Thoughts on Economics Vol. 29, No. 01 & 02

†UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZSustainable Development: Bangladesh Perspective

W. gynv¤§v` b~iæj Bmjvg*

Dbœqb gv‡b †Kej wRwWwc e„w× bq| †kl wePv‡i gvbyl †h ai‡bi RxebhvÎv‡K h_v_© g~j¨ †`q, †Zgb Rxebhvc‡bi ¯^vaxbZv I mÿgZvi cÖmviB n‡jv cÖK…Z Dbœqb|

(AgZ¨© †mb, †bv‡ej weRqx evOvwj A_©bxwZwe`)cwi‡ek I †UKmB Dbœqb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `ywU cÖZ¨q| DbœqbgyjK Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ cwi‡ek I‡ZvcÖ‡Zvfv‡e RwoZ| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ cwi‡ek cÖmsMwU RwoZ| wek¦e¨vcx Dbœqb n‡”Q wVKB wKš‘ ˆelg¨ cÖKU| Ab¨vqfv‡e m¤ú` AR©‡bi Kvi‡b m¤ú` ˆelg¨ evo‡Q| m¤ú` ˆelg¨ n«v‡mi †ÿ‡Î †Zgb †Kv‡bv DbœwZ n‡”Q bv| gvbyl AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e bv| Dbœqb †_‡K †KD ev` hv‡e bv| mevB‡K Dbœqb cÖwµqvq m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e| Dbœqb GgbB GK welq ev avibv hvi †Kv‡bv †kl †bB|Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb I cwi‡ek‡K Awe‡eP¨ †i‡L GKwU my›`i c„w_exi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| GB `yÕ‡qi h_vh_ mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ wbivc` wek¦ msiÿY K‡i †h Dbœqb cÖwµqv Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq ZvB †UKmB Dbœqb|wkí wecøe (Industrial Revolution) cieZ©xKv‡j AcwiKwíZ wkívqb A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i‡Q GK_v mZ¨ cvkvcvwk cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡kI e‡q G‡b‡Q cwi‡ewkKAeÿq I wech©q| c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ekMZ fvimvg¨ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e wecbœ, ûgwKi gy‡L Avkivdzj gvLjyKvZ-gvbe RvwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡| hvwš¿K mf¨Zvq µgea©gvb ivmvqwbK I cvigvYweK c`v‡_©i e¨enviB Gi g~j KviY| c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ekMZ ûgwKi I Zvi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq i¨v‡Pj Kvim‡bi e³‡e¨| wZwb Zvi weL¨vZ Silent Spring MÖ‡š’ e‡jb- gvby‡li mvg‡b `yÕwU iv¯Ív †Lvjv Av‡Q| gvbyl wec`RbK ivmvqwbK c`v_© Ôg„Zz¨i gw`ivÕ w`‡q c„w_exi emšÍ‡K ¯Íä K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| A_ev cÖK…wZi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx Ges we‡kl K‡i RxevYyi mv‡_ c„w_ex‡K fvM K‡i e¨envi

*wmwb‡qvi fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U, †kqvi wWcvU©‡g›U Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW

42 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿Y bq, RxevYyi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨cY© Rxeb aviv ˆZwi K‡iB Avgiv wU‡K _vK‡Z cvwi|1

†Rgm wgWMvj Zvi ÔmvgvwRK DbœqbÕ kxl©K MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb, “Sustainable development creates a process that ensures that natural resources are replenished, and that future generations continue to have the resources they need to meet their own needs.” †UKmB Dbœq‡b A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m‡½ mvgvwRK I cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi‡ek Avi Dbœq‡bi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© ci¯úiwe‡ivax bq| cwi‡ek‡K iÿv K‡i †`‡ki Dbœqb bv Ki‡j Zv †UKmB n‡e bv| G Rb¨ ïay miKvi ev Dbœqb ms¯’v‡K KvR Ki‡j Pj‡e bv; mgv‡Ri cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl‡KB hvi hvi Ae¯’vb †_‡K KvR K‡i †h‡Z n‡e| cwi‡ek euvwP‡qB A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| AvMvgx cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ evm‡hvM¨ c„w_ex Mo‡Z Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI cwi‡ek iÿvi welqwU‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|2

†UKmB Dbœqb AvaywbK we‡k¦ Dbœqb gZev` wn‡m‡e AwZ `ªæZ ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| GKw`‡K eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Dbœqb, Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv, `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKib (Poverty eradication), w¯’wZkxj Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv Ab¨w`‡K cwi‡ek msiÿY Ges fwel¨Z cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ c„w_ex‡K evm‡hvM¨ ivLv G `yÕwU wecixZgyLx P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq D™¢e AvR‡Ki †UKmB Dbœq‡bi aviYv|

1.01 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi cÖZ¨qMZ aviYv (Lexical meaning of Sustainable Development)

†UKmB Dbœq‡bi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã Sustainable Development Ges Aviex cÖwZkã AvZZvb Bbq¨vZzj gymZv`vjvn| w¯’wZkxj Dbœqb ev Dbœq‡bi w¯’wZkxjZv Dfq †ÿ‡Î RbwcÖq GB cwifvlvwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Bs‡iRx Sustainable kãwU G‡m‡Q wµqvevPK kã Sustain †_‡K| mswÿß A·‡dvW© wWKkbvix‡Z Sustain ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q- “To keep in being, to cause to continue in a certain state.”myZivs Sustainable ej‡Z †evSvq †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v, NUbv ev cÖc †h iKg Av‡Q †m fv‡e ivLv, c~‡e©v³‡K AÿZ †i‡L cwieZ©b Kiv, †UKmB Kiv| w¯’wZkxj ev mnbkxj ev ¯’vqx ev †UKmB avibvwU †Kv‡bv bZzb wKQz bq, cÖvq GK kZvãx Av‡M ebcvjb †ckvi mv‡_ hy³ †jvK‡`i Øviv GB k‡ãi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iRx Development cwifvlvi evsjv n‡”Q Dbœqb| Dbœqb kãwUi avibv e¨vcK| GwU e¨vcK A‡_© Ges wewfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| mvaviYZ Dbœqb ej‡Z †Kv‡bv †`‡ki mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK,

Thoughts on Economics 43

A_©‰bwZK I K…wóMZ Dbœqb‡K eySvq| G¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡K D‡cÿv K‡i Dbœqb e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| wek¦e¨vsK-Gi 1991 mv‡j cÖbxZ wek¦ Dbœqb cÖwZe`b (World Development Report) G ejv n‡q‡Q,‘Development never will be and never canbe defined to universal satisfaction.’ Dbœqb n‡jv DrK‡l©i c‡_ GKcwieZ©b cÖwµqv, hvi g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ _vK‡e †`‡ki cÖwZwU gvbyl Ges GKB mv‡_ mvgwMÖK w`K| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I cwi‡ekMZ fvimv‡g¨i welqwU eZ©gv‡b AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| GLb fwel¨Z cÖR‡b¥i cÖ‡qvR‡bi welqwUI Av‡jvwPZ n‡”Q| cwi‡ek AvR wecbœ| Gi `vqfvi ïay eZ©gvb cÖRb¥‡KB bq, AbvMZ fwel¨Z cÖRb¥‡KI hyM hyM a‡i enb Ki‡Z n‡e| GB †cÖwÿ‡ZB Dbœqb avibvq P‡j Av‡m Dbœq‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡ I Gi cwi‡ekMZ I cÖwZ‡ekMZ cÖfv‡ei welqwU hv Ô†UKmB DbœqbÕ cÖZ¨q wn‡m‡e eZ©gv‡b eûj Av‡jvwPZ| †UKmB Dbœqb Ggb GK aviYv‡K e¨³ K‡i hvi A_© n‡jv Dbœqb Kvh©µg Ggb n‡Z n‡e †h, gvby‡li Dbœqb Pvwn`v wgU‡e wVKB, wKš‘ m¤ú` wbt‡kl n‡q hv‡e bv A_ev cÖvK„wZK m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ n‡e bv, m‡e©vcwi, mg¯Í RxeRM‡Zi g‡a¨ mgZv Ges ˆewPΨ iÿv n‡e|

1.02 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi msÁv (Definition of Sustainable development)

Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb I cwi‡ek‡K Awe‡eP¨ †i‡L GKwU my›`i c„w_exi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| GB `yÕ‡qi h_vh_ mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ wbivc` cwi‡ek msiÿY K‡i †h Dbœqb cÖwµqv Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq Zv‡K †UKmB Dbœqb e‡j|1. cwi‡ek Ges Dbœqb welqK wek¦ Kwgkb (World Commission on Environment and Development) cÖ`Ë msÁvt 1987 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni cwi‡ek Ges Dbœqb welqK wek¦ Kwgkb (WCED) †UKmB Dbœq‡bi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Q, fwel¨Z cÖR‡b¥i Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Aÿzbœ †i‡L eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †h Dbœqb ZvB †UKmB Dbœqb| (Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.)3 Avm‡j †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Dbœqb c×wZ hv fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡bi my‡hvM e¨vnZ bv K‡i eZ©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z mÿg| G msÁvq `yÕwU g~j aviYv i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q:

K. Pvwn`vi aviYvi we‡kl K‡i, c„w_exi `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Acwinvh© Pvwn`v, hvi cÖwZ GKvšÍfv‡e AMÖvwaKvi †`qv

44 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

DwPZ| (The concept of ‘needs’ in particular, the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given)

L. eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cwi‡e‡ki mvg‡_©i Dci ivóª KZ…©K cÖhyw³ I mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi Dci Av‡ivwcZ mxgve×Zvi avibv (The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.) 1. Avi Avi mv‡Ki cÖ`Ë msÁv: Avi Avi mv‡Ki Gi g‡Z, †UKmB Dbœqb gvbe Dbœq‡bi jÿ¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ msMwVZ bxwZ, GKB mg‡q cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I ev¯‘Z‡š¿i †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK c×wZi `ÿZv eRvq ivLv, hvi Dci A_©bxwZ I mgvR wbf©i K‡i| “Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend.”4

2. nv‡kgx cÖ`Ë msÁv: cwi‡ekwe` nv‡kgxi g‡Z, †UKmB Dbœqb n‡jv wkí, kw³,K…wl, ebvqb Ges †fvMmn (Consumption) A_©bxwZi mKj Lv‡Z Dbœq‡bi `xN© ¯’vwqZ¡| “Sustainable development implies long term sustainability in all economic sectorsincluding industry, energy, agriculture, forestry and consumption.”

3. Gm kwP‡g‡WBwb cÖ`Ë msÁv: †UKmB Dbœqb cÖm‡½ Gm. kwP‡g‡WBwb e‡jb- †UKmB Dbœqb n‡jv Dbœq‡bi Ggb GK bZzb aviYv, hv cwi‡ek msiÿY I A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡b ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| c~‡e© Dbœq‡bi aviYvwU A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mgv_©‡evaK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv, hv g~jZ mywbw`©ó cwiwgwZ †hgb RvZxq Drcv`b (GDP) Gi wfwˇZ cwigvc Kiv n‡Zv| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, Ôgvj‡qwkqvb Rvb©vj Ad mv‡qÝ GÛ †UK‡bvjwR ÷vwWRÕ Gi `„wó‡Z Dbœq‡bi aviYv cÖe„w×i aviYvi †P‡q e¨vcKZi| †Kbbv Dbœqb A_© n‡jv, Rxeb gv‡bi Dbœqb cÿvšÍ‡i cÖe„w× ïaygvÎ A_©‰bwZK e„w×i Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv| “Sustainable development is a new concept of development that emphasises the integration of environmental conservation and economic growth. Previously, the concept of development was synonymous with economic growth, which can be quantified by certain parameters such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In fact, the concept of Malaysian Journal of Science and Technology Studies-development has a wider meaning than the concept of growth because development means increase of quality of life while growth only emphasises increase of the

Thoughts on Economics 45

economy.”5

3. Avi B gyb cÖ`Ë msÁv: Avi B. gyb †UKmB Dbœqb cÖm‡½ e‡jb- †UKmB Dbœq‡b Dbœq‡bi cwifvlvwU gvbe RvwZi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Rxeb gvb I Ab¨vb¨ m~P‡Ki e„wׇK wb‡`©k K‡i| e¯‘Z GLv‡b Dbœq‡bi aviYvwU A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i †P‡q e¨vcK A_©‡evaK| “The meaning of development in Sustainable Development refers to the quality enhancement of human and other spheres by achieving their basic needs. Clearly, the concept of development here has a more comprehensive meaning than economic growth.”6

4. MbcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cwiKíbv Kwgkb cÖ`Ë msÁv: MbcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cwiKíbv Kwgkb †_‡K ejv n‡q‡Q: †UKmB Dbœqb g~jZ GKwU cÖwµqv, hv Øviv RbMY Zv‡`i Pvwn`v †gUvq, Zv‡`i eZ©gvb Rxeb gv‡bi DbœwZ NUvq Ges †mB mv‡_ fwel¨r cÖRb¥ hv‡Z Zv‡`i Avcb Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i †mB mvg‡_©¨i myiÿv K‡i|7

5. bBwjb †nBRvi (Noeleen Heyzer) cÖ`Ë msÁv: bBwjb †nBRvi †UKmB Dbœq‡bi me‡P‡q MÖnb‡hvM¨ msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, “Development that not only generates economic growth but distributes its benefits equitably (b¨vqm½Zfv‡e) that regenerates the environment rather than destroying it, that empowers people rather than marginalizing them, It gives priority to the poor, enlarging their choices and opportunities and providing for their participation in decisions affecting them. It is development that is pro-poor, pro-nature, and pro-jobs and pro-women.”8

6. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng` cÖ`Ë msÁv: evsjv‡`k Dbœqb cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`- Gi g‡Z, mnR K_vq, †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q gvbyl‡K †K‡›`ª †i‡L, cwi‡ek msiÿY K‡i Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb|9 e¯ÍZ Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk †UKmB Dbœq‡bi ¯Í¤¢ n‡”Q cwi‡ek, cÖwZ‡ek, cÖvY ˆewPΨ iÿv Kiv| GB cÖwµqvq Dbœqb n‡j †hgb cwi‡ek-cÖwZ‡ek myiwÿZ _v‡K, †Zgwb Dbœq‡bi mydj cvq mvaviY gvbyl|10 wZwb AviI wj‡L‡Qb, †UKmB Dbœq‡bi †gvÏv welq n‡”Q, gvby‡li Av_©-mvgvwRK I gvbweK Pvwn`v cyi‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges Zv Ggb fv‡e Kiv hv‡Z cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ iwÿZ nq Ges c„w_exi Rxeb mnvqK cÖvK…wZK wµqv-cÖwµqv mgyn we`¨gvb I Kvh©Ki _v‡K| cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vq A_©bxwZi m‡½ cÖK…wZi Ø›Ø Ges eZ©gv‡bi m‡½ fwel¨‡Zi Ø›Ø we`¨gvb| wKš‘ †UKmB Dbœqb avibv G mKj ؇›Øi wbimb I welq¸‡jvi

46 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨c~Y© m¤úK© m„wói j‡ÿ¨ wbweó| eZ©gvb cÖRb¥‡K Ggbfv‡e Zv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRbmgyn †gUv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z fwel¨Z cÖRb¥mgyn Zv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb hv_vh_fv‡e †gUv‡Z cv‡i| GKB mv‡_ eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i mK‡j hv‡Z b¨vh¨fv‡e mKj AMÖMwZi Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|11

7. wek¦e¨vsK (World Bank) cÖ`Ë msÁv: wek¦ e¨vsK wj‡L‡Q- “Sustainable development is, therefore, development that tastes and ensures that the interests of the next generation are secured.”

8. RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~Px (United Nations Development Programme -UNDP) cÖ`Ë msÁv: RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~Px †UKmB Dbœqb †UKmB Dbœq‡bi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Q, “Development that not only generates economic growth but distributes benefit equitable, that generates the environment rather than destroy it, that empowers people rather than marginalizing them., It gives priority to the poor, enlarge in their choice and opportunities and providing for their participation in decisions effecting them. It is that pro-poor, pro-nature, pro-jobs and pro-women.”

9. f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek‡Kvl-G cÖ`Ë msÁv: f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek‡Kv‡l ejv n‡q‡Q, †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q Dbœqb †KŠk‡ji GKwU cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq Dbœqb Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq Ggb GKwU †KŠk‡j †hLv‡b cwi‡e‡ki †Kvb ÿwZ mvab bv K‡i eis fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ h‡_ó cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msiwÿZ ivLv wbwðZ Kiv nq| Ab¨K_vq, cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ webó bv K‡i Dbœqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq Ges Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ n‡e `xN© †gqvw`|12

1.03 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi ˆewkó¨ (Features of Sustainable Development)

†UKmB Dbœq‡bi ˆewkó¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc:K. gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~ib: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi g~j ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q gvby‡li Pvwn`v m¤úwK©Z ˆewkó¨ †h †ÿ‡Î we‡k¦i `wi`ª gvby‡li Pvwn`vi DciB g~j ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li euvPvi b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb-Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, cvwb, ¯^v¯’¨ I wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bv Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× Kiv; Kg©ms¯’vb Ges mvgvwRK my‡hvM †hgb wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨ †mevmn mvgwMÖK wbivcËv †eóbx‡Z mevi mgvb cÖ‡ekvwaKvi _vK‡Z n‡e|

Thoughts on Economics 47

L. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq †i‡L Drcv`b c×wZ wbwðZ Kiv: †UKmB Dbœqb cÖwµqv cÖPjb I Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq †i‡L GKwU Drcv`b c×wZ wbwðZ Kiv Avek¨K| gvby‡li eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi †cÖwÿ‡Z cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖhyw³ I Drcv`b c×wZ cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|M. m¤ú` e›U‡bi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKib: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Avq e„w×i cvkvcvwk cybe›U‡bi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKib; †UKmB Dbœqb Ggb GKwU myew›UZ A_©‰bwZK AMÖaviv hv cÖRb¥ ci¤úivq Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e|N. cÖvK„wZK m¤ú` msiÿ‡bi gva¨‡g jvfevb nIqv: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †fvM; meai‡Yi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`¸‡jv hyw³msMZ I `xN©‡gqv`x e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv| O. m¤ú` e¨env‡ii mwVK `„wóf½x: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q, cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi bv‡g m¤ú‡`i e¨envi bv K‡i †UKmB Dbœqb bq eis m¤ú‡`i e¨env‡ii mwVKZvB †UKmB Dbœqb hv wbwðZKi‡e eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Pvwn`v| wKš‘ fwel¨Z cÖR‡b¥i cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’vI wbwðZ _vK‡e|P. `~lY wbqš¿b: †UKmB Dbœqb cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi ¯^v‡_© cvwb I evqy`~lY wbqš¿‡Y ivLv| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡ai †ÿ‡Î †UKmB Dbœqb‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e aiv nq| KviY Gi gva¨‡g evqy, f~wg, Dw™¢`, cvwb, Lvj, b`x mgy`ª cÖf~wZ `~lYgy³ ivLv nq Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`¸‡jv msiÿY Kivi e¨e¯’v †bq nq| RxebhvÎvi gvb evov‡j, wk‡íi cÖmvi n‡j m‡PZbZv evo‡e| cwi‡ek `~lY Kg‡e| Q. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvbxi Dci †Rvi †`qv: kw³ Z_v GbvwR©i †ÿ‡Î c~Y©bevqb‡hvM¨ Dr‡mi Ici wbf©i Kiv| R. f~wgi mylg e¨envi: mylg f~wg e¨envi Ges Zv wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vq Avbv|S. MÖvg Dbœq‡bi Ici †Rvi †`qv: MÖvg Dbœq‡bi Ici †Rvi †`qv, hv‡Z MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv wbišÍi kn‡ii w`‡K bv Av‡m|T. AšÍf©yw³g~jK Dbœqb: (Inclusive Development) †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q AšÍf©yw³g~jK Dbœqb, †hLv‡b cÖwZwU gvbyl Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivLvi I Gi mydj †fv‡Mi my‡hvM jvf K‡i Ges GKB mg‡q Zviv cÖvK…wZK B‡Kvwm‡÷‡gi myiÿv w`‡q _v‡K| Dbœ&qb hLb AšÍfy©w³g~jK Ges cwi‡ekevÜe n‡e ZLbB Zv †UKmB n‡e|

48 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

U. AvšÍRvwZK mn‡hvwMZv: AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZvi Dci †Rvi †`qv|V. ewÂZ‡`i Rb¨ AwaKZi my‡hvM m„wó: ewÂZ‡`i R‡b¨ AwaKZi my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g Dbœqb cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv| W. Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Ûi m¤úªmviY: GwU Ggb GKwU Dbœqb †KŠkj hv Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Ûi m¤úªmvi‡bi gva¨‡g †UKmB A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ K‡i|X. cwi‡ek A_©bxwZ: †UKmB Dbœqb cwi‡ek‡K A_©bxwZi g~jab wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i|

1.04 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ© (Preconditions of Sustainable Development)

†UKmB Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©mg~n wb¤œiƒc:K. cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Dbœqb: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡jv cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb| cwi‡ek‡K wfwË K‡i msNwUZ Av_©-mvgvwRK DbœqYB n‡jv †UKmB Dbœqb| A_©vr cwi‡ek‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q A_©‰bwZK mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœqb AwR©Z nq| cwi‡ek I Dbœqb GKB mgvšÍivj avivq cÖevwnZ n‡e| Dbœqb I cwi‡ek msiÿb cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³ welq|L. mylg e›Ub: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv mvgvwRK b¨vqwePv‡ii wfwˇZ mge›Ub| m¤ú` I Dbœq‡bi mydj iv‡óªi mKj bvMwi‡Ki gv‡S mylg e›Ub Ki‡Z n‡e|M. mykvmb (Good Governance): †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mykvmb| mykvmb Kv‡qg Ki‡Z n‡j AvBb‡K Zvi wbR MwZ‡Z Pjvi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|N. Revew`wnZv (Accountability):O. cwi‡ekMZ cÖhyw³i weKvk mvab (Develop Environmental Technologies): P. gyj¨‡ev‡ai weKvk: cwi‡ekMZ ÿwZ, cwi‡ewkK Aeÿq I wech©q †iva Kivi Rb¨ BwZevPK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk mvab Ki‡Z n‡e|

Thoughts on Economics 49

Q. gvbem¤ú‡`i Dbœqb: gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †UKmB A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|R. cwi‡ek wbivcËv: cwi‡ek wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j †UKmB DbœqbI wbwðZ nq| †UKmB Dbœq‡b M„nxZ c`‡ÿmg~n cwi‡ek wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i| cwi‡e‡ki Pvwn`vi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡Î †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv

1.05 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi ¯Í¤¢ (Pillars of Sustainable Development)

†UKmB Dbœq‡bi ¯Í¤¢mg~n wb¤œiƒc:K. A_©‰bwZK ¯Í¤¢: A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ `vwi`ª¨ wbimbmn DbœZi Rxebgv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Riæix Z‡e GB Dbœqb b¨vh¨fv‡e mK‡ji g‡a¨ myew›UZ n‡Z n‡e| †mRb¨ bvix-cyiæl-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mgv‡Ri mKj †kÖYx †ckvi gvby‡li h_vh_ AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b msL¨vq ÿz`ª GKwU †kÖYx mKj iK‡gi myweav †fvM K‡i Ges m¤ú‡`i wmsnfvM wb‡R‡`i `L‡jwb‡q †bqAvi Aci cÖv‡šÍ _vKv nZ`wi`ª ewÂZ wekvj Rb‡Mvôx‡K wb‡q mgvR †UKmB n‡Z cv‡i bv| b¨vh¨fv‡e Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ Av_©mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqvmg~‡ni cybwe©b¨vm ZvB Riæix| Kv‡RB `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ wkÿv, cÖwkÿY I ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e mK‡ji Rb¨ gvbevwaKvi I AvB‡bi kvmb| mK‡ji Rb¨, we‡kl K‡i wcwQ‡q cov gvby‡li Rb¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †UKmB Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk h_vh_ mvgvwRK Pzw³i AvIZvq †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM‡KI DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wcwQ‡q cov gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ †h mKj LvZ‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mn‡hvwMZv w`‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: K…wl, K…wlmnvqKI K…wlwfwËK ÿz`ª I gvSvwi wkí; kû‡i ÿz`ª wkí I e¨emvq Ges AbvbyôvwbK Kg©KvÛ; †gŠwjK AeKvVv‡gv (we`y¨r, cvwb, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, hvZvqvZ); Ges evRvi I cÖhyw³ msµvšÍ Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn| †Zgwb DbœZ cÖhyw³ we‡kl K‡i Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM e„w× K‡i `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i m‡½ Zvi wgwj‡q Pjvi e¨e¯’vI Ki‡Z n‡e|L. gvbweK/mvgvwRK ¯Í¤¢: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi gvbweK/mvgvwRK ¯Í¤¢wU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gvbweK, mvgvwRK wewae¨e¯’v Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z A_©‰bwZK

50 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

Dbœq‡b mK‡jB b¨vh¨fv‡e Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡ib, b¨vh¨fv‡e Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ Ges mK‡ji gvbevwaKvi wbwðZKiY mv‡c‡ÿ gvby‡l gvby‡l m¤úK© mg„× nq, mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZwôZ nq Ges mKj gvbyl mvwe©Kfv‡e DbœZi Rxebhvc‡bi my‡hvM cvb|M. cwi‡ekMZ ¯Í¤¢: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg ¯Í¤¢ n‡”Q cwi‡ekMZ ¯Í¤¢| e¯‘Z Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk †UKmB Dbœq‡bi ¯Í¤¢ n‡”Q cwi‡ek-cÖwZ‡ek cÖvY‰ewPÎ iÿv Kiv| GB cÖwµqvq Dbœqb NU‡j †hgb cwi‡ek-cÖwZ‡ek myiwÿZ _v‡K †ZgbB Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi mydj cvq mvaviY gvbyl|13Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖwµqvq cwi‡ek Aek¨B h_vh_fv‡e msiwÿZ n‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ gyL _ye‡o co‡e Ges bvbvcÖKvi `~l‡Y gvby‡li Rxeb n‡q DV‡e AwZô, RR©wiZ| G QvovI cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ webó n‡j c„w_exi fwel¨ZB wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb n‡e| 1986 mv‡j B›Uvib¨vkbvj BDwbqb di w` KbRvi‡fkb Ae †bPvi GÛ b¨vPvivj wi‡mv‡m©m (IUCNNR) †UKmB Dbœq‡bi 5wU ¯Í¤¢/k‡Z©i K_v D‡jøL K‡i|G¸‡jv n‡”Q:

