T he speaker at our March meeting was Robert Frishman. Bob has repaired, restored and sold

antique clocks for more than thirty-three years. In 1992, he founded Bell-Time Clocks, named

after a Harper's Weekly engraving by Winslow Homer, shown below, depicting New England mill

buildings and workers whose workdays were governed by “bell time.”

For more information about Bob and Bell-Time Clocks, see http://www.bell-time.com.

We couldn’t have picked a better

time to have Bob as our guest speak-

er. Apple this week announced an

April release date for its all new

Apple Watch, which it says is capa-

ble of keeping time within 50 milli-

seconds of the Coordinated Univer-

sal Time Standard (UTC). Prices

begin at $349. However, for custom-

ers more interested in demonstrating

status than a commitment to punctu-

ality, there will be a version priced

at $17,000.

Using a timepiece to make a state-

ment about status is not a new fad. As Bob noted, clocks in the 16th century were expensive novel-

ties that were not very accurate. They were valued as much for conveying status as for timekeeping.

In that era, portraitists often included a clock as a way to tell the viewer that the subject in the paint-

ing was sophisticated, modern, and affluent.

An Heuristic History of Horology for the

Hoary Habitués of the RMA

Reporter: Bob Mainer

UPCOMING

MEETINGS

Friday, April 10

Friday, May 8

Friday, June 12 March Meeting Minutes Ships Bell Rang at 10:00 AM

Reporter Bill Johnson

Al Persson presided at the opening.

Pledge and Star Spangled Banner were led by Ray Graunas.

The coffee and doughnuts from Stop & Shop and the fruit were provided by Paul Sturgis

and John Iberg.

The badge set-up was provided by Robert Smith.

V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3

M ARCH 2015 Cigar Box Bulletin

RETIRED MEN’S ASSOCIATION

President’s Notes 2

Member Bio 6

March Birthdays

and Anniversaries 7

On Eyes 8

Member Photo

Album 9

Bulletin Board 10

Sacagawea 11

INSIDE THIS ISSUE:

Continued on Page 3

Continued on Page 5

V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 2

The Cigar Box Bulletin

P. O. Box 261

Wayland, MA 01778

Board of Directors

Al Persson President

Ray Atkins 1st Vice President

Chris Hammer 2nd Vice-President

Merrill Mack Treasurer

Mort Brond Program Chairman

Bob Diefenbacher Editor of Bulletin

Bill Ely Past President

Board Members

Karl Geiger Ron Riggert

Wally Hart Frank Lyons

Nick Veeder Bill Beebee

Thank You To Our

Proof Readers

Yutaka Kobayashi, Bob Curtiss, Karl Geiger,

Ben Stahl

Published monthly by the

Retired Men’s Association

of Weston, Wayland,

Sudbury and surrounding

communities.

President’s Notes

Let us hope that winter has gone and we have only the snow to melt before we hear the

return of the song birds marking the start of spring.

As I mentioned at the meeting we need members to serve on the Speakers Committee

and the Lets Get Acquainted committee. Both are important committees who work behind the

scenes to make the RMA what it is.

I encourage anyone interested to contact me if you can serve on one of these commit-

tees.

Ron Riggert has been working to improve the sound quality at the meeting for those

who have hearing problems. The RMA has purchased a wireless sound system with ear pieces. It

will enhance the sound and transmit it to the ear pieces. Just speak to Ron at the front of the

room before the meeting and he will give you a set of ear pieces. Be sure to return them to Ron at

the end of the meeting.

AL Persson

President of the RMA

C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 3

The history of timekeeping – i.e., horology, which Bob reminded

us should be spelled without an initial “w” – goes back much

farther than the 16th century. Human habits have been governed

by the sun’s light long before recorded history. Watching the

movements of the shadow created by a vertical stick standing in

the sun surely must have fascinated early humans and inspired

the development of crude sundials. Such a device was found in

Egypt’s Valley of the Kings and is believed to have been used to

measure work time. Even the daily opening of certain flower

blossoms offers a crude method for tracking time. Linnaeus cre-

ated a timetable which shows how various plants open and close

their blossoms at different hours. (I found information about Lin-

naeus’s floral clock at http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2007/05/23/

carolus-linnaeus-floral-clocks/.) A clever 18th century variation

on the sundial was the “noon gun” – a cannon with a lens focused

on its touch hole in such a way that the gunpowder would be ig-

nited at high noon each sunny day.

