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Temporal contiguity principle
Students learn better when corresponding words and “pictures” are presented simultaneously rather than successively
• Mayer, 2004
Traditional concept maps • A concept map is a diagram showing the relationships
among concepts • Satisfies temporal contiguity principle
Spatial principle
• Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other
• Mayer, 2004
Conceptual chapter map • A graphical tool for organizing concepts
• Shows links among concepts • Provides brief explanation of the concepts • Satisfies temporal contiguity principle• Satisfies spatial principle
Use
• Review tool for a topic or a chapter• Drawn on the board by instructor • Completed with the help of students • Distributed to students• Used during in-class assignments/quizzes • Option for “revising” a chapter map
Production Possibility Frontier • Slope
• Constant • Increasing
• Points: • inside• outside • on PPF • Corners
• Shifts in PPF• Affecting one good • Affecting both goods
Production Possibility Frontier show every possible combination of two goods produced by a country
Slope of PPF shows the Opportunity Cost
Shifts of PPF occur when either technology or amount of resources is changed
Intercepts: Red – max production of good A when B = 0Orange - max production of good B when A = 0Possible but not efficient: Green and every point inside PPF Possible and efficient: Black, Red, Orange and every point on PPF Not possible but desirable: Blue and every point outside PPF
Good A
Good B
Good A
Good B
Good A
Good B
Good A
Good B
Good A
Good B
Constant OC Increasing OC Affecting both goods Affecting one good
Demand, Supply, Market Equilibrium• Law of demand • Shifts of demand curve • Law of supply • Shifts of supply curve • Market equilibrium • Surplus • Shortage • Changes in market equilibrium
Market
Demand Supply
Changing price: Increasing price decreases QdDecreasing price increases Qd
Changing price: Increasing price increases QsDecreasing price decreases Qs
Changing Demand:
Number of consumersPopularityFuture pricesChange in income: - Normal goods - Inferior goods
Changing Supply:
Number of Sellers Better technology Future prices Input pricesPrices/popularity of similar goods
Changes in EquilibriumAlgorithm: 1) Draw the D and S curves and
show the equilibrium 2) Decide whether event shifts S
curve or D curve or both3) Decide in which direction curve(s)
shifts. 4) Illustrate the shifts using the graph5) Use supply-demand diagram to
identify new equilibrium P and Q.
“Evidence”
• Students use concept maps in class • A-ha moments • Reduced load of questions during the in-class assignment
“Evidence”
• Business statistics • Normal vs. Standard Normal vs. Uniform• Hypothesis testing
• Intermediate Microeconomics • Max utility vs. Min cost • EV vs. CV
Practical strategies • Introduce maps as a review before in class assignment
• Assign “revise” the map instead of the “create” the map
• Keep it simple (Coherence Principle) • Students learn better when extraneous material is excluded rather
than included
• Think what’s important and what is not. Only the most important things should be included in the map
Practical strategies • Keep it colorful to emphasize important points
• Make sure that assignment can be answered with concept map
• Provide links and definitions; allow space for student to fill in with examples
“Evidence”
• Principles of Micro • PPF • Opportunity Cost and
Trade • Demand, Supply and
Equilibrium • Elasticity • Surplus • Public goods • Cost • Market comparison • Each type of market
• Principles of Macro • GDP • Inflation • Productivity and
growth• Savings and
Investment • Unemployment • Open market
economy
Next step: Class Experiment • Conceptual chapter map in Principles of Macroeconomics • 2 classes of students:
• Chapter map for in-class assignment for Class 1 • Notes for in-class assignment for Class 2 • No notes for the test
• Chapter map for quiz for Class 1 • Notes for quiz for Class 2 • No notes for the test