1. Dbœqb Ges msiÿ‡Yi HK¨; 2. gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`vc~iY;3. mgZv I mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi;4. mvgvwRK AvZ¥ wbqš¿Y Ges mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPÎ msiÿY;5. cÖwZ‡ekMZ HwZn¨ msiÿY|14

†UKmB Dbœqb g~jZ: wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K‡K m¤úwK©Z K‡i eZ©gvb Dbœqb I fwel¨Z Dbœq‡bi wbðqZv weavb K‡i| wb‡¤œi e„‡Ëi gva¨‡g GB wZbwU w`K‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

1.06 †UKmB Dbœqb avibvi 5 P (Five Ps of Sustainable Development)

mgvRSociety

A_©bxwZEconomy

cwi‡ek Environment

Thoughts on Economics 51

†UKmB Dbœqb avibvwU M‡o D‡V‡Q g~jZ: 5wU ÔPÕ †K wfwË K‡i| G¸‡jv n‡jv-

Five PsProsperity mg„w× People gvbyl-RbMY Planet c„w_ex/awiÎxPeace kvwšÍPartnership Askx`vwiZ¡

GB 5 P Gi g~jgš¿ n‡”Q Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ cÖw_ex I cÖK…wZ‡K myiwÿZ †i‡L gvby‡li Rb¨ Ggb GK kvwšÍgq Dbœqb mvab Kiv hv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B †UKmB n‡e|

cuvPwU wc wfwËK †UKmB Dbœqb `„wófw½i mswÿß cwiwPwZ wb¤œiƒc:cuvPwU wc mg~n

wK wb‡`©k K‡i What does it indicat

Planet c„w_ex/awiÎx

fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I Rjevqyi myiÿv cÖ`vb

People gvbyl-RbMY

mKj ai‡bi I gvÎvi ÿzav I `vwi‡`ª¨i m¤ú~Y© Aemvb Ges gh©v`v ImgZv wbwðZ Kiv

Prosperity mg„w×

cÖK…wZi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L mg„× I c~b©v½ Rxe‡bi wbðqZv cÖ`vb

Peace kvwšÍ

kvwšÍc~Y©, b¨vqcivqb I AšÍf©yw³g~jK mgvRe¨e¯’vi weKvk

PartnershipAskx`vwiZ¡

ewjô ˆewk¦K Askx`vwi‡Z¡i gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœqb Afx‡ói ev¯Íevqb| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Askx`vwiZ¡ Lye Ryiæix| GB Askx`vwiZ¡ n‡”Q miKv‡ii m‡½ †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Askx`vwiZ¡, RvZxq ch©v‡qi m‡½ ˆewk¦K ch©v‡qi Askx`vwiZ¡; mgv‡Ri DuPzZjvi m‡½ wbPzZjvi Askx`vwiZ¡| †UKmB Dbœqb GK ai‡bi AvšÍR©vwZK Askx`vwiZ¡ cÖwZôv| KvD‡K wcwQ‡q †i‡L Ab¨iv GwM‡q †M‡j †mB Dbœqb †UKmB n‡e bv|

1.07†UKmB Dbœqb avibvi DrcwË I weKvk (Origin and growth of the concept of Sustainable Development)

m„wói ïiæ †_‡K gvbyl cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©jkxj| cwi‡ek e¨ZxZ gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ wPšÍv ev Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| eZ©gvb wek¦ e¨e¯’vqI gvbyl cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡Z cv‡iwb| weskkZvãxi ïiæ‡Z gvby‡li e×g~j aviYv wQj, cwi‡ek hZB `~wlZ

52 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

†nvK bv †Kb cÖK…wZi wbq‡g Zv Avevi cwi‡kvwaZ n‡e| weskkZvãxi 60-70Gi `k‡K cwi‡e‡ki `~lY (Environmental Pollution) wb‡q A‡bK cixÿv wbixÿv P‡j, cieZ©x‡Z cwi‡ek weÁvbxiv GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb †h, cwi‡ek Zuvi wbR¯^ wbq‡g cwi‡kvab n‡Z Aÿg, gvbyl‡KB cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi, cwi‡ek wech©q e¨e¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv‡_©|cwi‡ek‡K Ae‡njv K‡i c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K _vKv gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ Am¤¢e| welqwU Abyaveb K‡i m~`~i AZxZ †_‡KB wewfbœ msMVb cwi‡ek iÿv‡_© KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| wKš‘ cwi‡ek I Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z aviYv wQj GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ wecixZ m¤úK©hy³| A_©vr GKwU e„wׇZ AciwU n«vm cv‡e| G ai‡bi aviYv wesk kZvãxi mˇii `k‡KI eûj cÖPwjZ wQj| 1972 mv‡j cwi‡ekev`x msMVb ÔK¬ve Ae †ivgÕ cÖKvwkZ ÔDbœq‡bi mxgve×ZvÕ kxl©K cÖwZ‡e`‡b, Dbœqb ebvg cwi‡ek, G aviYv‡K we‡klfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|wKš‘ Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡KI A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv, Zvn‡j wK ai‡Yi Dbœqb e¨e¯’vq cwi‡ek I Dbœqb G `yÕwU‡K m¤úwK©Z Kiv hvq-GKxf~Z Kiv hvq| G cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuR‡Z wM‡qB g~jZ Ô†UKmB DbœqbÕ aviYvi cÖeZ©b N‡U| Z‡e cÖ_g w`‡K †UKmB Dbœqb ej‡Z cwi‡ekMZ Dbœq‡bi cÖwZB bRi w`‡Z n‡e| 1980 mv‡j B›Uvib¨vkbvj BDwbqb di w` KbRvi‡fkb Ae †bPvi G¨vÛ b¨vPvivj wi‡mv‡m©i (AvB. BD. wm. Gb) World conservation strategy carrying for the Earth kxl©K cÖwZ‡e`‡b c„w_exi cwi‡ewkK Aeÿq I wech©q e¨e¯’vcbv Ges msiÿY †KŠkj e¨³ K‡i| GB †KŠk‡j g~jZ: B‡KvjwRMZ †UKmB Dbœqb ¸iæZ¡ cvq|biI‡qi mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x I cwi‡ekwe` Gg eªæUj¨vÛ Gi ZË¡veavb 1987 mv‡j cÖYxZ eªæUj¨vÛ Kwgkb L¨vZ ÔAvgv‡`i mevi fwel¨rÕ (Our Common Future) kxl©K cÖwZ‡e`b †UKmB Dbœqb avibvwU we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b gvbyl I cwi‡ek Dfq‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq, cvkvcvwk cwi‡ek‡K g~jab wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| G cÖwZ‡e`‡b g~jab‡K wUwK‡q †i‡L fwel¨‡Zi cÖe„w×i Dci †Rvi †`qv nq| G meB †UKmB Dbœqb aviYv|GB cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci RvwZmsN cwi‡ek Kg©m~~wP, wewfbœ RvZxq, AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v Ges A‡bK RvZxq miKvi †UKmB Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq Ges cwi‡ek I Dbœqb‡K GKB mgvšÍivj avivq cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i|

Thoughts on Economics 53

eZg©vb mg‡q RvwZmsN cwi‡e‡ki wel‡q g~L¨ Awae³v Ges †UKmB Dbœqb Gi †bZ…¯’vbxq cÖPvi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q| AvšÍR©vwZK Av‡jvP¨m~wP‡Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I cwi‡e‡ki AebwZi welqwU cÖ_‡g †ck Kiv nq 1972 mv‡ji 5-15 Ryb myB‡W‡bi ivRavbx ÷K‡nv‡g AbywôZ RvwZmsN gvbe cwi‡ek m‡¤§jb (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment)-G| RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil` KZ…©K 1983 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq cwi‡ek I Dbœqb welqK wek¦ Kwgkb| RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡`i Kv‡Q G Kwgk‡bi 1987 mv‡ji cÖwZ‡e`‡bB Db¥y³ A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i weKí c_ wn‡m‡e †UKmB Dbœq‡bi aviYv Dc¯’vwcZ nq| G cÖwZ‡e`b we‡ePbv K‡i mvaviY cwil` RvwZmsN cwi‡ek I Dbœqb m‡¤§jb Avnevb K‡i|15 1992 Gi BDGbwmBwW-†Z wiI †NvlYvq †UKmB Dbœqb AR©‡bi Rb¨ †gvU 27wU bxwZgvjvi Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq| 2002 mv‡ji 26 AvM÷-4 †m‡Þ¤^i `wÿY Avwd«Kvi †Rvnvbmev‡M© AbywôZ wek¦ †UKmB Dbœqb m‡¤§jb (World Summit on Sustainable Development- WSSD) ivóª I miKvi cÖavbiv ÔG‡RÛv 21Õ ewY©Z †UKmB Dbœq‡bi bxwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ wewagvjvi wel‡q cybivq HKgZ¨ †cvlb K‡i| m‡¤§j‡b †gvU 37wU †NvlYvi K_v ejv nq|16 `wÿY‡KvwiqvÕi ivRavbx wmD‡j 2005 mv‡j AbywôZ ÔGwkqv I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq A‡ji cwi‡ek I DbœqbÕ kxl©K cÂg wgwb‡÷wiqvj Kbdv‡i‡Ý gš¿x ch©v‡qi †NvlYv M„nxZ nq, †hLv‡b cwi‡ekMZfv‡e †UKmB A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (meyR cÖe„w×) AR©‡bi Kg©‡KŠk‡ji Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq| †UKmB Dbœqb g~jZ mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨ ev GgwWwR-i g‡Zv RvwZmsN KZ„©K M„nxZ GKwU Dbœqb cÖwiµgv, hv 2015 mv‡ji ci GgwWwR-i ¯’‡j cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| Z‡e GgwWwRÕi g‡Zv RvwZms‡Ni Pvi‡`qv‡ji †fZi e‡m GmwWwRÕi jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY Kiv nqwb| 2015 mv‡j cieZ©x mg‡qi Dbœqb cwiKíbv Kiv nq 2012 mv‡ji wi‡qv cøvm Uz‡qw›U kxl© m‡¤§jb| 3-14 Ryb 1992 eªvwR‡ji wi I wW †R‡bwiI‡Z AbywôZ awiÎx m‡¤§j‡bi 20 eQi c~wZ© Dcj‡ÿ 20-22Ryb 2012 AbywôZ nq wiI+20 (Rio+20) ev Av_© mvwgU 2012 (Earth Summit 2012) m‡¤§jb, hvi AvbyôvwbK bvg wQj wek¦ †UKmB Dbœqb m‡¤§jb ev World Sustainable Development Conferences (WSDC)| G m‡¤§j‡b †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ evSustainable DevelopmentGoals (SDGs)- MÖnb Kiv nq| RvwZms‡Ni †UKmB Dbœqb welqK kxl© m‡¤§jb (wiI+20) wi‡qv wW †Rwb‡iv, eªvwR‡j 79 Rb miKvi cÖavbmn RvwZms‡Ni 191wU m`m¨ ivóª AskMÖnY K‡i| Kbdv‡iÝ-Gi djvdj msewjZ `wjj ev HwZnvwmK cÖwZ‡e`‡b Ôw` wdDPvi DB Iqv›UÕ (The Future We