The sand glass (hourglass) is another man-made timekeeping

device with a long history. One appears on a 4th century sarcoph-

agus to symbolize the passage of time. The device quickly be-

came popular for measuring time-dependent processes (e.g.,

cooking) or commitments of time (e.g., “I’ll give you an hour of

advice”). Sand glasses also proved useful for timing helmsmen’s

watches at sea. No other time measuring device available at that

time could be used under maritime conditions. A half-hour sand

glass would define the helmsman’s watch. If a helmsman cheated

by flipping the sand glass a few minutes early, he was said to be

“eating sand.”

Galileo’s musings about the swinging motion of a suspended

light fixture in a church ceiling contributed to the next significant

horological development. . He observed that the lamp repeated

the same arc. Using his pulse to time the swing, he determined

that the amount of time for the lamp to trace the arc was the same

on each swing. This suggested to Galileo that a pendulum could

be used to regulate the movements within a clock’s works. In

1656, Christian Huygens made the first clock to incorporate Gali-

leo’s insight.

The introduction of the pendulum to timekeeping, however,

didn’t solve the problem of accurately measuring time in a rock-

ing boat. Accurate measurement of elapsed time is necessary for

knowing how far east or west a ship has traveled. This conun-

drum was known as the “longitude problem” in marine naviga-

tion. A disastrous wreck of a British ship caused by an error in

estimating its longitudinal position prompted Parliament in 1714

to establish a prize of £10,000 (£1.26 million today) for a method

to determine longitude within 1 degree. Larger awards were an-

nounced for greater levels of accuracy. John Harrison, with no

experience as a clock maker, solved the problem by designing a

chronometer with features such as oil-less bearings and a unique

escapement mechanism which made possible great accuracy over

extended periods of time. (Dava Sobel’s “Longitude: The True

Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Prob-

lem of His Time” was a best-seller about a decade ago). Harri-

son’s fourth version of his timepiece was only slightly larger than

today’s pocket watch and its works inspired watchmakers in sub-

sequent years.

Fifty years later, William Cranch Bond, working for his father’s

watchmaking firm, was the first in the American colonies to de-

sign and make a successful marine chronometer. It became the

choice for most ships operating out of Boston.

Because of their cost, few individuals in colonial days owned

clocks. For those who could afford a clock, it usually was one of

the most valuable items owned, as shown by probate records of

that time. Most residents in towns and villages depended on pub-

lic clocks – those mounted in church steeples and the fronts of

government buildings – and their bells to tell them the time. Paul

Revere’s foundry made many of New England’s public clock

bells in those years (including the bell which continues to strike

the hours in the steeple of the First Parish Church in Wayland).

The best known clockmaker in America’s late 18th century histo-

ry was Simon Willard. His Roxbury artisans created handsome

tall case clocks that were in great demand among affluent fami-

lies. A tall case clock wasn’t called a grandfather’s clock until

1876 when Henry C. Work wrote the song, “My Grandfather’s

Clock,” which became internationally popular. (In 1959, the Four

Lads included the song in an album!). Willard also designed and

made a clock that later became known as a banjo clock because

of its shape. Although Willard’s shop made quite a few clocks,

each was hand assembled using hand-made components. It was

not a mass production process.

Eli Terry is credited with adopting the use of uniform, inter-

changeable, precision-made parts as a substitute for high-cost

craftsmen’s skills in clock-making. This idea was not original

with Terry, but he was an early adopter. The concept subsequent-

ly became the basis for mass production of a wide range of prod-

ucts in American industry. Terry applied his manufacturing geni-

us to the production of clock mechanisms which used wooden

gears, thus bringing the cost of a shelf clock down to an afforda-

ble level for customers of average means. By 1814, his factory

was annually producing 3000 clocks with wooden gear works

mounted in simple wooden cases.

In the 1840’s, Chauncey Jerome developed a process for stamp-

ing gears out of brass. Soon he was producing 150,000 clocks

annually. His company evolved into the New Haven Clock Com-

pany with an annual production of 440,000 clocks. Seth Thomas

had been making wooden geared clocks at that time. Thomas

asked Jerome to teach one of his em-

Speaker—Continued

Continued on Page 4

V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 4

ployees how to make brass mechanisms. By 1845, Thomas

phased out all of its wooden geared clocks and produced a popu-

lar model with a weight-driven brass mechanism and an ogee

case (“ogee” refers to the curved profile of the molding that

frames the clock’s door.)

