Upload
others
View
11
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
900
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
REVIEW: ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY CONTAINING INDIGENOUS
PLANTS IN INDIA
Sunirmal Bhattacharjee*1, Dr. Mrinmoy Basak
2, Payel Mukherjee
3 and Arindam
Chakraborty4
1Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology. Agartala, Tripura.
2Assam downtown university, Assam.
3Gurunanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, West Bengal.
4Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and AHS, West Bengal.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays Ulcer is a common and serious gastrointestinal disorder
seen in many people. Ulceration occurs due to disturbance of the
normal equilibrium of the gastrointestinal tract. Those disturbances can
be caused by regular drug usage, irregular food habit, stress, improper
livelihood. Basically Peptic ulcer is a broad term including ulcers of
digestive tract in the stomach or the duodenum. The formation of
peptic ulcer depends on the presence of acid and peptic activity in
gastric juice plus a breakdown in mucosal defenses. Number of drugs
are introduced for the treatment of the peptic ulcer including Proton
pump inhibitor, H2 receptor antagonist etc. But these drugs are prone to relapses, side effects,
drug interactions and they are a bit costly too. So there is a need to produce a novel molecule
for the treatment. In this search herbal drug can play an important role which offer a better
protection and decreased relapses. So in this review we are going to discuss about several
medicinal plants having antiulcer activity.
KEYWORDS: Peptic Ulcer, Herbal Drugs, Medicinal Plants, Mucosal Defense, Relapse.
INTRODUCTION
Peptic ulcer is basically an inflamed break in the skin or the mucous membrane lining in the
alimentary tract. Ulcers are lesions on the surface of the skin or mucous membrane
characterized by a superficial loss of tissue. Ulcers are most common in the skin of the lower
extremities and in the gastrointestinal tract but they can be occurred in any site. There are so
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 9, Issue 7, 900-917 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
Article Received on
25 April 2020,
Revised on 15 May 2020,
Accepted on 05 June 2020
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20207-16513
*Corresponding Author
Sunirmal Bhattacharjee
Bharat Pharmaceutical
Technology. Agartala,
Tripura.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
901
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
many types of ulcers such as mouth ulcer, peptic ulcer, genital ulcers, and esophagus ulcers.
Peptic ulcers are caused by the erosion of the lining of the stomach and duodenum.[1, 2,3,4]
Both stomach and duodenum ulcers are named according to the site of ulceration. Gastric
ulcers mainly occurred in the older age group and the site of ulceration is stomach
characterized by pain. Symptoms arenausea, vomiting, weight loss and eating may increase
the pain. Duodenal ulcers mainly occurred in younger age groups especially in males. It is
characterized by severe pain with burning sensation in the upper abdomen. Paining increases
when the stomach is empty after having food pain reduces gradually. In some cases peptic
ulcers can be life threatening with symptoms like bloody stools, severe abdominal pain,
cramps along with blood vomiting. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer can be described as
imbalance between offensive (acid, pepsin, Helicobacterpylori) and defensive factors (mucin,
prostaglandin, growth factors, nitric oxide). Peptic ulcers can be caused secondarily by spicy
food and stress but the main or real cause is bacterial infection of Helicobacter pylori and
reaction to various medications especially in NSAIDs. Peptic ulcer is world’s one of the most
major gastrointestinal disorders which affect 10% of the world’s total population. Out of 20;
19 cases of ulcers are the duodenal ulcer. Approx. 15000 people’s death occurred every year
due to gastric ulcer. Annual incidence estimates of peptic ulcer hemorrhage and perforation
when 19.4-57 and 3.8- 14 per 100000 individuals respectively. The average 7 day recurrence
of hemorrhage was 13.9% and the average long-term recurrence of perforation was 12.2%. In
Indian pharmaceutical industry antacids and antiulcer drugs share 6.2 billion rupees and
occupy 4.3% of the market share. Nowadays there are so many medicines to treat the ulcer
but in the whole world so many people approximately 75 to 80% of the people use herbal
medicine. So in this review we are going to discuss about the medicinal plants having
antiulcer activities, their mechanism of actions, and their origins as well.[5-14]
Medicinal plants having antiulcer activities
1. Alliumsativum[14,15]
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
902
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Family: Liliaceae
Commonname: Garlic
Cultivation: All over the India
Chemicalconstituents: Acrid volatile oil, starch, mucilage, albumin and sugar. Seeds
havearomatic oil. Juice rich insulphur, iodine and salicylic acid combinations, vitamins
and some other nutrients.
Activeconstituents: Volatile oil, Alliin and Allicin.
Antiulceractivity: For maggots infesting ulcers, garlic can be applied by frying it in
coconut or mustard oil. For washing wound and ulcers garlic can be used with three to
four parts of distilled water.
Recentstudy: To decrease the development of cystamine induced gastric and duodenal
ulcers in rats, juice of garlic can be administered in the dose of 250 to 500 mg/kg.
2. Aloebarbadensis[16,17]
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
903
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Family: Liliaceae
Commonname: Aloe vera
Cultivation: All over the India
Chemical constituents: Aloin, Isobarbaloin, And Emodin
Active constituents: Barbalin, Isobarbolin, And Saponins
Antiulcer activity: To heal the chronic ulcers, leaves of aloe vera can be used.
Recent study: To treat the indomethacin induced ulcers, aloe vera can be used by mixing
it with gum acacia in the dose of 200mg/kg.
3. Azadirachtaindica[18-20]
Family: Meliaceae
Common name: Neem
Cultivation: All over the India and in West Bengal
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
904
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Chemical constituents: Nimbidin, phenolic compounds, saponin, and flavonoids.
Containing bitter alkaloid named Margosine. Seeds contains about 10–31% of yellow
bitter fixed oil. The oil contains free and volatile fatty acids. The volatile fatty acids
consistofamixtureofstearic andoleic acids with a small amount of lauric acid.
Active constituents: Stearic and palmitic acid isolated from the neembidin.
Antiulcer activity: For unhealthy ulcerations, neem leaves mixed with sesamum seeds.
Recent study: For pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress induced gastric ulcer in rats
neem extracts are very effective.
4. Balsamodendronmukul[21]
Family: Burseraceae
Common name: Gum guggul
Cultivation: Sind, Rajputana, Eastern Bengal, Assam, Mysore.
Chemical constituents: Volatile oil, gum-resin, and bitter principles.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
905
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Antiulcer activity: As the treatment of indolent ulcers gum guggul can be used with lime
juice.
5. Betavulgaris[22]
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Common name: Beetroot
Cultivation: Sea coasts of Meditarian sea , Europe America , in gardens in many parts of
India
Chemical constituents: Betin
Betin
Antiulcer activity: For all kinds of ulcersmdecoction of the root with the little vinegar
can be very useful.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
906
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
6. Caricapapaya[23-25]
Family: Caricaceae
Common name: Papaya
Cultivation: All tropical countries and many subtropical regions.
Chemical constituents: Papain, Chymopapain, Pectin, Carposide, Carpaine, Carotenoids,
and Antheraxanthin.
Antiulcer activity: For indolent ulcers, ripe and unripe fruit can be used efficiently.
Recent study: Against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer the extract of papaya can be
administered at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. It protected the gastric mucosa against
ethanol effect. Reduction of the gastric juice volume and gastric acidity can be done via
papaya juice effectively.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
907
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
7. Hibiscusrosasinensis[26,27]
Family: Malvaceae
Common name: China rose
Cultivation: China and throughout India
Chemical constituents: Flavonoids, Anthocyanins, Quercetin, Cyanidin, Kaempferol,
And Hydrocitric Acid
Antiulcer activity: For the ulcer treatment many tribes of south India uses the root of this
plant.
