al-maamori, M. H., & Hashim, A. (2013). Flammability Behavior of tires material after adding flame retardant agent. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, (02), 8–10.

Alamdari, F., Butler, D. J. G., Grigg, P. F., & Shaw, M. R. (1998). VENTILATION. Renewable Energy, 15, 300–305.

Anker, C., & Svendsen, S. (2013). Experimental study of perforated suspended ceilings as diffuse ventilation air inlets. Energy & Buildings, 56, 160–168.

Arcuri, N., Bruno, R., & Bevilacqua, P. (2015). Influence of the optical and geometrical properties of indoor environments for the thermal performances of chilled ceilings. Elsevier Ltd, 88, 229–237.

Ashby, M. F. (2005). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design Third Edition. (D. C. Anthony Evans, Yves Brechet, John Hutchinson, Ed.), Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann (Third). Burlington: Elsevier.

Auma, L. O. (2014). The Role of Innovation in Building Competitive Advantage in Horticulutural Processing and Export Companies in Nairobi-Kenya. University of Nairobi.

Balogun, A. adedoyin, & Ajayi, O. V. (2006). fire situations in Nigeria.pdf. International Forest Fire News, 34, 89–93.

Berardi, U., & Naldi, M. (2017). The impact of the temperature dependent thermal conductivity of insulating materials on the effective building envelope performance. Elsevier, 144, 262–275. Retrieved from www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild%0AThe

Cakmak, P. I., & Tas, E. (2012). The use of information technology on gaining competitive advantage in Turkish contractor firms. World Applied Sciences Journal, 18(2), 274–285. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.02.744

Castillo, J. A., & Tovar, R. (2012). Transient cooling of a room with a chilled ceiling. Elsevier, 86, 1029–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.06.026

Castrovinci, A., Lavaselli, M., & Camino, G. (n.d.). Recycling and disposal of flame retarded materials. Centro Di Cultura per l’Ingegneria Delle Materia Plastiche, 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845694701.1.213

Chakroun, W., Ghaddar, N., & Ghali, K. (2011). Chilled ceiling and displacement ventilation aided with personalized evaporative cooler. Elsevier, 43, 3250–3257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.026

Dahlman, C. (2007). Technology, globalization, and international competitiveness: Challenges for developing countries. In O’Connor and M Kjöllerström (Ed.), Industrial Development for the 21st Century (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, Zed Books and United Nations), 29–83. https://doi.org/10.4016/12667.01

Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. (2011). Building Quality Standards Handbook, (October).

Document, T. G. (2008). Technical Guidance Document Construction Standards for Schools, (057). Eder, K., & Bednar, T. (2015). Effect of façade systems on the performance of cooling ceilings : In situ

measurements. ScienceDirect, 4, 68–78. EuroNanoForum. (2015). A new concept of Flame Retardant Nanostructured materials for Thermoplastic. European

Union Funding for Research and Innovation, 1–27.

2212



F, A. (2017). Building Collapse: SON DG Advise Self-regulation in Construction industry. Retrieved May 16, 2018, from https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/07/25/building-collapse-son-dg-advise-self-regulation-in-construction-industry/

Fernandes Jr, V. J., Araujo, A. S., Fonseca, V. M., Fernandes, N. S., & Silva, D. R. (2002). Thermogravimetric evaluation of polyester / sisal flame retarded composite. Elsevier Science Thermochimica Acta, 393, 71–77.

Fredriksson, J., & Sandberg, M. (2009). The effect of false ceiling on the cooling capacity of passive chilled beams. Elsevier, 44, 1426–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.06.017

Ge, G., Xiao, F., & Wang, S. (2012). Neural network based prediction method for preventing condensation in chilled ceiling systems. Elsevier, 45, 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.017

Ghaddar, N., Ghali, K., & Chakroun, W. (2013). Evaporative cooler improves transient thermal comfort in chilled ceiling displacement ventilation conditioned space. Elsevier, 61, 51–60.

Goi, C.-L. (2017). The impact of technological innovation on building a sustainable city. International Journal of Quality Innovation, 3(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40887-017-0014-9

Hansen, T., & Moller, E. B. (2017). Field measurements of moisture variation in cold ventilated attics with different ceiling constructions. Elsevier Ltd, 132, 801–806.