In 1891, a train crash in Ohio highlighted the need for accurate

timekeeping in railroad systems. In most cases, a single set of

tracks ran between cities and carried trains running in both di-

rections. Widely separated side tracks enabled trains to pass

each other. Trains were scheduled in such a way that at specified

times the tracks ahead for, say, a westbound train would be clear

because the east bound train would be – or should be – on a side

track. Moreover, two trains heading in the same direction were

required to be separated by specific time intervals to prevent

rear-end collisions. Thus, accurate timekeeping was essential for

safe operations. In 1893, the General Railroad Timepiece Stand-

ards were published. The Standards included specifications that

must be met in order for a watch to be certified for use on a rail-

road, including the ability to “keep time accurately to within a

gain or loss of only 30 seconds per week.” The Elgin, Hamilton

and Waltham companies, among other watchmakers, began to

produce pocket watches that met the railroad standards. (I

learned with Google’s help that Webb C. Ball, a jeweler and

watch maker, was hired by the Lake Shore and Michigan Rail-

way Company whose trains were involved in the 1891 wreck, to

devise a reliable railroad chronometer inspection system. Ball

subsequently contracted with several manufacturers to produce

high accuracy chronometers which he installed in cases he de-

signed and marketed under the Ball name. The Ball watches

developed a reputation for exceeding the General Railroad

Timepiece Standards, thus giving rise to one reason for saying,

“Keep your eye on the Ball.”)

The railroad industry’s operating requirements gave rise to the

idea, deemed radical in the 19th century, that uniform time stand-

ards should be adopted everywhere in the U.S. Prior to the 1918

Standard Time Act, each locality across the country had its own

definition of time. Two towns only a few miles apart might each

have its own independent definition. This was a nightmare for

railroad schedulers. Notwithstanding the logic for a uniform

time system, many localities were unhappy about relinquishing

control over setting time for themselves. Similar displeasure

occurred when the Uniform Time Act of 1966 established a na-

tionwide schedule for seasonal switches to Daylight Savings

Time.

The advent of the electric clock created yet another need for

uniformity. Henry Warren patented the synchronous motor in

1918 and it became the basis for his Telechron electric clock.

The Telechron’s accuracy depends on the constancy of the 60

cycle alternating current from the electricity’s source. Electric

utilities in the 1920s delivered power that was more-or-less 60

hz. This not only was a problem for achieving accuracy in elec-

tric clocks, it also became an issue when electric utilities wanted

to synchronize their alternating currents to create collaborative

grids. To solve these problems, Warren invented a master clock

which uses time signals from the Naval Observatory to regulate

the alternations in a power plant’s output. His original master

clock used the pendulum principle!

On a grander scale, worldwide uniformity in the definition of

time is the goal of Swatch.beat. Essentially, adoption of this

standard would mean that everyone everywhere on the globe

will have an identical, synchronized, definition of time ex-

pressed in a decimal format. Rather than try to explain

Swatch.beat here, I refer the reader to

http://www.timeanddate.com/time/internettime.html.

Bob closed his presentation with a bit of wisdom that reflects his

experience in repairing more than 7,000 clocks. He urged us to

remember that a mechanical clock runs 24/7. Most will run for a

very long time without failure. But like all machines, a mechani-

cal clock’s durability depends on the care it receives. Antique

clocks, in particular, need periodic cleaning and oiling. Howev-

er, if a mechanical clock fails, it may be quicker and much less

costly to simply replace the entire works with a new unit de-

signed specifically to be a replacement. Several German compa-

nies make clock mechanisms which are widely used to replace

failed mechanical clock movements.

The H4 Chronometer developed by John Harrison

first proved its shipboard usefulness in 1761.

Speaker—Continued

C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 5

Minutes — Continued

The RMA bulletin is provided by Bob Diefenbacher.

The RMA Minutes and Speaker write-ups are being provided by

Bill Johnson and Bob Mainer, respectively.

The slide presentation was prepared by Don Sherman.

In charge of the projector was Bob Curtiss.

The RMA official photographer is Art Phipps.

Al Persson read a note from Bert Fowler. Bert has been unable

to attend the recent RMA meetings. Bert recounted some of his

experiences in WW II radar development, including Ground Con-

trolled Approach radar for safely landing British Lancaster bomb-

ers returning from Germany in 1943. And Bert recounted three

other goals: seeing German planes, eating Yorkshire pudding,

and meeting Sir Robert Watson-Watt, the inventor of radar. He

got them all!

