Topics

• Review: Juan Cortina & U.S. Civil War

– What were the causes of the Civil War?

– How did Mexican-Americans contribute to the war effort?

• Reconstruction 1867-1877 & Salt War 1877

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1848-1900

Economy

Political

Control

Resistance

Socialization

2

Hegemony: the social,

cultural, ideological, or

economic influence

exerted by a dominant

group

• Corrido: A Mexican folk song; usually about a topic. It has its origins in the Spanish ballads of the medieval ages. The word possibly derives from the Spanish verb correr: to run.

Mexican Ballads, Chicano Poems

José Limón

Limon theorizes that there are "certain enabling conditions" which give rise to the corrido.

These include "A collective adversarial consciousness, a prolonged social conflict, a sense of violated communal social order, a sense of violated communal social order...[and], heroic actions by local heroes" (Limón 1992, 26).

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CORRIDO DE JUAN CORTINA - OSCAR CHAVEZ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmF5jrzjSH0

1859 para ser preciso

por andar debiendo ajeno se agarraron bien macizo

dizque muy serio tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo la tierra se han robado México sufre un despojo

y dijo Juan cortina ahorita yo me enojo.

leyes y tratados sirven solo a los americanos

Cortina es de Tamaulipas y paga las ofensas con balas en las tripas

Si dicen que soy un bandido por defender mi raza

1859 to be precise

To walk around with other people’s stuff

They locked horns

Supposedly the very serious treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the land has been stolen Mexico suffers a despoliation

Juan Cortina said right now I am angry.

Laws and treaties serve only Americans

Cortina is of Tamaulipas, and pays the offenses with bullets in the guts

They said I am a bandit

For defending my people 4

Discussion Questions

• What does the corrido about Cortina reveal about race relations in Texas in the 19th century?

• What are some of Cortina’s grievances in the article?

• What is Cortina’s social status?

• What personal experiences do you think led Cortina on the path of resistance?

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Social Banditry Juan “El Cheno”

Cortina 1824-1894

Landowning family in Texas

Fights against Texas Rangers, Confederates, French

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Lincoln

Clean-shaven at the time of his

famous debates with Douglas,

Lincoln would soon grow a beard to

give himself a more distinguished

appearance. (Library of Congress)

Lincoln

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7

The Election of 1860

Despite so little support in the South that in many areas his name did not even appear on the ballot, Abraham Lincoln, won a decisive victory in the election of 1860. The election of the anti-slavery Republican was seen as a calculated Northern insult by many Southerners and proved to be the last straw that would lead much of the South to secede and sink the nation into civil war.

Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. 8

Secession

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Lincoln’s Address

Lincoln declares he will not interfere with slavery in places where it is legal

Fort Sumter, in Charleston, S. C.

April 12, 1861, Confederates attack Fort Sumter

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• Gutted by fire, the fort’s forty-foot walls remained relatively intact after the Confederate shelling that ended with Major Robert Anderson’s surrender. After Anderson officially turned the fort over to his former West Point artillery student General P. G. T. Beauregard, Confederate soldiers raised their flag above the ramparts, ending Union presence in Charleston Harbor and marking the beginning of the Civil War.

Fort Sumter

National Archives. 11

Battles

• First major Battle of Bull Run/Battle of Manassas June 1861

12

Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg

(Maryland)

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Emancipation Proclamation 1863

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• Confederate Draft 1862

• Union 1863 Enrollment Act

15

New York Draft Riots--Battle in Second Avenue Angered by the fact that rich men were virtually exempt form the draft, frightened by the prospect of job competition from freed southern slaves, and frustrated by the lack of resolution on the battlefield, working men took to the streets in New York City during the summer of 1863 to protest against the war. Well-dressed men, African Americans, and leading war advocates were the main targets of mob violence during three nights of uncontrolled rioting. As this illustration shows, federal troops finally put down the rioting in a series of battles around the city. An unknown number of people were killed and injured. (Collection of Picture Research Consultants & Archives)

New York Draft Riots--Battle in Second Avenue

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16

Comparative Population and Economic Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

17

• General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it.

Library of Congress

Scott's Great Snake

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Battle of Gettysburg, PA July 1863

Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.

19

Mexican-Americans in Civil War

• 9,900 Mexicans served in U.S. Civil War

• Mostly from New Mexico

• Tejanos

– 2,500 Confederacy

– 950 Union

20

U.S. Civil War 1861-1865

• Texas

– 958 Mexican-Americans served in the Union

– 2,500 Mexican-American fought for the Confederacy

• Texas Brigade (4000) – Major General John Bell Hood

– 38 battles: Antietam/Sharpsburg, Gettysburg

• Santos Benavides Confederate colonel, pro-slavery – 42 troops defeated 200 Union troops at Laredo

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• Drum Barracks Civil War Museum

• http://www.sanpedro.com/sp_point/drmbrks.htm

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• U.S. Civil War is the 1st modern war

– Communication

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Telegraph

24

• U.S. Civil War is the 1st modern war

– Weapons

25

Weapons

Rifle Gatling Gun

26

War dead, Fredericksburg Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)

War dead, Fredericksburg

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 27

Government & Economy

• 1862 IRS

• New set of taxes: federal income taxes

• National bank system & national currency (greenbacks)

28

Sherman's March to the Sea

Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers"

slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian

property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his

men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman)

Sherman's March to the Sea

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 29

The Story of Us - Civil War

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DICi3uV9Tbo&feature=relmfu

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pemkR3k3kyM&feature=relmfu

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S31KamHHr_k&feature=relmfu

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCvxKIb7P8A&feature=relmfu

30

1863

Stonewall Jackson confederate leader killed

Battle of Gettysburg, Penn (Union victory)

Battle of Vicksburg, Miss. (control of Miss. River)

31

Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.

32

33

U.S. Civil War 1861-1865

• California

– First Battalion of the Native Cavalry of California

– Major Salvador Vallejo (Commander)

• 470 Mexican-American – 4 companies

– Captain Jose Ramon Pico of Company A

– Served in Arizona and New Mexico

34

U.S. Civil War 1861-1865

• Texas

– 958 Mexican-Americans served in the Union

– 2,500 Mexican-American fought for the Confederacy

• Texas Brigade (4000) – Major General John Bell Hood

– 38 battles: Antietam/Sharpsburg, Gettysburg

• Santos Benavides Confederate colonel, pro-slavery – 42 troops defeated 200 Union troops at Laredo

35

U.S. Civil War 1861-1865

• New Mexico Territory

– First New Mexico Infantry Regiment (majority of the 10,000 that served in U.S. Civil War)

• Major J. Francisco Chaves (2nd in command) – 10 companies

– Battle of Valverde (Ft. Craig) Feb. 20-21 1862

• Captain Rafael Chacon

– Battle of Glorieta Pass Mar. 26, 1862

• Ended Confederate threat in New Mexico

36

37

38

1863-1865

• Union take Richmond, Virginia in April of 1865

• Lee Surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse

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April 14, 1865 Lincoln Assassination

40

41

Reconstruction-1865-1877

• The Southern economy destroyed.

• Republicans control the presidency from 1860 to 1884.

• Radical Republicans

– Punish the South for causing the Civil War

– Fought to protect the rights of former slaves

– Reconstruction Act 1867 (5 military districts)

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Amendments 13,14, 15

• 13th Amendment (1865)

– Outlawed slavery

• 14th Amendment (1868)

– Declared all persons born in the U.S., citizens

• 15th Amendment (1870)

– Protect the voting rights of African-American men

• The Election of 1876

• Compromise of 1877

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45

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Salt War 1877

• Struggle for control of natural resources

• Spanish Communal law v.s. English Common law

• San Elizario, near El Paso

• 3 groups want control of salt mine

• 1877 riot, 4 dead

• Consequence: loss of economic influence in El Paso area

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