54 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

Want) G †UKmB Dbœq‡bi iƒc‡iLv Zz‡j aiv nq Ges wKfv‡e Zv AR©b Kiv hvq †m wel‡qI Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq| RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ †`kmg~n GKwU I‡cb IqvwK©s MÖæc MVb K‡i Lmov jÿ¨gvÎv wba©vib Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K ÿgvZvqb K‡ib| I‡cb IqvwK©s MÖæc 70wU †`‡ki cÖwZwbwa wb‡q Ges 100 †`‡ki mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL mfvi ga¨ w`‡q PzovšÍ ch©v‡q 2015 mv‡ji AvM÷ 17wU Afxó jÿ¨ cÖ ণ qb K‡i| G QvovI RvwZmsN ˆewk¦K K‡_vcK_b, cwievi Rwic Ges My World kxl©K Rwi‡ci Av‡qvRb K‡i| me Z_¨ I DcvË I‡cb IqvwK©s MÖæ‡ci cÖwZ‡e`‡b hy³ nq| msL¨vMwiô ivóª GmwWwRÕi jÿ¨¸‡jv wb‡q mš‘ô wQj bv| Z‡e hy³ivR¨ I Rvcvbmn nv‡Z‡Mvbv K‡qKwU ivóª g„`y wØgZ cÖ`k©b K‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ivóª 17wU jÿ¨‡K Lye †ewk Ges bvMwiK‡`i Kv‡Q MÖnb‡hvM¨ n‡e bv e‡j gZ †`q| hy³iv‡R¨i cÖavbgš¿x Rbmg‡ÿB e‡j‡Qb †h, wZwb 12wU j‡ÿ¨ GKgZ, 10wU jÿ¨ n‡jv fv‡jv| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Afxó j‡ÿ¨ Zviv GKgZ bb Zv ¯úó K‡ibwb| RvwZms‡Ni we‡kl Dc‡`óv Avwgbv gynv¤§` e‡j‡Qb †h, Afxó jÿ¨ 17wU‡Z bvwg‡q Avb‡Z A‡bK Kó n‡q‡Q| 1 Rvbyqvwi 2016 †_‡K ev¯Íevqb ïiæ nIqv GmwWwR (SDGs)Õi mgqKvj aiv nq 2030 mvj|2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `vwi`ª¨ cy‡ivcywi `~i Kiv Ges wek¦Ry‡o A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×, mvgvwRK Dbœqb I cwi‡ek myiÿvi Rb¨ bZzb †UKmB Dbœqb j‡ÿ¨i Lmov †ivWg¨vc 2 AvM÷ 2015 me©m¤§Zfv‡e M„nxZ nq| RvwZms‡Ni 193wU m`m¨ †`k `xN© wZb eQ‡ii Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv †k‡l 17wU †UKmB Dbœqb Afxó mvg‡b †i‡L 30 c„óvi G Lmov MÖnY K‡i| Gi bvgKiY Kiv nq Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 20-27 †m‡Þ¤^i 2015 wbDBq‡K© AbywôZ †UKmB Dbœqb kxl© m‡¤§j‡b evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i kxl© †bZviv Pig `vwi`ª¨gy³, cwi‡ek myiwÿZ I wbivc‡` emev‡m Dc‡hvMx wek¦ ˆZwii j‡ÿ¨ DcwiD³ G‡RÛv P~ovšÍfv‡e Aby‡gv`b K‡i| GKwesk kZvãx †UKmB Dbœq‡bi kZvãx| wewfbœ cwi‡ekev`x msMVb, wewfbœ eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbx awiÎx, cwi‡ek I Rjevqy wel‡q awiÎx m‡¤§jb, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg, †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeVK, Av‡jvPbv mfvi gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœqb avibv wek¦e¨vcx bZzb w`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ Ki‡Q|

Thoughts on Economics 55

1.08 †UKmB Dbœqb: Bmjvgx `„wó‡Kvb(Sustainable Development: Islamic Perspective)

Bmjvg wek¦Rbxb gZv`k©| Bmjv‡g i‡q‡Q wek¦`„wó (International outlook)| mve©RbxbZv wek¦RbxbZv-wPi¯’vwqZ¡ Gi Abb¨ ˆewkó¨| Bmjvg Avjøvni kvk¦Z c_wb‡`©k| Gi wkímg~n bexb Dlvi g‡Zv ZiZvRv, ¯^”Q I AvaywbK| ga¨cš’v I fvimvg¨Zv Gi ¸b‰ewkó¨| G mZ¨wU fv‡jvfv‡e Abyaveb Kiv Aek¨K †h, BmjvgB n‡”Q GKgvÎ fvimvg¨c~Y© e¨e¯’v Ges mgy`q mgZv, D`viZv, mylg bxwZ Zvi †`qv AwaKvi I KZ©e¨mg~‡ni e¨e¯’vewj‡Z c~Y© Aeq‡e we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|cvðvZ¨ †_‡K Ô†UKmB Dbœq‡biÕ †h AvIqvR D‡V‡Q Ges mviv we‡k¦ hv cÖwZaŸwbZ n‡”Q - gnvb Øxb Bmjvg Avjøvn †h Øxb‡K cwic~Y©Zv w`‡q‡Qb Ges gvby‡li Rb¨ GKgvÎ Øxb wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ K‡i‡Qb †m Bmjv‡gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †UKmB Dbœqb avibv| †`o nvRvi eQi c~‡e© gnvbex (mv.) Gi Dci AeZxb© Øx‡bi wek¦Rbxb Avnevb AvR‡Ki cÖPwjZ Dbœqb I †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Avnevb †_‡K †kÖô, A‡bK e¨vcK| Bmjv‡gi Kj¨vb wek¦Rvnv‡bi Rb¨|Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z Dbœqb ïay e¯‘MZ welq bq, eis ˆbwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK welq¸‡jvI AšÍfz©³ K‡i| G Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©kbv‡K Ab¨me †UKmB Dbœqb g‡Wj †_‡K mn‡RB c„_K Kiv hvq|Bmjvg gvby‡li me ai‡bi Pvwn`vi e¨vcv‡i mvwe©K ev c~Y©v½ `„wófw½ †ck K‡i| d‡j Bmjvg †UKmB Dbœqb‡KI Zvi `„wómxgvi evB‡i ¯’vb †`qwb| Bmjv‡gi Dbœqb `„wófw½ wek¦RM‡Z gvby‡li Ae¯’vb, G c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Ges `ywbqvi my‡hvM myweav ev †bqvgZ †fvM m¤ú‡K© Zvi `„wófw½ †_‡K D™¢~Z| Bmjvgx bxwZgvjvq miKvi I mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK AvPiY ev ZrciZv Ges mvgvwRK cwi‡ek‡K Ggbfv‡e web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Gi d‡j †UKmB I Kvw•ÿZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb AwR©Z nq| Bmjvgx mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK ZrciZvq gvbexq I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva ev weavb¸‡jvi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Bmjvgx mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK ZrciZv¸‡jv my¯’ cwi‡e‡k Ges mwVK bxwZgvjv ev weavb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq|Gg Lvjdvb †UKmB Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi `„wófw½ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z †h‡q e‡jb: †UKmB Dbœqb‡K Bmjvgx `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡j Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi, Bmjvg cwi‡ek, A_©bxwZ Ges

56 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

mvgvwRK MwZwewai g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvq| Gi cÖK…Z A_© n‡”Q, †fv³vi Kj¨vY, A_©‰bwZK ch©vßZv Ges Awfe¨w³g~jK Ávb I mvgvwRK wg_w®Œqvi wewfbœ g‡Wj Z_v mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi Ges `vwi`ª n«vmKvix `yÕwU we‡kl †KŠkj Z_v e`vb¨Zv I hvKvZ wfwËK cwiKvVv‡gv‡Z cwi‡ekMZ fvimvg¨ AR©b|Sustainable development from Islamic perspective seeks to establish a balance between the environment, economic and social dimensions. It means the balance of consumer welfare, economic efficiency, achievement of ecological balance in the framework of evolutionary knowledge-based, and socially interactive model defining the social justice, charity and zakat are two mechanisms to reduce poverty.17

Dbœq‡bi Bmjvgx `„wófw½ Abyhvqx c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl AvjøvnÕi cÖwZwbwa| gvbyl †h me m¤ú` †fvM K‡i, Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z Zvi cÖK…Z gvwjK n‡jb gnvb Avjøvn| wZwb gvbyl‡K Ab¨ me m„wói †P‡q †ewk gh©v`v I m¤§vb w`‡q‡Qb Ges c„w_exi me wKQz gvby‡li AvIZvaxb K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z gvbyl Zvi cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡ mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GiB Av‡jv‡K BnKvj I ciKv‡j gvby‡li fvM¨ I fwel¨Z wbf©i K‡i Zvi AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cÖK…wZi Ici| G cÖm‡½ cweÎ KziAv‡b Bikv` n‡q‡Q:ÒAvgiv ewb Av`g‡K gh©v`v w`‡qwQ Ges ¯’‡j-mgy‡`ª PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Zv‡`i evnb w`‡qwQ, Zv‡`i‡K DËg RxweKv w`‡qwQ Ges Zv‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i A‡bK m„wói Dci w`‡qwQ †kÖôZ¡|Ó18

cweÎ KziAv‡bi `„wó‡Z `ywbqvi †bqvgZmg~n gvby‡li cÖwZ gnvb AvjøvnÕi AbyMÖn gvÎ, hv‡Z gvbyl GKw`‡K Zv‡`i Pvwn`¸‡jv cyiY Ki‡Z cv‡i I Gfv‡e wb‡R‡K DbœZ Kivi my‡hvM †c‡Z cv‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K ZvKIqv ev †Lv`vfxiæZv Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g KzcÖe„w˸‡jv `gb Ki‡Z cv‡i| gnvb Avjøvn e‡jb:Ò†n gvbeKzj| †Zvgiv c„w_exi †h me Lv`¨ Avnvi K‡iv, †h¸‡jv nvjvj Ges fv‡jv| †Zvgiv kqZv‡bi c`vsK AbymiY K‡iv bv| KviY †m †Zvgv‡`i my¯úó kÎæ|Ó19

Bmjvg gvby‡li e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Pvwn`v¸‡jvi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L Zv‡`i DbœwZ I mg„w×i c_ †Lvjv †i‡L‡Q| wKš‘ Bmjv‡gi Kvw•ÿZ †UKmB Dbœqb gvbe Rxe‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Îi gZB wKQz wbqg Kvbyb I bxwZgvjv Øviv †ewóZ| gvbyl hv‡Z e¯‘MZ ev A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †cQ‡b QzU‡Z †h‡q †jvf-jvjmv, AcPq Ryjg I AZ¨vPv‡i Rwo‡q bv c‡o †m R‡b¨B GB mxgv‡iLv ev mxgv×Zv

Thoughts on Economics 57

ivLv n‡q‡Q| GKRb gvby‡li R‡b¨ `ywbqv I Gi m¤ú`¸‡jv ZLbB AcQ›`bxq, hLb Zv Zv‡K †Lv`v‡`ªvwnZvi w`‡K wb‡q hvq Ges Gi d‡j †m AÁZv, weåvwšÍ I Ryjy‡gi AZj Mne‡i wbwÿß nq|†UKmB Dbœqb cÖm‡½ nvmvb hyev‡qi e‡jb: gvbe RvwZ GB c„w_ex bvgK MÖ‡n gnvb Avjøvni cÖwZwbwa Ges Zv‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú` GK‡PwUqvfv‡e †fv‡Mi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡q‡Q| gvbe RvwZ Aek¨B cweÎ KziAvb Ges gynv¤§` (m.)- Gi wkÿv Abyhvqx Zv‡`i mgmvgwqK Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡e Ges DbœwZi †Póv Ki‡e Z‡e fwel¨Z cÖR‡b¥i †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †hb ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv nq †m w`‡K `„wó ivL‡e|Human beings are Allah Almighty’s representatives of the planet Earth, and they are entitled to benefit from its resources without selfishly monopolizing them. Human beings must seek to develop this planet in accordance with the provisions of the Holy Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad, with the stipulation that current needs must be met without jeopardizing the rights of future generations.20

1.09 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi cvðvZ¨ I Bmjvgx `„wófw½i Zzjbv (Comparison between Western and Islamic concept of Sustainable Development)

cwðgv‡`i `„wó‡Z †UKmB Dbœqb ej‡Z †Kej †fvM I gybvdv AR©b‡KB eySvq| cvðvZ¨ †i‡bmuvi ci †fvMev`x I gybvdvKvgx bxwZ MÖnb K‡i Ges gvbyl‡K Pig †fvMev`x n‡Z Drmvn †`qv nq| G welqwU A_©‰bwZK ZrciZvq e¨vcK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| cvðv‡Z¨i Dbœqb msµvšÍ `„wófw½‡Z gvby‡li ˆelwqK Pvwn`v¸‡jv †gUv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î Pigcš’v M„nxZ nIqvq †fvMev` jvMvgnxbfv‡e †e‡o‡Q| Gi d‡j A‡bK K…wÎg ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Pvwn`vI m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi GB Pigcš’v ev evovevwo wewfbœ ai‡bi Ava¨vwZ¥K I ˆbwZK msKU m„wó K‡i‡Q| cvðv‡Z¨i †UKmB Dbœqb g‡W‡j hvwš¿KZvev` ev †gwkwbR‡gi †gvKv‡ejvq gvby‡li gh©v`v I B”Qv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nqwb| GUvB †UKmB Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z Bmjvgx `„wóf½xi mv‡_ cwðgv Dbœqb g‡W‡ji cÖavb ev me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨| Bmjv‡g †UKmB Dbœqb‡K ˆbwZKZvi (Morality) mv‡_ mgwš^Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j Bmjvgx mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK ZrciZv¸‡jv nq jÿ¨c~Y© I †hŠw³K| gnvb Avjøvn cweÎ KziAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z GUv ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb †h, abm¤ú` ev e¨emv-evwYR¨ I Drcv`b ZrciZv †hb gvbyl‡K Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb bv K‡i| G wel‡q Avjøvn ZvÕAvjv KziAv‡b e‡jb: Ò†mB me †jvK, hv‡`i‡K e¨emv-evwYR¨ I †ePv‡Kbv weiZ iv‡L bv AvjøvnÕi whwKi, mvjvZ Kv‡qg I hvKvZ