Mike Patterson announced that the speaker for Aug 13, 2015,

will be from Fidelity Investments.

Membership, travelers and guests were introduced by Nick

Veeder.

New members are Bill Thompson and Jim Frazer.

Travelers are:

Gerry Brody, who went to Puerto Rico during the blizzards,

watched the weather channel for Boston, and got a little tan.

Paul Sturgis, who went to Hawaii during the blizzards and en-

joyed the wildflowers.

Mort Brond, who went to Florida during the blizzards and en-

joyed walking and tennis.

Frank Lyons, who went to Florida (Sebastian and Vero Beach)

during the blizzards and couldn’t find his mail box when he got

back!

Don Sherman, who went to Florida during the blizzards and got

the call that his house was flooding from a plumbing leak. But,

all ended well because of the flood alarm, his neighbor, and a

plumber.

RMA host Guests

Chuck Wade Paul Neeson – who worked in

insurance.

Dave Stallard Bob Fitzgerald – who attended the

University of Toronto and MIT and

had his career at Raytheon.

John Heckscher Virtual Guest – who is at Wayland

Rehab. and needs visitors.

John Heckscher Bill McCullough – who worked at

Verizon with information systems and

logistics.

Joe Bausk Mike Bennett - who recently retired.

Fred Pryor Bruce Porter – who worked at Draper

Lab and the Foxboro Company and

has glaciology as a hobby.

Karl Geiger Dan Lynch – who retired from a

family sales business.

Al Persson Gerry Hume (2nd visit)

Al Persson Brad Thompson – who is from

Wellesley and worked in banking and

software.

Frank Lyons Phil Fontana – who could not make

the meeting.

A description of the RMA website (www.rmena.org) was

provided by Bob Curtiss:

The website includes history, speakers, members, activities, inter-

ests, past events, hiking, bulletins, contact info., etc. Bob paged

through examples of the various links.

Dan Sherman discussed the need for RMA committee member-

ships.

We need members for the following committees:

speakers

auditor

members biographies

members health

Ron Riggert described and showed some hearing aids and head-

sets that are available to the members who might have difficulty

at the RMA meetings.

Chris Hammer discussed future Special Events that included:

Private Museum of WWII in Natick. 10 am Wed April 8th

($10) (The museum has an enigma code machine)

BU Infectious Diseases Lab. Apr. 19 or 26 $25 bus

PawSox game in August. 4:30pm $37 bus

Other possibilities: Crime labs, Fruitland, Burton training camp.

Vital statistics for Feb and Mar 2015 were presented by

Jerry Brody.

Continued on Page 6

V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 6

Bert was born in 1938 in the heart of the Shenandoah Valley in

Staunton, Va. After graduation from high school in 1954 he went

to the Staunton Military Academy for one year. He graduated

from the University of Virginia in 1959. Thanks to his year at

the military academy he next spent two years of sea duty in the

Navy out of Norfolk, Virginia.

This was the first step from a southern farming community to a

career involving ships and living in the Boston area. After the

Navy stint he went to Charlottesville for three years of law

school. He managed to answer a few law school exam questions

well enough to qualify for the Law Review.

During a summer break after the first year he met his future wife,

Betsy, who was from Philadelphia while she was in college in

VA. They were married in 1965.

After graduating in 1964 he went to work for the Department of

Justice in Washington in the Admiralty and Shipping Section,

Civil Division. There he qualified for the Honors Program posi-

tion. He very happily worked with the US Navy, Coast Guard,

and Army Corp of Engineers as his first clients. This led to his

going into private practice in 1967 with Bingham, Dana &

Gould, the only major firm in Boston with an admiralty practice.

He left Bingham in 1974 and since about 1980 was associated

with Looney & Grossman, LLP, a 25 person Boston firm as a

partner and now as Senior Council.

Bert and Betsy moved to Wellesley in 1968 and into their present

1848 built house in 1973. During this period they had three chil-

dren, Julie in 1968, Susan in 1970 and Eric in 1973. Over the

years he has been on the town Advisory Committee and the

Wellesley Housing Authority.

Currently six grandchildren plus the Red Sox, bridge, stamp col-

lecting and an occasional trip make wonderful time consumers.