Hao, X., Zhang, G., Chen, Y., Zou, S., & Moschandreas, D. J. (2007). A combined system of chilled ceiling , displacement ventilation and desiccant dehumidification. East, 42, 3298–3308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.08.020

He, Y., Li, N., & Huang, Q. (2015). A field study on thermal environment and occupant local thermal sensation in offices with cooling ceiling in Zhuhai , China. Energy & Buildings, 102, 277–283.

He, Y., Wang, X., Li, N., He, M., He, D., & Wang, K. (2017). Cooling ceiling assisted by desk fans for comfort in hot-humid environment. Building and Environment, 122, 23–34.

Health Building Note. (2013). Health Building Note 00-10 Part B : Walls and ceilings, 1–22. Hodder, S. ., Loveday, D. ., Parsons, K. ., & Taki, A. . (1998). Thermal comfort in chilled ceiling and displacement

ventilation environments : vertical radiant temperature asymmetry effects. Elsevier, 27, 167–173. Høseggen, R., Mathisen, H. M., & Hanssen, S. O. (2009). The effect of suspended ceilings on energy performance

and thermal comfort. Energy & Buildings, 41, 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.09.006 Ishii, T., & Ishikawa, T. (2006). Mechanisms of conductivity ceiling in YSZ. Elsevier- Solid State Ionics, 177, 1573–

1576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2006.06.004 Itani, M., Ghali, K., & Ghaddar, N. (2015). Increasing energy efficiency of displacement ventilation integrated with

an evaporative-cooled ceiling for operation in hot humid climate. Elsevier, 105, 26–36. J, E. (2017). Nigeria: SON Sets Up Adhoc Committee to Address Building Collapse. Retrieved May 16, 2018, from

http://allafrica.com/stories/201712010562.html. Karmann, C., Bauman, F., Raftery, P., Schiavon, S., & Koupriyanov, M. (2018). Effect of acoustical clouds coverage

and air movement on radiant chilled ceiling cooling capacity. Elsevier Ltd, 158, 939–949. Keun, M., & Leibundgut, H. (2014). Advanced Airbox cooling and dehumidification system connected with a

chilled ceiling panel in series adapted to hot and humid climates. Elsevier, 85, 72–78. Kim, Y. H., Lee, H. M., Seo, C. K., & Jeon, J. Y. (2010). Investigating the absorption characteristics of open ceilings

in multi-purpose halls using a 1 : 25 scale model. Applied Acoustics, 71, 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.11.013

Kristensen, M. H., Jensen, J. S., & Heiselberg, P. K. (2017). Field study evaluation of diffuse ceiling ventilation in classroom during real operating conditions, 138, 26–34.

Kruss, G., McGrath, S., Petersen, I., & Gastrow, M. (2015). Higher education and economic development: The importance of building technological capabilities. International Journal of Educational Development, 43, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.011

Levchik, S. V. (2007). INTRODUCTION TO FLAME RETARDANCY AND POLYMER FLAMMABILITY. (C. A. W. Alexander B. Morgan, Ed.). Ardsley: John Wiley & Sons.

Li, Q., Zhang, J., Li, J., Zhang, B., & Jiang, Y. (2017). Combustion phenomena of pool fire in a ceiling vent compartment : the vent far away from the fire source. Procedia Engineering, 211, 388–394.

Lipczynska, A., Kaczmarczyk, J., & Melikov, A. K. (2015). Thermal environment and air quality in of fi ce with personalized ventilation combined with chilled ceiling. Elsevier, 92, 603–614.

Loveday, D. L., Parsons, K. C., Taki, A. H., & Hodder, S. G. (2002). Displacement ventilation environments with chilled ceilings : thermal comfort design within the context of the BS EN ISO7730 versus adaptive debate. Elsevier, 34, 573–579.

Ma, B., Zhou, X., Liu, J., You, Z., Wei, K., & Huang, X. (2016). Determination of Specific Heat Capacity on

2213



Composite Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials. Materials, 9(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9050389

Mantia, F. P. La, & Morreale, M. (2011). Composites : Part A Green composites : A brief review. Elsevier Ltd., 42, 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.01.017

Mateus, N. M., & Carrilho, G. (2015). Simplified modeling of displacement ventilation systems with chilled ceilings, 108, 44–54.

Mizuta, A., Swindler, K., Jacobson, L., & Kuciemba, S. (2013). Impacts of Technology Advancements on Transportation Management Center Operations. Baltimore.