Recent study: For the pylorus ligated rats , aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant can
be used at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg
8. Lawsoniaalba[28]
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
908
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Family: Lythraceae
Common name: Henna
Cultivation: All Over in India
Chemical constituents: Leaves having colouringmatter Henna dye 12 to 15% Hanno,
tannic acid and olive green raisins soluble in ether and alcohol. Seeds contain oil and also
glucoside.
Antiulcer activities: To cure wounds and ulcers the leaves of the plant is very useful.
9. Mangiferaindica[29,30]
Family: Anacardiaceae
Common name: Mango
Cultivation: Throughout the India
Chemical constituents: Alkaloids, Sterols, Saponins, Tannins, And Flavonoids
Activeconstituents: Mangiferin.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
909
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Antiulcer activity: To treat ulcer the leaf extract can be applied with rice bran oil.
Recent study: For gastric acid lesions, flower decoction can be used at the doses of 250,
500, and 1000mg/kg
10. Momordicacharantia[31,32]
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common name: Bitter gourd
Cultivation: Throughout in India
Chemical constituents: Bitter glucoside soluble in water and insoluble in ether, a yellow
acid, resin, and ash 6%. Fresh vegetable contains 88.75% moisture, albuminoids 1.62%,
soluble carbohydrates 85.41%, woody fiber 1.51%, and ash 8.53%
Active constituents: Flavonoids, saponins, and sterols
Antiulcer activities: For leprous, dust of the plant is used. When mixed with cinnamon,
long pepper, rice, and chaulmugra oil it forms a good ointment in malignant ulcers.
Recent study: For pylorus ligation, aspirin, and stress induced ulcer in rats aqueous and
ethanol extract of the plant is very beneicial.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
910
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
11. Ocimumsanctum[33-35]
Family: Lamiaceae
Common name: Holy Basil or Tulsi
Cultivation: Throughout the India
Chemical constituents: Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, And Sterols
Active constituent: Fixed oileugenol
Antiulcer activity: Commonly used for the intestinal disorders
Recent study: Aspirin, indomethacin induced ulceration can be reduced via
administering the fixed oil of the plant at the doses of 1,2,3 mL/kg
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
911
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
12. Oryzasativa[36,37]
Family: Gramineae
Common name: Rice paddy
Cultivation: Throughout India, China, Burma, Japan
Chemical constituents: Starchy grain , fat , protein , mineral matter
Antiulcer activity: For the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, rice water would be
very beneficial with a pinch of salt and lemon.
Recent study: For swimming stress induced and pylorus ligation induced ulcer in rats
extract of the plant can be administered at the dose of 1mL/day for 4 days.
13. Plantagoispagula[38]
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
912
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Family: Plantaginaceae
Common name: Spogel seeds.
Cultivation: North West India; Punjab Sindh and Bengal, Mysore
Chemical constituents: Mucilage, fixed fatty oil, and albuminousmatter
Antiulcer activity: For gastritis, gastric, and duodenal ulcers decoction of the plant is
used.
14. Shorearobusta[39,40]
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Common name: Saltree
Cultivation: Sab Himalayan region and the forests of West Bengal
Chemical constituents: Ursolic acid, tri and tetrehydroxyursenoic acid, Asiatic acid
alpha and beta amyrin, and mangiferonic acid uvaol
Active constituents: Ursolic acid and amyrin
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
913
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Antiulcer activities: For foetid ulcers S. robusta with Cinnabar , Mastiche ,
Calamusdracoand Ghee is beneficial.
Recent study: For ethanoland pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer extract of the plant
can be administered at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg.
15. Tamarindusindica[41,42]
Family: Caesalpiniaceae
Common name: Tarmarind
Cultivation: Throughout India and Burma
Chemical constituents: Tartaric acid 5%, citric acid 4%, malic and acetic acids, tartaric
of potassium 8%, invert sugar 25–40%, gum, and pectin. Seeds containingalbuminoids,
fat, carbohydrates 63.22%, fibre, and ash contains phosphorus and nitrogen. Fruit having
traces ofoxalic acid.