Bert has very much enjoyed his almost fifty years in Boston and

will have no complaints with another “almost fifty years”.

Bert’s membership was sponsored by Al Persson.

Member Bio—Bert Snyder

Health of members: Burt Skeen died last month.

Presentation of a video by Ray Atkins was postponed due to

lack of time.

Humor was presented by Dr. Harold Wilkinson:

“May your life be like a roll of toilet paper ……….

long & useful”

Romeo luncheon was announced to be at (the former) Bistro 20

by Frank Lyons

Special Thanks to our Scribes!

Minutes—Continued

Spring...on the way...

Not this one???

This one, right?

Can’t come

soon enough!

Anniversaries in March

C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 7

Average Years Married—45

Average Age—81

Birthdays in March

Member Birthday Age Aldo Rossini 03/09 73

Peter Anderson 03/10 74

Mark Dakss 03/01 75

Ed Gottmann 03/05 75

Bob Cooke 03/26 80

Francis Kelly 03/06 80

Raymond Middleton 03/02 80

Jerome D. Hanfling 03/12 82

Gerald Brody 03/15 83

Robert Lenington 03/16 85

Abner S. Salant 03/18 85

Robert A. Vannerson 03/16 89

Yutaka Kobayashi 03/11 91

Member Spouse Anniversary Years

Abner S. Salant Joyce 3/27/2011 4

Francis T. Lyons Ursula 3/8/1969 46

John Heckscher Kathy 3/30/1968 47

J. Stanley Waugh Helen 3/4/1961 54

Donald Sackman Kay 3/30/1957 58

John Beard Molly 3/31/1956 59

V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 8

Can you see?

The cornea is the outermost layer in the front of the eye. It is

crystal clear and functions, along with the lens, to bend the light

rays as they enter the eye and focus them on the retina. Any de-

fect in the cornea will affect the sight by bending the rays off of

the retina. If the cornea becomes cloudy the person at first loses

night vision and eventually becomes blind.

The cornea does not contain any blood vessels as the blood ves-

sels would affect the transmission of light. The cornea gets its

necessary nutrients from the inside of the eye by osmosis. The

cornea also obtains nutrients through tears.

Thousands of people injure their cornea in the United States each

year. If it happens to both eyes they can become blind despite

having two healthy eyes

The first corneal transplant was done in 1905 by Dr. Zirm of the

Czech Republic but it did not catch on because the complication

rate was too high. Dr. Filatov of Russia perfected the procedure

and in 1936 made his work public. Today about 40,000 corneal

transplants are done in the US each year.

During my internship, corneal transplants were often performed.

One of the difficult parts was obtaining corneal donors. They

came from people who had recently died. Relatives were reluc-

tant to donate the eye of a deceased person, in spite of the fact

that it would allow someone else to see. There was also a prob-

lem getting someone to remove the eyes as they needed to be

harvested shortly after death under sterile conditions.

I felt strongly that this was a very good thing. I therefore volun-

teered to harvest the eyes. I soon was also the one to ask the rela-

tives to give permission for the eyes to be donated.

I remember one older lady whose husband had died. I spoke to

her and asked if she would allow me to harvest the eyes. She did

not know what to say. Her son spoke up and urged her to say yes.

A month later I received the only letter I received from a pa-

tient’s family during my internship. The lady said she was still

not getting over her husband’s death. She also thanked me for

asking and then harvesting the eyes. It was one of the bright spot

in her life to think that two people were seeing the world as her

husband had seen it for so many years.

by Al Persson

April Fools Day is Only a Couple of Weeks Away!

C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 9

My wife and I enjoyed a trip to San Francisco and over to Yosemite for the annual Bracebridge Dinner

in December.

It was a wonderful experience and the photography opportunities were everywhere, especially in Yosemite.

Photo Album

A US city recognizable immediately

Atop Nob Hill

Muir

Woods

Famous Tunnel View

Half Dome

Morning Outside the

Ahwahnee Hotel

V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 10

RMA Bulletin Board

Wanted: New Members!

We are seeking new members, especially recently re-

tired men who would like the comradery and program-

ming of the RMA.

Just ask a friend to come to the April 10th RMA

meeting with you, bring him over to Nick Veeder at

the sign-in table to register your guest.

Nick has membership applications and can explain the

procedure to you and your guest.

Photos Needed

Many RMA members take photos on trips out

of the area and sometimes (like this month)

there is space to include some of them in the

Bulletin.

