Review 600 - 1450

Famous Buildings to know…

Hagia Sophia

Explain the development of Christianity as a unifying social and political factor in medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire.

Medieval (Western Europe) “Feudalism and the manor system created divisions

among people. Shared beliefs in the teachings of the Church bonded people together. During an era of constant turmoil, the Church was a stable force. The Church provided Christians with a sense of security and a religious community to which they might belong.” (read more on pgs. 332-333)

Byzantine Empire Close connection between church & state Use of Greek language created linguistic unification Common religious ideology unified people

Compare the characteristics of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

Roman Catholicism Services in Latin Pope has authority over all other bishops & claims

authority over all kings & emperors Priests may not marry Divorce is not permitted

Eastern Orthodoxy Services conducted in Greek or local languages The patriarch and other bishops head the church as a

group Emperor claims authority over patriarch Priests may be married Divorce allowed under certain conditions

How did feudalism and manorialism develop?

see pencast

How did the spread of Islam affect societies, and, in turn, how did the societies conquered by Islam impact the religion? (Islam’s impact on Europe, Asia and Africa)

Unifying across tribal associations Allowed conquered to retain own religions Encouraged literacy & education Many converted

Genuine desire + no poll tax Some societies such as Ghana still retained

some aspects of their traditional animistic religions after “converting” to Islam

Islamic architecture in Spain and other areas along the Mediterranean

Describe the interactions among Muslim, Christian, and Jewish societies in Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

Muslims ruling most of Spain at the time - treat Christians and Jews relatively well

Crusades – major interaction between Muslims & Christians

Religious intolerance grows in Europe after the Crusades but learn much from Muslim societies

European Christians blame the Jews for the Plague

In Muslim states– Christians & Jews played important roles as officials and bureaucrats

Describe the interactions between Muslim and Hindu societies in South Asia. (Don’t worry about for test – we’ll get to it in next unit)

Muslim tribes from Central Asia invade northwestern India in the 600s Turkish warlords invade India in 1000 and establish the Delhi Sultanate,

where Hindus were treated as conquered people Mughal ruler Akbar establishes a golden age in India Religious freedom for Hindus and non-Muslims Taxation on Hindu pilgrims and on non-Muslims abolished Mingling of Arabic, Persian, and Hindu cultures that lead to new

developments in art and literature and the Urdu language in army camps Shah Jahan – construction of the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife Aurangazeb – expansion of Mughal empire throughout most of the Indian

subcontinent Harsh policies against Hindus including bringing back the tax on

pilgrimages, banning of Hindu temple construction, destruction of Hindu monuments, and dismissal of Hindus from government positions

Militant Hindus known as Marathas establish a breakaway state in southern India

Sikhs break away and establish a separate state in Punjab

How did the Crusades, the Black Death, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Great Schism contribute to the end of medieval Europe?

Crusades Failures except for 1st Pope’s power declines Power of feudal nobles weakens Italian cities expand trade and grow rich

Black Death Church lost some authority & credit Disrupted feudal society

Ex. Fewer peasants meant they could negotiate with landlords Hundred Years’ War

Created more nationalism Intense religious devotion & the code of chivalry disintegrated

Great Schism Deteriorated the “age of faith”

Summarize the major political, economic, and cultural developments in Tang and Song China and their impact on Eastern Asia.

Tang 7th-9th centuries Expanded China into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea Bureaucracy improved and greatly expanded Confucian revival enhanced position of the scholar-gentry class Art, architecture, science, philosophy, porcelain-making, silk-weaving,

transportation Poetry Collapsed due to local warlords gaining power

Song 960-1279 Built on Tang’s artistic & philosophical accomplishments but not as

strong militarily or politically as Tang Strongly promoted interests of Confucian scholar-gentry Civil service examinations routinized Encyclopedias, histories Printing processes -> spread of these literatures throughout Asia

Don’t forget the Sui too! Ended 4 centuries of

regional divisions Grand Canal

Connected the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Yangtze River

Much like the Qin Short! -> 39 years (589-

618) Huge construction projects

at expense of the people Ended in rebellion

Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong

Analyze how the Silk Road and the Africa gold-salt trade facilitated the spread of ideas and trade.

See PP called “Africa during the Middle Ages”

What were the impacts of Mongol invasions of Russia, China, and the Islamic world?

Russia not unified, princes of various cities/regions

Paid tribute to the Golden Horde 250 years under Mongol control Worst for the peasants Religiously tolerant of Orthodox

church Moscow benefits & grows while

the Golden Horde declines 1380 – princes of Moscow shifts

from tribute collectors to defending Russia Form alliance with other Russian

vassals -> defeated Golden Horde

Mongols in Russia

Kubilai creates Yuan Dynasty Mongolians on top of social

hierarchy Only time merchants &

traders valued more than the scholar-gentry & artists

Mongolian women have more rights but eventually see their freedom & power reduced

Refused to reinstate civil service examinations

Religiously tolerant Many foreigners travel here

Marco Polo

Mongols in China

Ilkhan Empire Baghdad sacked in

1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty

Shattered the central cities to Islamic civilization

Christians sometimes helped the Mongol military to defeat Islamic cities

Mongols in the Islamic heartlands

How was the Indian Ocean trade network influenced by physical geography?

Indian Ocean trade Long-distance trade across

the Indian Ocean between the Swahili City-States and South Asia

Indian Ocean calmer compared to Atlantic & Pacific Oceans

powerful monsoons create strong winds meaning ships could easily sail west early in the season, then wait a few months and return eastwards

Identify Justinian.

Ruler of Byzantine Empire - 527 Expanded empire into many parts of

the former Roman Empire – most of Italy & into Spain

Married Theodora Justinian Code Hagia Sophia and other churches Baths Aqueducts Law courts Schools Hospitals

Describe the Americas before the Age of Explorations, including the Maya, Aztec and Incan Empires.

Maya Olmec influences City-states such as Chichen Itza Ball game with religious & political significance Sophisticated farming methods Written language Religion

Polytheistic Occasional human sacrifice Leads to development of calendar, mathematics, astronomy

Social hierarchy king Noble class, including priests Merchants peasants

Aztec Capital: Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco Human sacrifice – both religious and to intimidate rivals Chinampas

Inca Andes Mountains Complex road system No written language but quipu for record keeping