Active constituents: Tannins
Antiulcer activity: For indolent ulcers decoction of the leaves are used.
Recent study: To reduce thetotal volume of gastricjuice andtotalacidity of gastric
secretion in pylorus ligation induced ulcer the methanolic extract of the seed coat can be
used at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg.
CONCLUSION
From this study we can say that the medicinal plants have a very vital role against various
diseases. They can play an important role in any kind of diseases especially in antiulcer
activity. It has so many effects on the antiulcer activity in animal models. It can reduces the
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
914
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
gastric volume of the animals and reduce the pain as well due to ulceration. Various
experiments has proved that it has effects on rats. So this study has a huge scope in future to
treat the ulcer with the medicinal plants. These plants are very easily available, less toxic and
the cost of these plants are very low so that we can use it very easily for any drug delivery
system to treat ulcer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author Acknowledge the support of Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology, Amtali,
Agartala, West Tripura-799130 for providing infrastructural and technological facilities to
carry out this review work.
REFERENCE
1. Grossman M. Peptic ulcer: A guide for the practicing physician. Am J Pharm Toxicol.
Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 2009; 4(79): 89-93.
2. Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. Pune: Nirali Prakashan Publisher,
2007; 35: 13.
3. Warrier PK, Nambiar VP, Raman Kutty C. Indian medicinal plants: A compendium of
species. Hyderabad: Orient Longman Publisher, 1994; 23: 500.
4. Parmar NS, Parmar S. Anti-ulcer potential of flavonoids. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol,
1998; 42: 343-51.
5. F. K. L. Chan and D. Y. Graham, ―Review article: prevention of non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug gastrointestinal complications—review and recommendations based
on risk assessment,‖ Alimentary Pharmacology andTherapeutics, 2004; 19(10):
1051–1061.
6. B. Debjit, C. Chiranjib, K. K. Tripathi, Pankaj, and K. P. Sampath Kumar, ―Recent trends
of treatment and medication peptic ulcerative disorder,‖ International Journal
ofPharmTech Research, 2010; 2(1): 970–980.
7. N. S. Vyawahare, V. V. Deshmukh, M. R. Godkari, and V. G. Kagathara, ―Plants with
anti-ulcer activity,‖ Pharmacognosy Review, 2009; 3: 108–115.
8. F. P. Brooks, ―The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease,‖ Digestive Diseases and
Sciences, 1985; 30(11): 15S– 29S.
9. http://www.betttermedicine.com/article/peptic-ulcer-1/symptoms, 2011.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
915
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
10. W. A. Hoogerwerfand P. J. Pasricha, Agents Used for Control of Gastric Acidity and
Treatment of Peptic Ulcers and Gastro Esophageal Reflux Diseaseedition, McGraw-Hill,
New York, NY, USA, 2001; 10: 1005–19.
11. B. J. Marshall and J. R. Warren, ―Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach ofpatients
with gastritis and peptic ulceration,‖ The Lancet, 1984; (1)8390: 1311–1315.
12. P. Malfertheiner, F. K. Chan, and K. E. McColl, ―Pepticulcer disease,‖ The Lancet, 2009;
374, 9699: 1449–1461.
13. D. L. Kasper, E. Braunwald, S. L. Hauser, J. L. Jameson, A. S. Fauci, and D. L. Lengo,
Principles ofInternal Medicine, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, NewYork,
NY, USA, 2005; 16: 221222.
14. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian MateriaMedica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
65–71.
15. M. Azamthulla, M. Asad, and V. S. Prasad, ―Antiulcer activity of Allium sativumbulb
juice in rats,‖ Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 2009; 17(1): 70–77.
16. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
76-77.