Morone, J. G. (1993). Technology and Competitive Advantage—The Role of General Management. Research-Technology Management, 36(2), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1993.11670886

Mustakallio, P., Bolashikov, Z., Kostov, K., & Melikov, A. (2016). Thermal environment in simulated of fi ces with convective and radiant cooling systems under cooling ( summer ) mode of operation. Elsevier, 100, 82–91.

Mustakallio, P., Bolashikov, Z., Rezgals, L., & Lipczynska, A. (2017). Thermal environment in a simulated double of fi ce room with convective and radiant cooling systems. Elsevier, 123, 88–100.

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, . (2016). Flame Retardants. US Department of Health and Human Services, (July). Retrieved from www.niehs.nih.gov

Ning, B., Chen, Y., Liu, H., & Zhang, S. (2016). Cooling capacity improvement for a radiant ceiling panel with uniform surface temperature distribution. Elsevier, 102, 64–72.

OAMF. (2012). Office Accommodation Workspace and Fitout Standards. Retrieved from www.build.qld.gov.au/qgao/oamf/contactus.asp

Oladele, A. O., & Olabanji, J. K. (2010). BURNS IN NIGERIA : A REVIEW, XXIII(September). Pae, J. H., & Hyun, J. S. (2002). The impact of technology advancement strategies on consumers’ patronage

decisions. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19(5), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737-6782(02)00154-6

PBS-PQ100.1, . (1996). for the Public Buildings Service ( PBS-PQ100 . 1 ). Punch. (2017). SON’s Technical Panel to review cement standards. Rees, S. J., & Haves, P. (2001). A nodal model for displacement ventilation and chilled ceiling systems in office

spaces. Building and Environment, 36, 753–762. Rees, S. J., & Haves, P. (2013). An experimental study of air fl ow and temperature distribution in a room with

displacement ventilation and a chilled ceiling. Elsevier, 59, 358–368. Relyon. (n.d.). Materials with reduced flammability in aerospace and aviation. Federal Aviation Administration,

573–598. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845694701.3.573 Riviere, L., Causse, N., Lonjon, A., Dantras, E., & Lacabanne, C. (2016). Speci fi c heat capacity and thermal

conductivity of PEEK / Ag nanoparticles composites determined by Modulated-Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Elsevier, 127, 98–104. Retrieved from www.elsevier.com/locate/polydegstab%0ASpecific

Ruuska, T., Vinha, J., & Kivioja, H. (2017). Measuring thermal conductivity and speci fi c heat capacity values of inhomogeneous materials with a heat fl ow meter apparatus. Journal of Building Engineering, 9(November 2016), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.11.011

Soroushian, S., Maragakis, E. M., & Jenkins, C. (2015a). Capacity evaluation of suspended ceiling components, Part 1: Experimental studies. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 19(5), 784–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.998354

Soroushian, S., Maragakis, E. M., & Jenkins, C. (2015b). Capacity evaluation of suspended ceiling components, Part 2: Analytical studies. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 19(5), 805–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1006345

Soutter, W. (2012). Nanomaterials for Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardants. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3087

Su, L., Li, N., Zhang, X., Sun, Y., & Qian, J. (2015). Heat transfer and cooling characteristics of concrete ceiling radiant cooling panel. Elsevier, 84, 170–179.

Sutton, B. (2013). The Effects of Technology in Society and Education. The College at Brockport: State University of New York. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/ehd_theses%0Ahttp://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/ehd_theses/192

Szumigała, M., & Polus, Ł. (2017). Fire resistance of the ceiling in the old tenement house. Procedia Engineering, 195, 178–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.541

Taki, A. H., Jalil, L., & Loveday, D. L. (2011). Experimental and computational investigation into suppressing

2214



natural convection in chilled ceiling / displacement ventilation environments. Elsevier Ltd, 43, 3082–3089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.002

Taylor, M. D. (2010). A definition and valuation of the UK offsite construction sector. Construction Management and Economics, 28(8), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2010.480976

Technical Standards, . (2014). SSBC TECHNICAL STANDARDS for Offices – 2014 Tenant Improvements. British Columbia.