58 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

cÖ`vb †_‡K| Zviv fq K‡i †mB w`bwU‡K †hw`b gvby‡li AšÍi Avi †PvL D‡ë hv‡e|Ó21

G Avqv‡Z Ggb †jvK‡`i e¨vcv‡i Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡`i ˆea ev BwZevPK A_©‰bwZK ZrciZv Zv‡`i‡K Avjøvni ¯§iY †_‡K weiZ iv‡L bv| GUv ¯úó †h, hviv gnvb Avjøvn‡K me mgq ¯§iY iv‡L Zviv A_©‰bwZK ZrciZvmn †h †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB Ryjyg, cÖZviYv Ges `yb©xwZ †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K| Gai‡bi †jvK‡`i R‡b¨ me mgq †mŠfvM¨ ev mydj A‡cÿv K‡i|Bmjv‡g †UKmB Dbœqb e¨vcK A_©‡evaK I we¯Í…Z Ges Zv ˆbwZK w`Kmn Ava¨vwZ¥K I e¯‘MZ w`K¸‡jv‡K AšÍfz©³ K‡i| G Kvi‡YB G‡K cwðgv Dbœqb g‡W‡ji ˆewkó¨ †_‡K mn‡RB c„_K Kiv hvq| cyuwRev`x mgvR ïay gybvdvKvwgZv I e¯‘MZ Pvwn`v c~iY‡KB †UKmB Dbœq‡bi g~j jÿ¨ wba©vib K‡i, wKš‘ Bmjvg MVbg~jK Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk gvbexq g~j¨‡eva iÿv Kiv‡KI †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|

1.10 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi c‡_ weivRgvb msKUmv¤úªwZK mg‡q ˆewk¦K A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ Af~Zc~e©fv‡e †e‡o‡Q Z‡e Gi AwaKvskB DbœZ we‡k¦| Aek¨ A‡bK Dbœqbkxj †`‡k, GgbwK A‡bK ¯^í Av‡qi †`‡kI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cvkvcvwk me©Î ˆelg¨ †e‡o‡Q cÖKUfv‡e| DbœZ †`kmg~n Ges AwZ`wi`ª †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kx DbœZ , Kx ga¨Av‡qi, Kx ¯^í Av‡qi mKj †`‡k Af¨šÍixbfv‡e Av_©mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ cÖKU †_‡K cÖKUZi n‡q‡Q, AviI n‡”Q| Avi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Avni‡b, wkí Drcv`‡b, K…wl Drcv`‡b, we`y¨r Drcv`b I weZi‡b, wewfbœ cÖKvi cwien‡b Ges Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î †h mKj cÖwµqv Ges †h ai‡bi cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q I n‡”Q Zvi d‡j evqygÛ‡j cywÄf~Z n‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖKvi MÖxbnvDR M¨vm| Gi d‡j c„w_exi DòZv Ges mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZv †e‡o P‡j‡Q| G QvovI we‡kl K‡i AbybœZ †`kmg~n evqy`~lY, cvwb `~lY I cvwicvwk¦KZv `~lY e¨vcKfv‡e †e‡o‡Q| Kv‡RB eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv: Av_©mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK, gvbweK/mgvwRK Dbœq‡b ˆelg¨ cÖKU †_‡K cÖKUZi n‡”Q, cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ `ªæZ webó n‡”Q Ges Rjevqy Abwf‡cÖZ c‡_ `ªæZ I Mfxifv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q|GB ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K gyw³i c_ cwiµgv wba©vi‡bi †gŠwjK Dcv`vbmg~n †UKmB Dbœqb avibvq we`¨gvb| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi c_ wbg©v‡b wek¦e¨e¯’v mKj †`‡ki b¨vh¨

Thoughts on Economics 59

Askx`vwiZ¡ cÖwZôv Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU †`k‡K †mLv‡b weivRgvb Av_©mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ekMZ ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K bxwZwba©vib Ges Kg©m~Px MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Dbœqbkxj, we‡kl K‡i `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î h_vh_ AvšÍR©vwZK, Avw_©K I cÖhyw³MZ mnvqZvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|†UKmB Dbœqb cÖwµqvq Av_©mvgvwRK I cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿcmg~n mgwš^Z bxwZ-KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e|

1.11 †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq (Sustainable Development Issues)

RvwZms‡Ni A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil‡`i AšÍf~©³ †UKmB Dbœqb wefvM (Division for Sustainable Development) †UKmB ev ¯’vwqZ¡kxj Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv Bmy¨i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| G¸‡jv Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv A †_‡K Z µgvbymv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:

Aborigines (Avw`evmx)Absolute humidity (Pig Av`ªZv)Absolute Poverty (Pig `vwi`ª¨)Accessibility (AwfMg¨Zv)Acid Pollution (GwmW `~lY)Acid Rain (GwmW e„wó)Adaptation (Awf‡hvRb)Afforestation (ebm„Rb)Agriculture (K…wl)Agro forestry (G‡MÖv d‡iw÷ª)Air (evqy)Air pollution (evqy `~lY)Atmosphere (AvenvIqv)Biodiversity (ˆRe‰ewPÎ)Bio-technology (ˆRecÖhyw³)Capacity-building (mÿgZv ˆZwi)Climate Change (Rjevqy cwieZ©b)Consumption and productionpatterns (†fvM I Drcv`‡bi aiY)Demographics (RbwgwZK Dcv`vb)Desertification and drought (giæf~wg I Liv)

60 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

Education & awareness (wkÿv I m‡PZbZv)Energy (kw³)Finance (A_©)Forests (eb)Fresh water (weï× cvwb)Health (¯^v¯’¨)Human settlement (gvbe emwZ)Indicators (wb‡`©kK)Industry (wkí)Informationfor decision making and participation (wm×všÍ MÖnY I AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨)Integrated decision making (mgwš^Z wm×všÍ MÖnY)International Law (AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb)International co-operation for an enabling environment (mÿgKvix cwi‡ek cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv)Institutional arrangement (cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v)Land management (f~wge¨e¯’vcbv)Major groups (cÖavb †Mvôx)Mountain (cvnvo ce©Z)National Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy (RvZxq †UKmB Dbœqb †KŠkj)Oceans and seas (mvMi I gnvmvMi)Ozone layer (IRb‡eóbx)Poverty (`vwi`ª¨)Sanitation (cqtwb®‹vkb)Science (weÁvb)Small islands (ÿz`ª Øxc) Sustainable tourism (†UKmB ch©Ub) Technology (cÖhyw³) Toxic chemicals (welv³ ivmvqwbK c`v_©) Trade & Environment (evwYR¨ I cwi‡ek)Transport (cwienb)Waste hazardous (eR©¨ wec`RbK)

Thoughts on Economics 61

Wast (Radio active) (eR©¨ (†ZRw®Œq)Wast (solid) (eR©¨ (Zij)

1.12 mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿgvÎv-GgwWwR (Millennium Development Goal (MDG)

GB c„w_ex‡Z Gw`‡K `wi`ª, `ye©j-ewÂZ gvbyl †hgb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb i‡q‡Q abx I weËevb gvbyl| c„w_ex‡Z weivRgvb ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb NUv‡Z n‡j m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e my‡hv‡Mi| M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e Ggb GK c„w_ex †hLv‡b-

cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki my‡hvM i‡q‡Q wbivc`, my›`i Ges my¯’ Rxeb-hvc‡bi;

cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AwaKvi i‡q‡Q kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi wfZ‡i emevm Kivi Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡Ri Rxeb wbg©v‡Yi;

cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AwaKvi i‡q‡Q wbivc` K‡g©i|G †cÖÿvc‡U 2000 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i 147wU ivóª I miKvi cÖavb, me©‡gvU 189wU RvwZ 8wU mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨ Millennium Development Goal (MDG) avh© K‡i mw¤§wjZfv‡e ¯^vÿi K‡i RvwZms‡Ni mn¯ªvã †NvlYvc‡Î hv AR©‡bi mgqmxgv wba©viY Kiv nq 2015 mvj| GB †NvlYvc‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi Rb¨ Dbœqb‡K GKwU ev¯ÍeZv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ges mgMÖ we‡k¦i gvbe †Mvôx‡K Afvegy³ Kivi A½xKvi Kiv nq| G‡Z GB mZ¨ ¯^xK…Z nq †h, †UKmB A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i DciB GKwU †`k I RvwZi DbœwZ wbf©i K‡i| gvbweK AwaKvi‡K †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z †i‡L `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi DbœqbB n‡e Gi jÿ¨e¯‘| GKB mv‡_ GKwU e„nËi g‡Â A‡bK¸‡jv mgm¨ †gvKvwejvi me©vZ¥K I mgwš^Z †KŠkj MÖnYB G †NvlYvi D‡Ïk¨|G †NvlYvq 2015 mvj bvMv` ˆ`wbK GK Wjv‡iiI Kg †ivRMv‡ii gvby‡li msL¨v A‡a©‡K bvwg‡q Avbvi Avnevb Rvbv‡bv nq| ÿzav, Acywó I †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li Rxeb I RxweKvi gvb Dbœqb m¤¢e- G †ev‡aiB cÖKvk N‡U DwjøwLZ †NvlYvc‡Î| AwaKš‘ bvix-cyiæl mgZv weavb, bvixi ÿgZvqb Ges mK‡ji Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv wbwðZKiY †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Avewk¨K Abyl½ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv jvf K‡i| abx †`k¸‡jv G D‡Ï‡k¨ FY I evwYR¨ myweav cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi K‡i|

mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨¸‡jv n‡”Q:K. Pig `vwi`ª¨ I ÿzav wbg©~j (Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger)

62 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

L. me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv AR©b (Achieve universal primary education)M. bvix-cyiæ‡li mgZv I bvixi ÿgZvqb (Promote equality between

men and women and empower women)N. wkï g„Zz¨i nvi n«vmKiY (Reduce child mortality)O. gvZ… ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dbœqb (Improve maternal health)P. GBPAvBwf/GBWm, g¨v‡jwiqv I Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi †iva

(Combat HIV/AIDs, Malaria and other diseases)Q. †UKmB cwi‡ek wbwðZKiY (Ensure environmental sustainability)

R. Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wek¦e¨vcx mn‡hvwMZv (Develop a global partnership for development)

¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, RvwZmsN †NvwlZ mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨ (GgwWwR) AR©‡b evsjv‡`k cÖksmbxq mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| KvRx LjxKz¾vgvb Avng` wj‡L‡Qb, Òmn¯ªvã Dbœqb j‡ÿ¨i †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k A‡bK fv‡jv K‡i‡Q| me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv, we`¨vj‡q bvix I cyiæl wkÿv_©xi mgZv, gvZ… I wkïg„Zy¨ nvi üv‡mi g‡Zv wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Av‡MB jÿ¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q|Ó22

MZ `yÕ`k‡K `vwi`ª¨ we‡jvc, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, bvix Dbœqb, †RÛvi mgZv AR©b, Lv`¨ wbivcËv, cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©, cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡i †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i nv‡i mgZv, cuvP eQ‡ii bx‡P wkï-g„Zz¨i nvi, gvZ…-g„Zz¨i nvi Kgv‡bv cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki mvdj¨ bw›`Z I wek¦ ¯^xK…Z| evsjv‡`‡ki Kvwnbx A‡bKUv Aby‡cÖibvg~jK| mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨ (GgwWwR) AR©‡b evsjv‡`k A‡bK mybvg AR©b K‡i‡Q| GB jÿ¨ AR©‡bi hvÎvq GiB g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k 2015 mv‡j wb¤œga¨g Av‡qi †`‡k DbœxZ n‡q‡Q|23

1.13 †UKmB Dbœqb Afxó jÿ¨ (Sustainable Development Goals)

†UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv (SDGs) n‡jv fwel¨Z AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb msµvšÍ GK¸”Q jÿ¨gvÎv| RvwZmsN jÿ¨¸‡jv c«Yqb K‡i‡Q Ges Ò†UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ˆewk¦K jÿ¨gvÎvÓ wn‡m‡e jÿ¨¸‡jv‡K cÖPvi K‡i‡Q| Gme jÿ¨ mnm«vã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv- †K c«wZ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q, hv 2015 mv‡ji †kl bvMv` †gqv‡`vËxY© n‡q †M‡Q| SDGs-Gi †gqv` 2016 †_‡K 2030 mvj| G‡Z †gvU 17wU jÿ¨gvÎv I 169wU mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ AšÍf©y³ i‡q‡Q| 25-27 †m‡Þ¤^i hy³iv‡ó«i

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wbDBq‡K© UN Sustainable Development Summit G wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi cÖavb‡`i Av‡jvPbvi ga¨‡g G jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| m‡¤§j‡bi welqe¯Íy Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development |

jÿ¨gvÎvmg~n (Goals)

