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Re-thinking The Teaching and Learning Skills in The age of Technology Authored by : Mohamed Kharbach

Rethinking Education in the Age of Technology

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Re-thinking The Teaching and Learning

Skills in The age of Technology

Authored by : Mohamed Kharbach

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Table of Content

About The Author................................................................................................................................3

Re-use of This Book.............................................................................................................................4

Disclaimer and / or Legal Notices ............................................................................4

Introduction................................................................................................................................... .......5

The Three Eras of Education :..........................................................................................................7

1- Apprenticeship Era

2- Universal Schooling Era

3- Life-long Learning Era

The difference Between The Three Eras................................................................... .........13

The 21st Century Skills for Students..................................................................15/33

1- Students Expectations

2- Ways to Cater to Students Needs

3- The 21st century Skills Students Need

The 21st century Skills Teachers Need............................................................. 34/40

1- Recommendations for the 21st century Teachers

2- List of Skills Teachers Need to Have

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

About The Author

Mohamed ( Med ) Kharbach is a Canadian Certified Teacher working at the Yarmouth Tri-county Regional Schoolboard. He has been teaching for nine years now. He is also a master student in Mount Saint Vincent University, department of education in Halifax. He is working on a thesis about the educational use of emerging technologies in education. Mohamed is also a SEO ( Search Engine Optimizer ) and web designer. He is the editor and owner of two educational blogs. Educational Technology and Mobile Learning is where he writes about web 2.0 revisions and provides tips for both students and teachers on how to better implement technology in their classrooms. Educational Mobile Technology is his second blog where he reviews the best free mobile apps for both iOS and Android. You can contact Med at [email protected] or use the contact form at his blogs.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Reuse of this ebook

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.. I do grant you the full permission to print and use the content of this ebook as you see fit provided that you do not charge participants for it. You can also publish it on your blog or website with proper attribution and provided you do not charge visitor’ access to it.

DISCLAIMER AND/OR LEGAL NOTICES

The author of this work does not accept any liability or responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information, ideas, opinions or other content in this transcript. While every attempt has been made to verify the information provided

here, the author and his referrals cannot assume any responsibility for

errors, inaccuracies or omissions.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Introduction

Ever since the start of this new millennium, “ 21st century skills “ has

been a catch-phrase racketing around education and business world. It

is still gaining momentum and will definitely do so for the coming years.

We are leaving behind and entire thousand-year set completely

different from the one we are advancing into. No two persons can even

differ over the huge change humanity has witnessed in the last decade.

National Geography magazine In its last printed version,” the Top 100

Amazing Inventions “ has stated that in the last ten years scientists

have unearthed more knowledge and facts than what the entire

humanity have achieved since its creation. Yes this is jaw dropping.

Science is developing in such a tremendous way that life in 2050

would completely be different from all kinds of lives that Man has ever

known.

Technology is looked upon as the primary engine of these

transformations. AAs educators our focus will be narrowed down to

just education. This latter is where the change is starkly noticed. The

advancement of technology has swept away every traditional aspect of

education . Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, YouTube, Blogs, Social

Networking, iPhones to mention but some have all had their say in this

transformation.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Digital era, information age, knowledge era are new terms that we

start hearing recently because of this digital boom. We live in a digital

world where computers, tablets and mobile devices are predominant. If

you are under the age of 31 you grew up surrounded by digital media.

Our students are digital natives . They don’t know anything else, this is

their lifestyle. They also know that they are different from” digital

immigrants” who are those people who learned to “ do technology”

later in life. There is even a growing digital divide between students and

some of their old fashioned teachers who are still resisting the change.

This results in an unhealthy learning environment that has severe

repercussions on the entire learning and teaching process. This is

exactly where this ebook fits in. It tries to help in bridging the gap

between teachers and students via providing some tips and ideas that

might help teachers and students hone in their differences and work

hand in hand in the development of our schooling.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The Three Eras of Education

In their book ‘ Rethinking Education in The Age of Technology ’ Allan

Collins and Richard Halverson have elaborately discussed the major

transformational eras that education has gone through before it

becomes what it is now. To understand today’s education I deem it

important that you have an idea of what these great authors have

written in this regard. The book talks about the American educational

system as an example which we can apply to many other educational

systems around the globe.

According to Allan and Richard education has gone through three

phases : the first one is called Apprenticeship an which lasted until the

19th century, the second one is called Universal Schooling which was

prevalent in the 20th century and the last one is called Life Long

Learning that is actually taking place.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

1- The Apprenticeship Era

Until the 19th century, education was largely the responsibility of

parents. Most people were farmers, and children learned the skills they

needed, whether it was reading and counting or plowing and sewing,

from their parents or other kin. This was the apprenticeship system,

where individual children were taught all they needed to know by those

close to them. Where people

took up other occupations, such

as crafts or midwifery,

apprenticeship was the way they

learned these occupations.