Egotistically your editor has included a few on

the previous page, but some of your travel

shots would be great to have on tap to use

when there is space available.

Please email any photos you would like to see

in the Bulletin to Bob Diefenbacher

denbrook@verizon.net. Include a little text to

describe the who, what, when, and where of

your images

Thanks you!

Groaners...

I think I want a job cleaning mirrors.

It's something I could really see

myself doing.

What do you call a fish with no eyes?

A fsh

What's the difference between a snow

man and a snow woman?

Snow balls! (ed.: Whoops, sorry!)

How about volunteering for one of the RMA committee needs: speakers, auditor, members’ biographies, or members’ health?

Contact Al Persson at popanlet@verizon.net if you are interested

C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 11

Sacagawea

In 1788 a girl was born to the chief of the Agaidika (Salmon eaters) tribe of the Lehi Shoshone

nation near present day Salmon, Idaho. She was given the name Sacagawea. When she was 11,

during a battle, she and several other girls were captured by a group from the Hidatsa tribe,

who lived in present day North Dakota. In addition to the abduction of the girls the battle re-

sulted in the death of four men. The practice of capturing women and children and adding

them to their tribe was common among the plains Native Americans.

When she was 13, she became the second wife of a French fur trapper, Toussaint Charbon-

neau. His first wife was also a captured Shoshone woman named Otter. Charbonneau was liv-

ing with the Hidatsa. It is not clear if he purchased them or won them gambling. The plains

Native Americans loved to gamble.

In any event, they were living there when Lewis and Clark arrived in the Hidatsa camp in fall

of 1804 to spend the winter. The Corp of Discovery was on its way to the Pacific Ocean to

explore the new area that President Thomas Jefferson had just purchased from Napoleon, the

Emperor of France.

They hired Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea as guides and interrupters. Sacagawea was pregnant with her first child. The child

was born on February 11, 1805 and named Jean Baptist Charbonneau. The members of the Corp of Discovery called him, “Little

Pomp”.

In April, Lewis and Clark left and proceed up the Missouri River in pirogues. In August 1805 they arrive in a Shoshone village and

discovered that the chief was Sacagawea brother. He was willing to trade for horses and guide the expedition to the Rocky Mountains

as they traveled west.

The trip over the mountains proved very hard and they ran out of food. Sacagawea helped them find wild roots and other eatable

food.

As they reached the western side of the mountains and the headwaters of the Columbia River they met a group of Native Americans

who lived in the area. One of them had a beautiful coat make from otter skins. Clark tried to trade for the coat but was unsuccessful.

Sacagawea traded her beaded belt for the robe. The robe was later given to President Jefferson as a gift.

On November 24, 1805 they reached the Pacific Ocean. The group looked at several sites where the winter camp should be built.

Everyone voted where it should be. The voted included Sacagawea and York, who was Clark’s black manservant.

On the return trip in 1806 Sacagawea guided the group through several passes including the one in present day Yellowstone Park.

Another was Gibbon Pass which is where the Northern Pacific Railroad runs today.Sacagawea and her husband rejoined the group of

Hidatsa Native Americans who they were living with when Lewis and Clark hired them. Sacagawea gave birth to a daughter named

Lizette in 1810.

Clark offered to see to Jean Baptist’s education. His parents brought him to St Louis for the purpose and Clark became his legal

guardian.

It is felt, that without Sacagawea, the Corp of Discovery would not have survived the trip. The presents of a women with the group

was seen by the local Native Americans as a sign that the group was a peaceful group and not there to make war.

By AL Persson

First Class Mail Next Meeting

Friday, April 10

Web site RMenA.org

E-mail info@RmenA.org

R.M.A. Box 261

Wayland, MA 01778

RMA Meeting Friday, April 10, 10:00 am

On Line/Distance Learning Speaker: Glenn Strehle, Treasurer Emeritus, MIT

Distance education or distance learning is a mode of delivering education and instruction, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional setting such as a classroom. Distance learning provides "access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance, or both."

Glenn Strehle is the Treasurer Emeritus of MIT. Following his retirement in 1999, Glenn served as Advisor on External Relations to the MIT Center for Ad-vanced Educational Services. He is a co-author of a book chapter on the use of educational technology and has also spoken on this subject at conferences in both the USA and London.

You will want to learn more about this exciting new way

to deliver knowledge!