2015 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m 193wU †`k wb‡gœv³ 17 jÿ¨gvÎv wel‡q GKgZ n‡q‡Q:24

K. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb (No poverty) me©Î me ai‡bi `vwi`ª¨ wbg©~j Kiv|L. ÿyav gyw³ (Zero hunger) ÿyav gyw³, Lv`¨ wbivcËv I DbœZ

cywói jÿ¨ AR©b I †UKmB K…wl e¨e¯’v Pvjy|M. my ¯^v¯’¨ (Good health)... ¯^v¯’¨Ki Rxebhvcb wbwðZ Kiv I

me eq‡mi mevi Kj¨v‡Y KvR Kiv|N. gvbm¤§Z wkÿv (Quality education)... AšÍf©yw³g~jK I mgZv-

wfwËK gvbm¤§Z wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv Ges mevi Rb¨ AvRxeb wkÿvi my‡hvM ‰Zwi Kiv|

O. wj½ mgZv (Gender equality)... wj½ mgZv AR©b Ges me bvix I †g‡qi ÿgZvqb Kiv|P.my‡cq cvwb I cqtwb®‹vkb e¨e¯’v (Clean water and

sanitation)... mevi Rb¨ cvwb I cqtwb®‹vk‡bi mnR cÖvc¨Zv I †UKmB e¨e¯’vcbv wbwðZ Kiv|

Q.bevqb‡hvM¨ I e¨qmva¨ R¡vjvbx (Sustainable and Affordable Energy)... mevi Rb¨ e¨qmva¨, †UKmB I AvaywbK R¡vjvbx myweav wbwðZ Kiv|

R. mevi Rb¨ fv‡jv KvR-Kg©ms¯’vb I A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (Decent work and economic growth)... mevi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqv`x, AšÍf©yw³g~jK A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×, c~Y©v½ I Drcv`bkxj I Dchy³ Kv‡Ri myweav wbwðZ Kiv|

S.wkí, D™¢veb I DbœZ AeKvVv‡gv (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure)... `xN©¯’vqx AeKvVv‡gv ˆZwi Kiv, AšÍf©yw³g~jK I †UKmB wkívqb Kiv Ges D™¢veb DrmvwnZ Kiv|

T.ˆelg¨ n«vm (Reducing inequalities)... †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i I AvšÍtivó«xq ˆelg¨ n«vm Kiv|

64 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

U.†UKmB bMi I m¤cÖ`vq (Sustainable cities and communities)...bMi I gvbe emwZ¸‡jv‡K AšÍf©yw³g~jK, wbivc`, `xN©¯’vqx I †UKmB K‡i †Zvjv|

V.m¤ú‡`i `vwqZ¡c~Y© e¨envi (Responsible consumption of wealth)...†UKmB †fvM I Drcv`b ixwZ wbwðZ Kiv|

W.Rjevqy wel‡q c`‡ÿc Climate action...Rjevqy cwieZ©b I Gi cÖfve †gvKv‡ejvq Riæwi c`‡ÿc M«nY Kiv|

X. †UKmB gnvmvMi Sustainable Oceans...†UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gnvmvMi, mvMi I mvgyw`«K m¤ú‡`i msiÿY I †m¸‡jvi †UKmB e¨envi Kiv|

Y. f~wgi †UKmB e¨envi (Sustainable utilization of land)...c…w_exi B‡Kvwm‡÷‡gi myiÿv, cybe©nvj I †UKmB e¨envi Kiv, †UKmBfv‡e eb e¨e¯’vcbv, giæKiY †iva, f~wgÿq †iva I eÜ Kiv Ges Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i ÿwZ †iva Kiv|

Z. kvwšÍ, b¨vqwePvi I Kvh©Ki cÖwZôvb (Peace, justice and effective institutions)...†UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ kvwšÍc~Y© I AšÍfy©w³g~jK mgvR ˆZwi Kiv, mevi Rb¨ b¨vqwePv‡ii my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv, Ges me©¯Í‡i Kvh©Ki, Revew`wng~jK I AšÍf©yw³g~jK cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv|

_. †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwiZ¡ (Partnerships for Sustainable development)... ev¯Íevq‡bi Dcvq¸‡jv †Rvi`vi Kiv Ges †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ˆewk¦K Askx`vwiZ¡ cybR©xweZ Kiv|

Ab¨K_vq †UKmB Dbœq‡bi 17 b¤^i jÿ¨ n‡”Q AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv M‡o †Zvjv| GK ai‡Yi AvšÍR©vwZK Askx`vwiZ¡ cÖwZôv| †h †`‡ki †h ai‡bi mÿgZv i‡q‡Q, Zviv †mfv‡e wb‡R‡`i I mvgwóK Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡b GwM‡q Avm‡e| A‡bK DbœqYkxj †`‡ki †hme mÿgZvq NvUwZ i‡q‡Q AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq Zv c~i‡Y GwM‡q Avm‡e| Zvn‡jB †MvUv we‡k¦i Rb¨ †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡bi c‡_ AMÖMwZ n‡e| KvD‡K wcwQ‡q †i‡L Ab¨iv GwM‡q †M‡j †mB Dbœqb †UKmB n‡e bv|25

1.14 GKbR‡i †UKmB Dbœqb Afxó (Sustainable Development Goals at a glance)

1. me©Î me ai‡bi `vwi‡`ª¨i Aemvb

Thoughts on Economics 65

2. ÿzavi Aemvb, Lv`¨ wbivcËv I DbœZ cywógvb AR©b Ges †UKmB K…wli cÖmvi3. mKj eqmx mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ my¯^v¯’¨ I Kj¨vY wbwðZKiY4. mK‡ji Rb¨ AšÍf©yw³g~jK I mgZvwfwËK ¸bMZ wkÿv

wbwðZKiY Ges Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvjv‡fi my‡hvM m„wó5. †RÛvi mgZv AR©b Ges mKj bvix I †g‡q‡`i ÿgZvqb6. mK‡ji Rb¨ cvwb I cqtwb®‹vk‡bi †UKmB e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Kiv7. mK‡ji Rb¨ mvkÖqx, wbf©i‡hvM¨, †UKmB I AvawbK R¡vjvwb mnRjf¨ Kiv8. mK‡ji Rb¨ c~Y©v½ I Drcv`bkxj Kg©ms¯’vb Ges †kvfb

Kg©my‡hvM m„wó Ges w¯’wZkxj, AšÍf©yw³g~jK I †UKmB A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b

9. AwfNvZmnbkxj AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY, AšÍfz©w³g~jK I †UKmB wkívq‡bi cÖea©b Ges D™¢vebvi cÖmviY

10. AšÍt IAvšÍt‡`kxq AmgZv Kwg‡q Avbv11. AšÍfz©w³g~jK, wbivc`, AwfNvZmnbkxj Ges †UKmB bMi I RbemwZ M‡o †Zvjv12. cwiwgZ †fvM I †UKmB Drcv`baib wbwðZ Kiv13. Rjevqy cwieZ©b I Gi cÖfve †gvKv‡ejvq Riæwi Kg©e¨e¯’v MÖnY14. †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mvMi, gnvmvMi I mvgyw`ªK m¤ú‡`i msiÿY I †UKmB e¨envi15. ¯’jR ev¯‘Z‡š¿i cybiæ×vi I myiÿv cÖ`vb Ges †UKmB

e¨env‡i c„ô‡cvlYv, †UKmB eb e¨e¯’vcbv, giæKiY cÖwµqvi †gvKv‡ejv, f~wgi Aeÿq †iva I f~wg m„wó cÖwµqvi cybiæ¾xeb Ges Rxe‰ewPΨ n«vm cÖwZ‡iva

16. †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ kvwšÍc~Y© I AšÍf©yw³gyjK mgvRe¨e¯’vi cÖPjb, mK‡ji Rb¨ b¨vqwePvi cÖvwßi c_ myMg Kiv Ges mKj ¯Í‡i Kvh©Ki, Revew`wnZvc~Y© I AšÍfz©wËg~jK cÖwZôvb wewbg©vY

17. †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ˆewk¦K Askx`vwiZ¡ D¾xweZKiY I ev¯Íevq‡bi Dcvqmg~n kw³kvjx Kiv

66 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

1.15 evsjv‡`‡k †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎvi (GmwWwR) ev¯Íevqb c`‡ÿc (Step for Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in Bangladesh)

2015 m‡bi 25 †m‡Þ¤^i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡`i 70Zg Awa‡ek‡b †UKmB Dbœqb Afxó Ô2030 G‡RÛvÕ M„nxZ nq| mviv we‡k¦i gvby‡li kvwšÍ, mg„w× I †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZKi‡Y Ô2030 G‡RÛvÕ Ggb GKwU Kg©-cwiKíbv hv wek¦ kvwšÍ †Rvi`vi Ki‡e Ges ÿzav I `vwi`ª¨mn mKj cÖKvi ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb NUv‡e| AwZ `vwi`ª¨mn me ai‡Yi `vwi‡`ª¨i Aemvb NUv‡bvB GLb we‡k¦i me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ, Avi GUvB n‡jv †UKmB Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| AvMvgx cÖvq †`o `kK we‡k¦i mKj †`k GB Afxó¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡b KvR Ki‡e hvi ga¨ w`‡q A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡bi gva‡g RbM‡Yi mKj ai‡bi `vwi‡`ª¨i Aemvb NUv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e; mKj ai‡bi ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb I AmgZv n«v‡mi ¸iæ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kivmn Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ SuywK †gvKvwejvi KvR GwM‡q †bqv hv‡e| Avi Gme Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~jgš¿ n‡e ÔKvD‡K cðv‡Z †i‡L bq (No one will be left behind)Õ bxwZ AbymiY| mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡bi avivevwnKZvq RvwZmsN †NvwlZ Ô†UKmB Dbœqb Afxó (GmwWwR)Õ AR©‡bI evsjv‡`k miKvi e×cwiKi| 2016 mvj †_‡K ïiæ nIqv GB Afxó I jÿ¨gvÎvmg~n AR©‡b evsjv‡`k B‡Zvg‡a¨B mßg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq (2016-2020) †UKmB Dbœqb Afxó I Gi jÿgvÎvmg~n‡K mgwš^Z K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡b gš¿Yvjq/wefvMwfwËK `vwqZ¡ e›U‡bi c_bKkv (Mapping) cÖYqY K‡i‡Q, hv eB AvKv‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †UKmB Dbœqb Afxó I Gi jÿ¨gvÎvmg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi AMÖMwZ wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU djvdjwfwËK cwiexÿY I g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gvI cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|†UKmB Dbœqb Afxó (GmwWwR) ev¯Íevq‡b A½xKvive× evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i Ab¨ 43 †`‡ki m‡½ 2017 mv‡ji 10-19 RyjvB AbywôZ RvwZms‡Ni D”Pch©v‡qi fjv›Uvix b¨vkbvj wiwfD‡q (wfGbAvi) Ask MÖnY K‡i‡Q| 2041 mv‡ji g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU mg„×kvjx †`‡k iƒcvšÍ‡ii wfkb †ck Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dbœqb G‡RÛvi iƒcvšÍiKvix wn‡m‡e GmwWwR evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªbvqK‡`i ¯^cœ c~i‡Y mnvqK n‡e| iƒcKí 2021 Ges `xN©‡gqv`x †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv ev¯Í‡e iƒcvq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ cwiKíbv (2010-2021)I `yÕwU cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv we‡kl K‡i mßg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki †KŠk‡ji Ask wn‡m‡e 2030 G‡RÛv‡K mßg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvZxq

Thoughts on Economics 67

cwiKíbvq GmwWwR cÖvwaKv‡ii cÖwZdjb 2030 G‡RÛv ev¯Íevq‡b GKwU myeY© my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GmwWwR Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b GbwRI, Dbœqb mn‡hvMx, †emiKvwi †m±i, cÖPvigva¨g Ges mykxj mgv‡Ri e¨vcK AskMÖnb wbwðZKi‡bi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡k mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv bxwZ AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q|G cÖwµqv Z¡ivwš^Z I GmwWwR Kg©cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi myweav‡_© cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡q GKwU GmwWwR ev¯Íevqb I cwiexÿb KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b mvaviY A_©bxwZ wefvM G e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiexÿY KwgwUi mve©ÿwbK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b `vwqZ¡cÖvß| mvaviY A_©bxwZ wefvM cwiKíbv cÖYqb QvovI `vwi`ª¨ I GmwWwR G‡RÛvi miKv‡ii †dvKvj c‡q›U|evsjv‡`k GmwWwR jÿ¨gvÎv AR©‡b gš¿Yvjq I ms¯’v¸‡jvi `vwqZ¡ mwVKfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| G cÖwµqvq evsjv‡`k GmwWwRi cÖ‡Z¨KwU jÿ¨gvÎvi wecix‡Z miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv gš¿Yvjq cÖavb, mncÖavb Imn‡hvMxi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡e Zvi g¨vwcs K‡i‡Q| G g¨vwcs Kvh©µg MÖn‡b ˆØZZv üvm, mgš^q e„w× I Kg©cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| miKvi mßg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L GmwWwR ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z mswkøó gš¿Yvjq¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbR wbR jÿ¨gvÎv¸‡jv‡K Kvh©KixcÖKí/†cÖvMÖvg/Kvh©vewj‡Z cwiYZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ KvR Ki‡Q| RvwZmsN †UKmB Dbœqb m‡¤§jb PjvKv‡j GKRb e³v bvUKxq fw½‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔDB n¨vf †MÖU KwgU‡g›U, bvD wbW A¨vKkb A¨vÛ †iRvë|Õ Aek¨B GwU GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e³e¨|26