17. S. K. Borra, R. K. Lagisetty, and G. R. Mallela, ―Anti-ulcer effect of Aloe vera in non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced peptic ulcers in rats,‖ African Journal
ofPharmacy and Pharmacology, 2011; 5(16): 1867–1871.
18. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
776-783.
19. M. C. Divakar, S. B. Rao, G. R. N. Nair, and A. Hisham, ―The role of fatty acids on the
ulcer healing property of the nimbidin fraction of the neem oil,‖ JournalofMedicinal
andAromatic Plants Science, 2001; 23(3): 404–408.
20. N. R. Pillai andG. Santhakumari, ―Toxicity studies onnimbidin, a potential anti-ulcer
drug,‖ Planta Medica, 1984; 50(2): 146–148.
21. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
167–170.
22. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
197.
23. R. Kottaimuthu, ―Ethnobotany of the Valaiyans of Karandamalai, Dindigul District,
Tamil Nadu, India,‖ Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2008; 12: 195–203.
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
916
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
24. M. Indran, A. A. Mahmood, and V. R. Kuppusamy,―Protective effect of Carica papaya L
leaf extract against alcohol induced acute gastric damage and blood oxidative stress in
rats,‖ West Indian Medical Journal, 2008; 57(4): 323–326.
25. J. Drenth, J. N. J ansonius, R. Koekoek, and B. G. Wolthers, ―The structure ofpapain,‖
Advances in Protein Chemistry, 1971; 25: 79–115, 1971.
26. T. Kumari Subitha, M. Ayyanar, M. Udayakumar, and T. Sekar,―Ethnomedicinal plants
used by Kanitribals in Pechiparai forests of Southern Western Ghats, Tamilnadu, India,‖
International Research Journal Plant Science, 2011; 2(12): 349–354.
27. S. Srivastava, J. Jaiswal, H. Gautam, S. Sharma, and C. V. Rao, ―Anti-ulcer activity
ofmethanol extract of Hibiscus rosasinensisleaves,‖ International Journal ofPharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 5(3): 829–830.
28. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
730– 732,
29. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
764– 769,
30. N. Neelima, M. Sudhakar, M. B. Patil, and B. V. S. Lakshmi, ―Anti-ulcer activity and
HPTLC analysis of Mangiferaindicaleaves,‖ International Journal ofPharmaceutical and
Phytopharmacological Research, 2012; 1(4): 146–155.
31. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
805– 807.
32. N. V. Rao, K. Venu, U. Sowmya, G. J. Reddy, and K. Anirudan,―Evaluation ofantiulcer
activity of Momordicacharantia in rats,‖ InternationalJournal ofPharmacy
andBiologicalSciences, 2011;1: 1–16.
33. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
865–867.
34. S. Singh and D. K. Majumdar, ―Evaluation of the gastric antiulcer activity of fixed oil of
Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil),‖ Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 1999; 65(1): 13–19.
35. S. Singh, ―Evaluation of gastric anti-ulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimumbasilicum Linn.
and its possible mechanism ofaction,‖ Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1999;
36(3): 253– 257.
36. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
877–889.
37. S. Panchal, S. S. Goswami, M. B. Shan, and D. D. Santani, ―Effect of Oryza sativa bran
oil in various experimental ulcer models,‖
www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.
917
Sunirmal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
38. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
980– 985.
39. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
11321133.
40. M. Santhishkumar, N. Anusuya, and P. Bhuvaneswari, ―Antiulcerogenic effect of resin
from Shorearobusta on experimentally induced ulcer models,‖ International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 5(1): 269–272.
41. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1976; 1:
1191– 1193.
42. S. Kumar, S. Suman, S. Sharma, and P. Kalra, ―Antiulcer effect of the methanolic extract
of Tamarindusindica seeds in different experimental models,‖ Journal of Pharmacy and
Bioallied Sciences, 2011; 3(2): 236–241.