Teotia, M., Verma, A., Akitsu, T., Tanaka, S., Takahashi, K., & Soni, R. K. (2017). TGA Decomposition and Flame Profile Measurement of Terephthalamide Stabilized PVC by Cone Calorimeter. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 76(July), 438–441.

Ukura, S. (2014). ANNUAL REPORT AUDITOR-GENERAL FOR THE FEDERATION ON THE ACCOUNTS OF THE FEDERATION OF NIGERIA FOR THE YEAR ENDED. Nigeria.

Vartanian, O., Navarrete, G., Chatterjee, A., Brorson, L., Nadal, M., Gonzalez-mora, J. L., … Skov, M. (2015). Architectural design and the brain : Effects of ceiling height and perceived enclosure on beauty judgments and approach-avoidance decisions n Modro n. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 10–18.

Vokes, C., Brennan, J., Bayliss, M., & Beck, H. (2013). Technology and skills in the Construction Industry. UK. Wang, X., Mao, D., Yu, W., & Jiang, Z. (2015). Acoustic performance of balconies having inhomogeneous ceiling

surfaces on a roadside building facade, 93, 1–8. Wang, Y. (n.d.). Halogen-free flame retardants. Advances in fire retardant materials. Woodhead Publishing

Limited. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845694701.1.67 Weinläder, H., Körner, W., & Strieder, B. (2014). A ventilated cooling ceiling with integrated latent heat storage —

Monitoring results, 82, 65–72. Wu, B., Cai, W., Chen, H., & Ji, K. (2018). Experimental investigation on airflow pattern for active chilled beam

system. Elsevier, 166, 438–449. Yemi, K. (2016). SOCIAL STATISTICS REPORT 2016. Nigeria. Younis, M., Ghali, K., & Ghaddar, N. (2015). Performance evaluation of the displacement ventilation combined

with evaporative cooled ceiling for a typical office in Beirut. Elsevier, 105, 655–664.

Biographies

Professor Sunday Olayinka Oyedepo is the current Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering in Covenant University. His research interests are energy conversion and management, renewable energy, power plant optimization, vibration and acoustics as condition monitoring, noise pollution, heat transfer and refrigeration and air conditioning. He has numerous awards and honours to his credit. His teaching areas are Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Power Plants & Propulsive systems, Fluid Dynamics & Aerodynamics, Heat Transfer, Fluid Machinery, Renewable Energy, Energy Management and Technologies, Noise and Vibration, Fluid Power Systems, Refrigeration & Air conditioning.

Dr. Isaac O.S. Fayomi has established himself both as one of the 21st century proven academic and rated researcher in the area of Materials science, Mechanical Metallurgy, and Advanced Surface Engineering with nanocomposite multifunctional fabrication of alloys. He has a combination of multifaceted experience and qualification in engineering disciplines such as mechanical, materials, environmental and chemical sciences. He obtained his Master’s and Doctoral degree in Metallurgical Engineering (Mechanical Metallurgy bias) from Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa. He had a postgraduate diploma in environmental and natural resource management. His area of interests area: Mechanical Metallurgy, Materials Development and Corrosion Engineering. He is an expert in surface engineering and prevention such as laser surface treatment, thin film application and additive inoculation with interface phenomena. He has contributed immensely to the advancement of materials globally as a visiting scholar to several Universities both locally and internationally. He has his hands on deck on the interpretation of the use of advanced modern age equipment for chemistry and physics of materials like TEM,

2215



XRD, TGA/DSC, SEM/EDX, AFM, FTIR, Wear (Tribology-3 body Abrasive-reciprocating sliding) Raman spectrometer and Micro-hardness tester.

Engineer Dirisu Joseph is a faculty and a PhD student in Mechanical Engineering, covenant University. He is currently working on ceiling composites which involves multidiscipline areas in Material Science and Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering. He obtained his Masters and BSc at Obafemi Awolowo University in Mechanical Engineering Department. He is a registered Engineering with COREN. His area of interest is Renewable Energy and Thermofluid, fluid powered machinery, heat transfer and refrigeration & air-conditioning. His teaching areas are Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, Fluid Powered Machinery, Renewable Energy, Ergonomics, Fluid Power Systems, Refrigeration & Air conditioning.

2216

Documents

REVIEW OF BUILDING CEILINGS IN THE TREND OF …ieomsociety.org/southafrica2018/papers/349.pdf · 2019-08-15 · To maintain balance in natural convection flow in a compartment between