1.16 evsjv‡`‡k †UKmB Dbœq‡bi cÖavb Afxó jÿ¨gvÎv2030 mv‡ji jÿ¨‡f`x †UKmB Dbœq‡bi †ivWg¨v‡ci cÖavb Afxó jÿ¨ 17; m~PK 47wU I mn‡hvMx jÿ¨gvÎv 169wU| 17wU jÿ¨ mswÿßfv‡e wb¤œiƒc:jÿ¨gvÎv-1: `vwi‡`ª¨i Aemvb (Poverty Allevation-no Poverty) †eKvi‡Z¡i g‡Zv w`K¸‡jv †_‡K mgv‡Ri cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki myiÿv, mK‡ji ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖvwßi wbðqZv| †gŠwjK †mevmg~n Z_v kÖg, f~wg, cÖhyw³‡Z ¯^í cyuwRi †jvK‡`i mg-my‡hvM wbwðZKi‡Y Ges Zv‡`i Avw_©K m”QjZvi Rb¨ †hme mvgvwRK bxwZgvjv mnvqZv K‡i †m¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g e›Ub wbwðZ Kiv|jÿ¨gvÎv-2: ÿzavgyw³ I Lv`¨ wbivcËv (ZeroHunger and Food Security) cÖwZwU wkïi ¯^v¯’¨Kifv‡e †e‡o IVvi Rb¨ ch©vß I cywóKi

68 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

Lvev‡ii wbðZv, ÿzav `~i Kiv, Lv`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv, cywó evov‡bv Ges †UKmB K…wl c×wZi cÖPjb|jÿ¨gvÎv-3: my¯^v¯’¨ (Good Health and Well-Being)| me eqmx gvby‡li Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨Ki Rxebgvb wbwðZ Kiv Ges giYNvZx †ivM †_‡K gy³ _vKv| jÿ¨gvÎv-4: wkÿv (Quality Education)| mevi Rb¨ b¨vh¨ gvbm¤§Z wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv Ges mK‡ji Rb¨ me eq‡m wkÿvi my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv| GmwWwRi jÿ¨ AR©b ev †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi ÿgZvqb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i `ÿZv evov‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †`‡k GKgyLx wkÿv e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv `iKvi|27

jÿ¨gvÎv-5: wj½mgZv I bvixi ÿgZvqb (Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment)| wj½mgZv AR©b Ges me bvix I evwjKvi ÿgZvqb Kiv| †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©KB bvix, Zv‡`i‡K Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi evB‡i †i‡L †UKmB Dbœq‡bi welqwU fvevB Am¤¢e| bvixi ÿgZvqb, wkÿv, PvKzwi, e¨emv, wkívqbmn Av_©mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î bvixi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|jÿ¨gvÎv-6: my‡cq cvwb I cqtwb®‹vkb e¨e¯’v (Clean Water and Sanitation) mevi Rb¨ cvwb I cqte¨e¯’vi cÖvc¨Zv I Zvi †UKmB e¨e¯’vcbv wbwðZ Kiv| kZfvM DbœZ m¨vwb‡Ukb wbwðZ Kivmn gvbee‡R©¨i wbivc` wb®‹vmb Ges e¨w³MZ ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v wbwðZ Kiv|jÿ¨gvÎv-7: bevqb‡hvM¨ I e¨qmva¨ R¡jvbx (Renewable and Afforable Energy) mevi Rb¨ mvkÖqx, wbf©i‡hvM¨, †UKmB I AvaywbK bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwb wbwðZ Kiv| jÿ¨gvÎv-8: A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (Decent work and Economic Growth)| mevi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` I †UKmB A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×, c~Y©Kvjxb I Drcv`bkxj Ges h‡_vchy³ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|jÿ¨gvÎv-9: AeKvVv‡gv I wkívqb (Infrastructure, Industrialization) AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY, mevi Rb¨ I †UKmB wkívqb M‡o †Zvjv Ges D™¢veb‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv| jÿ¨gvÎv-10: ˆelg¨ n«vm (Reduced Inequalit)| †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i I AvšÍ‡`kxq ˆelg¨ n«vm Kiv, we‡kl K‡i `ªæZ I †UKmB A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi mydj †fv‡Mi Rb¨ `wi`ª‡`i mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

Thoughts on Economics 69

jÿ¨gvÎv-11: †UKmB bMi I m¤úª`vq (Sustainable Cities and Communities)| bMi I gvbe emwZi ¯’vb¸‡jv mevi Rb¨, wbivc`, `xN©¯’vqx I †UKmB Kiv|jÿ¨gvÎv-12: m¤ú‡`i `vwqZ¡c~Y© e¨envi (Responsibble Consumption of wealth)| †UKmB †fvM I Drcv`b c¨vUvb© wbwðZ Kiv|jÿ¨gvÎv-13: Rjevqy wel‡q c`‡ÿc (Climate Action)| Rjevqy cwieZ©b I Gi cÖfve †gvKv‡ejvq Riæwi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|jÿ¨gvÎv-14: †UKmB gnvmvMi (Sustainable Oceans)| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mvMi, gnvmvMi I mvgyw`ªK m¤ú` msiÿY I cwiwgZ e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv| jÿ¨gvÎv-15: f~wgi †UKmB e¨envi (Sustainable Utilisation of Land)| f~c„‡ôi Rxeb c„w_exi B‡Kvwm‡÷g myiÿv, cybe©nvj Kiv Ges Gi †UKmB e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv, †UKmBfv‡e eb e¨e¯’vcbv Kiv, giæKiY †iva, f~wgÿq eÜ Kiv Ges Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i ÿwZmvab eÜ Kiv|jÿ¨gvÎv-16: kvwšÍ I b¨vqwePvi (Peace, Justice and Strong institutions)| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ kvwšÍc~Y© I AšÍfy©w³g~jK mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv, mevi b¨vqwePv‡ii my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv Ges me©¯Í‡i Kvh©Ki, Revew`wng~jK I AšÍfy©w³g~jK cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j|jÿ¨gvÎv-17: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwiZ¡ (Partnerships for theGoals)| jÿ¨gvÎv c~i‡Y Askx`vwiZ¡ ev¯Íevqb †KŠkj¸‡jv Av‡iv Kvh©Ki Kiv Ges †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ˆewk¦K Askx`vwiZ¡ cybR©vMwiZ Kiv|28

1.17 RvZxq †UKmB Dbœqb †KŠkjcÎ (2010-2021) (National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2021)

26 †deªæqvwi 2013 RvZxq A_©‰bwZK cwil‡`i (NEC) GK mfvq †UKmB A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, cwi‡ek wbivcËv Ges mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv 10 eQi †gqvw` RvZxq †UKmB Dbœqb †KŠkjcÎ (National Sustainable Development Strategy-NSDS) bv‡gi GKwU Dbœqb `wjj Aby‡gv`b †`qv nq| 1992 mv‡j eªvwR‡ji wi I wW †R‡bwiI‡Z AbywôZ RvwZms‡Ni †UKmB Dbœqb kxl©K m‡¤§j‡bi M„nxZ wm×všÍ Abyhvqx me m`m¨ G ai‡bi RvZxq †UKmB Dbœqb †KŠkj MÖn‡b A½xKvive× nq| Gi avivevwnKZvq evsjv‡`k G †KŠkj MÖnY K‡i‡Q| G †KŠkjc‡Îi †gqv` aiv n‡q‡Q 2010-2021 mvj ch©šÍ| †`‡ki Dbœqb hv‡Z w¯’wZkxj nq †m Rb¨ G †KŠkjcÎ GKwU †ivWg¨vc| †KŠkjc‡Îi g~j

70 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

jÿ¨ †UKmB Dbœqb| G‡Z †`‡ki me Lv‡Zi mylg Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœq‡bi jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY Kiv nq|Drcv`bkxj m¤ú‡`i `xN©¯’vqx †UKmnxZv P¨v‡j‡Äi mgvavbmn †KŠkjc‡Î wee„Z iƒcKí AR©‡bi Rb¨ GbGmwWGm (2010-2021) wZbwU cvi¯úwiKfv‡e m¤ú„³ †ÿÎmn cuvPwU †KŠkjMZ AMÖvwaKvi †ÿÎ wPwýZ K‡i| †KŠkjMZ AMÖvwaKvi cÖvß †ÿθ‡jv‡Z AšÍf~©³ i‡q‡Q Ae¨vnZ A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×, AMÖvwaKvig~jK LvZ¸‡jvi Dbœqb, mvgvwRK wbivcËv I myiÿv, cwi‡ek, cÖvK„wZK m¤ú` I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv| †h wZbwU cvi¯úwiKfv‡e hy³ welqvewj AMÖvwaKvicÖvß GjvKv¸‡jvi †UKmB Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb Ki‡e †m¸‡jv n‡jv, `y‡h©vM SuywK n«vmI Rjevqy, mykvmb Ges †RÛvi| †KŠkjMZ ev¯Íevq‡bi AMÖMwZ cwiexÿY I g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ kxl© ms¯’v wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e †UKmB Dbœqb cwiexÿY cwil` (GmwWGgwm)| wb‡¤œ cvi¯úwiK m¤ú„³ †ÿÎ I †KŠkjMZ AMÖvwaKvig~jK †ÿÎ m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q:

1. Ae¨vnZ A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (Continuous Economic Growth)

cwi‡ekMZ †UKmwn‡Z¡i cÖ‡kœ †Kv‡bv Avcm QvovB ga¨g Av‡qi gh©v`vq A_©bxwZi iƒcvšÍimn DbœZZi Rxeb gvb, `ªæZ `vwi`ª¨ wbimb I Kg©m„Rb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Z¡ivwš^Z cÖe„wׇK cÖavb Dbœqb †KŠkj wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| AeKvVv‡gv Kg©m~wP, gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb, M‡elYv I Dbœqb Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z miKvwi wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Ges wewb‡qvM cÖ‡Yv`bv wewb‡qvM-cwi‡ek Dbœqbmn wcwcwc cÖea©‡b e¨w³ Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i, wkÿv I `ÿZv wkÿ‡bi gvbmn ißvwb cÖe„w× I eûgyLxKiY e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb, ˆe‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖmvi, RvZxq f~wg e¨envi cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb Ges meyR cÖe„w× cÖea©‡bi gva¨‡g Ae¨vnZ I Z¡ivwš^Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|

2. AMÖvwaKvig~jK LvZmg~‡ni Dbœqb (Development in preferable sectors)

†`‡ki †UKmB Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~b© AMÖvwaKvig~jK LvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, K…wl, wkí, R¡vjvwb, cwienb I gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb| G LvZ¸‡jvi Rb¨ mycvwikK…Z †KŠkj A_©bxwZ‡K mwVK wb‡`©kbv `v‡bi Dci †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q, †KbbvG LvZ¸‡jvB

Thoughts on Economics 71

AvMvgx‡Z mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i PvwjKvkw³ _vK‡e Ges †`‡ki †UKmB Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb Ki‡e|

3. bMi cwi‡ek(City Environment)†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ †h‡nZz `ªæZ bMivqY AcÖwZ‡iva¨, myZivs †UKmB bMi Dbœq‡bi Ici bvbvw`K †_‡KB †`‡ki †UKmB Dbœqb wbf©ikxj| GB As‡k bMiv‡ji †UKmB Dbœq‡b cuvPwU cÖavb wel‡q mgvavb A‡š^lY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv, bMi M„nvqb, cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Ukb, `~lY e¨e¯’vcbv, bMicwienb Ges bMi SuywK n«vm|

4. mvgvwRK wbivcËvI myiÿv (Social Environment)†UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡bi ¯^v‡_© mKj bvMwi‡Ki AbyK~‡j gvbm¤§Z I b~¨bZg gv_v †MuvRvi VuvB cvevi AwaKvi Ges †mB mv‡_ †mev I BDwUwjwU †mev Zv‡`i Rb¨ mnRjf¨ Kiv, mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx, bvix‡`i AMÖMwZ I AwaKvi, wkï‡`i AMÖMwZ I AwaKvi, e‡qve„× Ges Amg_© gvby‡li Rb¨ we‡kl †mev `vb, Kg©ms¯’vb my‡hv‡Mi we¯Í…wZ Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ I myweavewj‡Z A¨vK‡mm e„w× wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jv mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kK| e¯‘Z mvgvwRK Dbœqb †UKmB Dbœq‡bi cÖavb PvwjKvkw³mg~‡ni Ab¨Zg|

