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Review: Germanic is one of the Indo-European family of languages
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift
See 2nd-week material:• Indo-European stops at
http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/TOPICS/02IEstops.html
• The Neo-Grammarians at http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/SLIDES/02aNeogrammarians.ppt
First Germanic Consonant Shift-summary
Indo-European Germanic
First series p t k kw f þ h hw
Second series b d g gw p t k kw
Third series bh dh gh ghw
b d g gw
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
2 Vowel gradation• ablaut, hljóðskiptaröð: a set of internal vowel
changes expressing different morphological functions.
• In IE:e-grade or full gradeo-gradezero grade.
• Remains today:Mostly strong verbs:ride rode riddensing sang sungfreeze froze frozenfly flew flown
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
4 Nominal reduction to a 4-case system
• IE had eight cases– nom voc acc gen
dat instr abl loc• 3 numbers
singular dual plural• 3 genders
masculine, feminine neuter
• Germanic 4 cases– nom acc gen dat
• Retained 3 numbers in pronouns
• 3 gendersmasculine, feminine
neuter
Indo-European Germanic
IE nominal cases
• nominative• vocative • accusative • genitive • dative• instrumental• ablative• locative
Germanic nominal cases
• nominative• vocative • accusative • genitive • dative• instrumental• ablative• locative
Germanic nominal cases
• nominative• nefnifall
• accusative• þolfall
• genitive• eignarfall
• dative• þágufall
se dæg cymð – sá dagur kemur that day will come
ic geman þone dæg - ég man þann dagI remember that day
se nama þæs dæges– dagsins nafnthe name of the day – the day’s name
on þæm dæge – á þeim degion that day
Seo læfdige geaf þære cwene þæs cyninges hring
Frúin gaf drottningunni hring konungsins
The lady gave the queen the king’s ring
NOMINATIVEsubject
DATIVEindirect object given to whom?
GENITIVEpossession
ACCUSATIVEdirect object
what was given
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
4 Verbs: 2 tenses only
• Presentnon-time specified
• Pasttime orientated
it rains, old women are wise
it rained, Mary knew the answer
Other tenses are periphrastic:
it has rained, is raining, will rain, has been raining, etc
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
5 Innovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
• ein guter Mann – der gute Mann• góður maður – góði maðurinn• án gód man – se góda man
See more on: http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/TOPICS/04WeakStrongAdj.htm
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
6 Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
• "weak" = regular verbs (bake baked)• "strong" = irregular verbs (sing sang sung)• development of a weak class of verbs with
dental suffix (d/t) in past tense• hear heard, bake baked• heyra heyrði, baka bakaði
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
7 Stress fixed on the root
• pitar• bhratar
• fæder• bróðor
weakening of endings:
hringas > ringes > rings >
lufian > lufien > luvie >luve >
we lufodon > we lufeden
> we luvede >
SINGULAR IE Gmc Go Ice OE ModE
nominative dhogos ðagas gads dagr dæg day
accusative dhoghom ðagan dag dag dæg day
genitive dhogheso ðagesa dagis dags dæges day’s
dative dhogoai ðagai daga degi dæge day
PLURAL
nominative dhogoes ðagoz dagos dagar dagas days
accusative dhogoms ðaganz dagans daga dagas days
genitive dhogeom ðagon dage daga daga days
dative dhoghomos ðagomoz dagam dögum dagum days
Vowel weakening – furtherTable base on Strang, p. 415
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
1. The First Germanic Consonant Shift2. Vowel gradation3. Nominal reduction to a 4-case system4. Verbal reduction to a 2-tense system5. Innovation: weak & strong declensions of
adjectives6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix7. Stress fixed on the root8. A common distinctive vocabulary
8 A common distinctive vocabulary
brák- > OE bróc, plural bréc > breeches Ice. brók
busk- > bush
dreug- > drýge > dry, droughttap- > top, tap, tip (typpi)
wepnam > wæpen, vopn, weapon
Examples of words only found in Germanic:
Found in Germanic and Celtic: