Return to Outline Copyright 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-1 Chapter 3. Presenting Data

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Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price

3-1

Chapter 3.Presenting Data

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3-2

Outline

• GIS Concepts– Basic principles of map design– Choosing symbols– Choosing coordinate systems

• About ArcGIS– Page layouts and map scales– Labeling and annotation– Adding map elements– Reviewing and printing– Making a simple graph

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3-3

Basic principles of map design

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3-4

Map Design Process

• Determine the objectives of the map. • Decide on the data layers to be included. • Plan a layout.• Choose colors and symbols.• Create the map.

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3-5

Questions to consider

• Who will be using the map? • Under what circumstances will the map be

used? • Is the map likely to be copied or faxed?• What objectives should the map achieve? • How sensitive is the map information?

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3-6

Choosing layers

Which layers are important? How can you ensure legibility?

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3-7

Planning the layout

Poor designBetter design

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3-8

Basic principles for balance

• Maximize size of map relative to titles, legends, etc.

• Distribute elements evenly on the page, avoiding blank or cluttered areas

• Align straight edges and use neatlines to enclose map elements

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3-9

Choosing symbols

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3-10

Choosing symbols• Natural earth tones usually look better than

strident colors• Use pastels for most of map; use bold colors

sparingly for emphasis• Take advantage of the psychological aspects of

different colors and symbols• Mimic phenomena, such as using blue to

represent water• Make ramps easy to understand• Apply emphasis with color, size, and thickness

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3-11

Symbol psychology

Where is the water?

Where is there less rain?Which towns have more people? What’s there?

Where’s the danger?

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3-12

Vibrating Moiré pattern obscures roads

Use see-through lines to indicate urban areas

Symbol tricks

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Choosing symbols

Which one looks more aesthetic?Which one is easier to understand?Which one shows the roads better?

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Improving a world mapMore pastels

Natural colors

Use ramp to indicate increasing population

Emphasize the important information

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3-15

Pay attention to details!

Crowded

Unclear name

Abbreviations

Poor formattingMuch better!!!

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3-16

Choosing coordinate systems

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On-the-fly projection

Data in UTM

Data in State Plane

Data in GCS

Data frame coordinate system: Oregon Statewide Lambert

Source layers have any CS Set data frame to desired CS

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3-18

Types of coordinate systems

• Unprojected (GCS)– Geographic coordinate system– Based on spherical coordinates– Degrees of latitude and longitude

• Projected– Converts spherical coordinates to

planar– Set of mathematical equations– Projects 3D coordinates to 2D

map

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3-19

GCS properties

Measured in angular degrees

Length of longitude degree varies with latitude

Introduces distortion when portrayed in a plane as a GIS does

Unsuitable as a mapping CS

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3-20

Avoiding GCS when mapping

A map using a Geographic Coordinate system (GCS) appears distorted.

Always use a projected coordinate system for mapping

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3-21Cylindrical Conic Azimuthal

Types of projections

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3-22

Distortion• All map projections introduce distortion• Type and degree of distortion varies with map projection• When using a projection, one must take care to choose

one with suitable properties

Area

Distance

Shape

Direction

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3-23

About ArcGIS

Chapter 3.Presenting Data

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3-24

Page layouts and map scales

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3-25

Map layouts

• Create hard copy maps

• Place titles, legends, scales, north arrows

• Include tables and graphs

• Add images or logos

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3-26

The Layout toolbar

Zoom tools

Pan

Zoom Centered

Fit page

Actual Size

Previous/Next Extent

Enlarge

Change Layout

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3-27

Steps to Layouts• Planning the map• Setting up the map page and

data frames• Adding a legend• Adding a scale bar• Adding titles and text• Adding objects• Adding neatlines and

backgrounds• Adding graphics• Printing the map

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Visioning the map pagePaper size?

Landscape or Portrait?

Data framesSize and position?

Map scale?

Margins

Grid for aligning features

Layout view

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3-29

The Page Setup menu

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Scaling the mapAutomatic scaling Fixed scale Fixed extent

Resize frame

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3-31

Labeling and annotation

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Labeling Options

• Simple labels– Placed by user individually

• Dynamic labels– Placed automatically for an entire layer

• Annotation– Created from dynamic labels– Stored permanently with feature class

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Simple Labels

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Multi-line labels

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Dynamic Labels

• Turn on/off for entire layers• Redrawn each time the map view changes• Uses Autoplacement to ensure no

overlaps between labels• Unavoidable overlaps are discarded• Can specify classes with own symbols• Can specify placement priorities• May change between screen and printing

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Label properties

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3-37

Placement Options

polygonspoints

lines

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Conflict Detection

•Give different label classes different priorities

•Give different layers different priorities

•Set up white space buffer around labels

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3-39

Labeling toolbar

Set label priority Set label weight ranking

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Label Manager

Fast control of labels for all layers

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3-41

Viewing unplaced labels

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Reference scale

Reference scale

Sizes of annotation and symbols are specified when they are created.

By default they remain the same size as the user zooms in and out.

If the user sets a reference scale, the symbols and text can change size.

The reference scale is the scale at which symbols appear at their assigned size.

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3-43

Using the reference scaleIf the reference scale is not set, then symbols always appear at their assigned size even if the map scale changes (user zooms in or out).

If the reference scale is set, then symbols and text change size when the map scale changes. They only appear at their assigned size if the map scale once again matches the reference scale.

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Don’t confuse these scale terms

• The map scale is the ratio of the map units to the ground units, e.g. 1:24,000. It changes when you zoom in or out.

• The display scale range controls whether a layer is visible only at certain scales.

• The reference scale is the scale at which symbols and text appear at their assigned size

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3-45

Annotation

• Can be created from dynamic labels then edited individually

• Provides precise control of each label• Can be stored two ways

– As text in the map document• Can be used only within that map document• Simple editing using the Drawing toolbar

– As a feature class in a geodatabase• Can be used in many map documents• Requires using the Editor to move and change

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Prepare to create annotation

• Set up dynamic labels with desired properties and turn them on for the layer(s)

• Turn off labels for layers that should NOT be converted to annotation.

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3-47

Overview of creating annotation

2. Place overflow labels

3. Edit annotation

1. Choose conversion options

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3-48

Creating map annotation

Created as graphics on the map page.

Edit with the Drawing toolbar.

Becomes part of the data frame.

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Data frame annotation groups• Annotation placed as

text in the map becomes a part of the data frame.

• Open data frame properties to edit the annotation properties such as the reference scale.

• Use Remove Group to get rid of annotation

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Creating feature annotation

Use to set geodatabase to store it in

The geodatabase must already exist.

Don’t use the feature-linked option until you have learned about it. Is only available with and ArcEditor or ArcInfo license.

Use Append to add more anno to an already existing feature class.

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Feature annotation

Becomes a new feature class

Appears as a layer in the Table of Contents

Remove it by removing layer

Can add the feature class to as many map documents as you like

Must use the Editor to modify it (Chapter 13)

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3-52

Adding map elements

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Adding a legend

The Legend Wizard

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Adding a scale bar

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Scale properties

Scale bar size is determined by division settings and the map scale

Division unit

DivisionSubdivision

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3-56

Adding north arrow

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Text and titles

Earthquake Dea…

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3-58

Pictures

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3-59

Neatlines

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Reviewing and printing

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3-61

Printing maps

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3-62

Export as picture file

Documents

Return to Outline Copyright 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-1 Chapter 3. Presenting Data