5. cwi‡ek, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv(Environment, Natural resources and disester management)

GB †KŠkjMZ AMÖvwaKvicÖvß GjvKvi cÖv_wgK D‡Ïk¨vewji Ab¨Zg n‡jv, cÖvK„wZK m¤ú‡`i `ÿ e¨envimn Gi msiÿY I Dbœq‡b h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ `vbmn gvbe, B‡Kvwm‡÷g I m¤ú‡`i Rb¨B cwi‡ekMZ myiÿv wbwðZKiY; cvwb m¤ú`, eb I Rxe‰ewPΨ, f~wg IgvwU, DcK~jxq I mvgyw`ªK m¤ú` Ges cÖvK„wZK `y‡h©vM I Rjevqy cwieZ©b Gi AvIZvfz³|

6. ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ GjvKvRvZxq †UKmB Dbœqb †KŠkjc‡Îi †KŠkjMZ AMÖvwaKivcÖvß GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z mnvqZv w`‡Z ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GjvKv kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvi¯úwiKfv‡e m¤úK©hy³ GB GjvK¸‡jv n‡jv, mykvmb, †RÛvi Ges `y‡h©vM SuywK n«vm I Rjevqy cwieZ©b| GwU cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Rjevqy cwieZ©b mgm¨v D‡cÿv K‡i mvgwMÖKfv‡e †UKmB Dbœqb KL‡bv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq|

72 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

7. mykvmb(Good governance)mykvmb Lv‡Z M„nxZ †KŠk‡ji D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv GKwU Kvh©Ki msm`xq e¨e¯’v, Dchy³ AvBb I k„sLjv, MYgyLx I `ÿ miKvwi †mev weZiY, ¯^vaxb, gy³, ¯^”Q, I Revew`wnZg~jK AvBb I wePvi e¨e¯’v kw³kvjx, ¯’vbxq miKvi Ges mvwe©Kfv‡e mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvimn GKwU `yb©xwZgy³ mgvR wbwðZ Kiv| †KŠkjc‡Î cÖvwZôvwbK mvg_© e„w×, cÖavb cÖavb cÖwZôv‡bi ms¯‹vi, `yb©xwZ `gb, cwiKíbv I ev‡RwUs-Gi `ÿZv e„w×, Avw_©K LvZ cwiexÿb, B-kvm‡bi cÖeZ©b, Z‡_¨ A¨vK‡mm wbwðZKiY Ges mgv‡R g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv c~btcÖPj‡bi Ici we‡kl †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q|

8. †RÛvi(Gender)†RÛv‡ii wewfbœ w`K, we‡kl K‡i bvix‡`i AMÖMwZ I AwaKvi wel‡q GB wi‡cv‡U©i mvgvwRK wbivcËv I myiÿv As‡k cÖv_wgKfv‡e A½xf~Z n‡q‡Q|29

1.18 evsjv‡`‡k †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Kivi Dcvqevsjv‡`k ïiæ †_‡KB †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡b Zrci| mn¯ªvã Dbœqb j‡ÿ¨i †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k A‡bK fvj K‡i‡Q| †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡bI evsjv‡`k fvj Ki‡e GwU msMZ Kvi‡YB Avkv Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`k Kxfv‡e †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq †m e¨vcv‡i K‡qKwU civgk© Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv n‡”Q:

1. `ÿZvi mv‡_ Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Kqjv I †Z‡ji Dci wbf©iZv Kwg‡q cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi e¨envi e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| 2. wW‡Rj I †c‡Uªv‡ji cwie‡Z© hvbevn‡b wmGbwR M¨v‡mi e¨envi evov‡Z n‡e Ges ÎæwUc~Y© hvbevnb PjvPj wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| 3. wkí-KviLvbv ¯’vcb, M„nvqb I iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©v‡b mRvM `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i cwi‡ek `~wlZ bv nq Ges GjvKvi f~-cÖvK…wZK ˆewkó¨ ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv nq| 4. wkíeR©¨ Re-cycling-Gi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|5. †UKmB K„wl Dbœqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ f~-Mf©¯’ cvwbi cwie‡Z© gvwUi Dcwifv‡M cvwbi e¨envi e„w×, ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK Ily‡ai cwiwgZ e¨envi Ges †`kxq wewfbœ Rv‡Zi

Thoughts on Economics 73

dm‡ji wgkª Pvl wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M Gme wel‡q K…l‡Ki m‡PZbZv evov‡Z cÖPviKvh© †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e| 6. mvgvwRK ebvqb evov‡Z n‡e Ges Gi mydj m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| hZ †ewk m¤¢e Mv‡Qi Pviv †ivcY K‡i iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv eo K‡i ebv‡ji cwigvb e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| 7. b`b`x, Lvjwej, nvIo-euvIo, Rjgnvj I cÖvK…wZK Rjvkqmg~n webó Kiv hv‡e bv Ges Gm‡ei cwiwgZ e¨envi wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMxi n¯Í‡ÿc eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| 8. cwi‡ek AvBb ms‡hvRb I ms‡kvab K‡i cwi‡ek `~lYKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi weavb Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| 9. KivZKj wewagvjv 2012 Gi ms‡kvab K‡i KivZKj ¯’vc‡b K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v-wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk A‰ea KivZKj D‡”Q‡`i e¨e¯’v K‡iZ n‡e| 10.National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP)-Gi AvIZvq gš¿Yvjq mgš^‡qi c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i miKvwi †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewP‡Îi ÿwZi KviY bv nq|30

11. †h welq¸‡jv †ewk P¨v‡jwÄs Zvi m‡½ †emiKvwi LvZ‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv †M‡j fv‡jvdj cvIqv hv‡e|12. GmwWwR ev¯Íevq‡b A_©vqb eo Dcv`vb| Gi Rb¨ cwi‡ekevÜe wewb‡qv‡Mi ¯^v‡_© wMÖbeÛ Qvov †h‡Z cv‡i| G e‡Ûi Dci cvIqv Avq Kigy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|31

1.19 evsjv‡`‡k GmwWwR ev¯Íevq‡b P¨v‡jÄmg~n (Challenges for Implementation of SDGs in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`‡k Rb¨ Gm wWwR ev¯Íevq‡b i‡q‡Q A‡bK P¨v‡jÄ| Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q-K. m¤ú` AvniY: GmwWwRi mvwe©K ev¯Íevq‡b cÖPzi m¤ú` cÖ‡qvRb| GmwWwR ev¯Íevq‡b we`¨gvb †h Drm¸‡jv i‡q‡Q, Zv AcÖZzj| miKvwi I †emiKvwi †m±i, GbwRI, Dbœqb mn‡hvMx- me Drm †_‡KB A_©vq‡bi D™¢vebx cš’v AbymÜvb K‡i Gi Kvh©Ki I djcÖm~ e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| miKvwi A_© e¨‡q Av‡iv `ÿZv e„w×i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|L. AskxR‡bi AskMÖnY: GmwWwR ev¯Íevq‡b †emiKvwi †m±i, GbwRI, mykxj mgvR, cÖPvigva¨g Ges Ab¨ cÖavb cÖavb AskxR‡bi mgš^‡q GKwU eûgvwÎK AskMÖnYg~jK e¨e¯’v

74 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

cÖ‡qvRb| GmwWwR ev¯Íevqb cÖ‡Póvq evsjv‡`k miKvi me AskxR‡bi AskMÖnY e„w×i Rb¨ KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|GRb¨ †emiKvwi me Dbœqb ms¯’v‡K Zv‡`i wbR¯^ jÿ¨gvÎvi g¨vwcs cÖ¯‘Zc~e©K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q| mgš^‡qi ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ Aek¨B miKvi‡K cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|M. Z‡_¨i cÖvc¨Zv I e¨e¯’vcbv: Z_¨ msMÖn, we‡kølY, wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv AR©‡b A‡bK P¨v‡jÄ i‡q‡Q| DËg PP©v¸‡jvi wewbgq I `ÿZv e„wׇZ wØcÿxq, AvÂwjK I ˆewk¦K ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki mgš^q mvab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡ÿ‡Î Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi mn‡hvwMZv evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|N. GmwWwRi ¯’vbxqKiY: RvZxq ch©v‡q hv Kiv m¤¢e, m¤¢eZ meB Kiv n‡q‡Q| P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q, GmwWwRÕi g‡Zv we¯Í…Z Kg©m~wP ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi I hyMcrfv‡e GbwRI¸‡jv‡K hy³ Kiv| G wel‡q Kg©m~wP cÖYq‡b GLb GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e|32

Z_¨m~Î:1. Gm Avwgbyj Bmjvg, Dbœqb wPšÍvi cvjve`j, w`e¨cÖKvk, 2004, c„. 39|2. †UKmB Dbœq‡b cwi‡ek, †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeVK, ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 17 Ryb 2016, c„. 11|3. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future

(1987)

4. R, R, Shaker, The spatial distribution of development in Europe its underlying sustainability correlations. Applied Geography, 63, 304-314. Doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.009 p. 305.

5. S. Schmidheiny, Changing Course: A Global Business Perspective on Development and Environment (London: MIT Press, 1992), P. 373.

6. R.E. Mun, n, d, “Towards Sustainable Development: An environmental Perspective” in Economics and Ecology: Towards Sustainable Development. ed. F. Archibugi, and P. Nijkamp (Dordrecht: Kluwer)

7. RvZxq †UKmB Dbœqb †KŠkjcÎ 2010-2011, mvaviY A_©bxwZ wefvM, cwiKíbv Kwgkb, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, †g 2010, c„. 5|

8. D×…Z dvinvbv nK, cwi‡ek I Dbœqb, Zvmwgqv cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv, A‡±vei 2015, c„. 98-99|

Thoughts on Economics 75

9. KvRx LjxKz¾vgvb Avng`, †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡b Askx`vwqZ¡ Riæix (cÖeÜ), ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 14 b‡f¤^i, 2015, c„. 8|

10. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`, ivZvi¸j iÿvq cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡`©kbv PvB (cÖeÜ), ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 2015, c„. 8|

11. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`, †UKmB Dbœqb I Rjevqy cwieeZ©b: evsjv‡`k †cÖÿvcU, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgxÿv, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb M‡elbv cÖwZôvb, †ki B evsjv bMi, XvKv, myeY©RqšÍx msL¨v, L. 26, b‡f¤^i 2018,c„. 183|

12. †K Avkivdzj Avjg, f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek‡Kvl, cvi‡d± cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv 2014, c„. 208|13. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`, †UKmB Dbœq‡b AvBb cÖ‡bZv‡`i

`vwqZ¡, ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 7 A‡±vei 2015, c„. 8|14. Gm Avwgbyj Bmjvg, Dbœqb wPšÍvi cvjve`j, w`e¨ cÖKvk, 2005, c„. 39|15.https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?

page=view&type=111&nr=849&menu=35, Retrieved 23 July 2016

16.https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html.retrieved 26 February 2016.

17. M. Khalf an, Sustainable Development and Sustainable Construction, 2002, P. 40.

18. m~iv 17 ewb BmjvCj: AvqvZ 70|19. m~iv 2 Avj evKviv: AvqvZ 168| 20. ZubairHasan, Sustainable Development from an Islamic Perspective: Meaning,

Implications and policy concern, JKAU, Islamic Economics, 19:9, P. 3-18.

21. m~iv 24 Avb b~i: AvqvZ 37|22. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`, †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ e¯Íevq‡b

Askx`vixZ¡ Riæix, ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 14 b‡f¤^i 2015, c„. 8|23. W. kvgmyj Avjg, GmwWwR: ev¯Íevqb †KŠkj I P¨v‡jÄ, ewbKevZ©v, 25 RyjvB 2017, c„. 4|24. https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/†UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv25. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`,†UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ e¯Íevq‡b

Askx`vixZ¡ Riæix, ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 14 b‡f¤^i 2015, c„. 8|26. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`,†UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ e¯Íevq‡b

Askx`vixZ¡ Riæix, ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 14 b‡f¤^i 2015,c„. 8|27. †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeVK †Lv›`Kvi Beªvwng Lv‡j`, mgKvj cÖwZ‡e`b, ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 4 AvMó 2016, c„. 4|

76 †UKmB Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ……

28. we¯ÍvwiZ `ªóe¨: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sdgoverview.html

29. RvZxq †UKmB Dbœqb †KŠkjcÎ (2010-2021), c„. 13-20|30. AvdZve †PŠayix, †UKmB Dbœqb I cwi‡ek, ˆ`wbK BbwKjve, 21 AvMó 2006, c„.11|31. †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeV‡K weAvBwWGm-Gi cÖ‡dmwiqvj †d‡jv W. †gv.

Avmv`y¾vgvb, mgKvj cÖwZ‡e`b, ˆ`wbK mgKvj, 4 AvMó 2016, c„. 4|

32. W. kvgmyj Avjg, GmwWwR: ev¯Íevqb †KŠkj I P¨v‡jÄ, ewbKevZ©v, 25 RyjvB 2017, c„. 4|

mgvß