Often, they were apprenticed to

a friend or relative of the family,

if not to their parents. They

learned by observation,

imitation, and guided practice. As Lawrence Cremin states,” In general

the pedagogy of household education was the pedagogy of

apprenticeship, that is a relentless round of imitation, explanation, and

trial and error.”

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

2- Universal Schooling

In early 19th century New England Horace Mann led a movement

toward Universal Schooling that shifted the responsibility of educating

children from the family to the state. This movement resulted mainly

from a chain of events that included: The invention of the printing

press, the Reformation, the American Revolution and the Industrial

Revolution. The last of these was the real precipitating event that

caused the push for universal schooling among a group of

humanitarians concerned

with the welfare of children

in an industrial society. The

school structures and

institutions that evolved in

the first 100 years of

Universal Schooling solved a

set of problems facing a

growing an urbanizing country in very efficient and effective ways.

Here are the main pieces that constructed the interlocking system of

universal schooling and that also solved many of the educational

problems faced in the process of creating this system.

Compulsory Attendance: This was the main thrust of the universal

schooling. Its goal was to ensure that the populace was educated

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

enough to make wise political decisions since the control of the

government at that period was turned over to the public.

Graded Schools: This was a response to the problems created by the

huge increase in students brought on by compulsory attendance.

Working with students of the same age reduced the amount of

curricular knowledge for teachers and made it easier to control classes.

Tests: tests were used to sort students into classes where they have

the same ability. They were used to track the progress of students

through the system so that they would advance to the next grade

based on demonstrating that they had mastered the material covered

in the current grade.

Textbooks: textbooks were introduced to solve the problem of what

students should learn. This was necessary to provide some uniformity

in what students were learning in the different schools across the

country.

Carnegie Units: Carnege units addressed the problem of uniformity

across a very diverse country. By specifying what courses should cover,

they allow students to move from one school to the other with some

coordination in what the students learn. In particular, it allows colleges

and universities to determine what students have studied in high

school and whether they have been adequately prepared to take on a

course of study in college. In a highly mobile society, such as America,

the kind of coordination provided by Carnegie units is essential to

placing students when they change schools.

Comprehensive High Schools: These allowed schools to offer a diversity

of courses to suit different kinds of students. They were part of the

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solution to the problem of how to meet the learning needs of a wide

variety of students.

The system that evolved from all of the aforementioned features

proved to be very effective in educating a highly diverse population. But

the society has continued to change, while these features have been

locked in place for over 100 years. So the pressures are building for new

solutions to the problems of education.

3- Life Long Learning Era

With the advance of technology and telecommunications the seeds of a

new educational system started to blossom giving birth to what is now

called Life-Long Learning. These seeds

can be seen in the explosive growth

of home schooling, workplace

learning, distance education, adult

education, learning centres,

educational television and videos,

computer-based learning software,

technical certifications, and Internet

Cafes. Many of these seeds will affect the learning of children, but

many others will affect people of all ages, as learning becomes a

lifelong enterprise. The face of education is changing rapidly and it

remains to be seen exactly what form it will take.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

When taken together, the cumulative effect of these innovations is to

extend learning throughout life and over many venues. With time,

these pieces might come to comprise the fragments of a new system of

education in which schools are pushed to the peripheral role in learning

that they once occupied in the era of apprenticeship. But for now,

these elements have developed independently of one another. They do

not in any sense form a coherent system of education. That is where

the need for visionaries is most apparent. It will take a new group of

energetic visionaries to once again do the kind of work that Horace

Mann and his colleagues did, that is to figure out how to build an

equitable and coherent system from these emergent technological

pieces.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Difference between the three eras of education

As we moved from the apprenticeship era to the universal schooling,

then to the life long learning era, there occurred many changes on a

number of different dimensions. Who was responsible for children’s

education, what was the purpose and the content of their education,

how were they to be taught and

assessed, and what did we expect them

to learn. There were akso changes in

the location of where learning took

place, the culture in which learning

occurred, and the relationship between

teachers and learners.

Here is a brief review of these changes:

Responsibility: From parents ( in the apprenticeship era) to the state (

in the universal schooling era) to individuals and parents ( in life long

era)

Expectations: From social reproduction ( in 1st era) to success for all (

2nd era) to individual choice ( 3rd era ).

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Content: From practical skills ( 1st era) to disciplinary knowledge ( 2nd

era) to learning how to learn ( 3rd era ).

Pedagogy: from apprenticeship ( 1st era) to didacticism ( 2nd era ) to

interaction ( 3rd era ).

Assessment: From observation ( 1st era) to Testing ( 2nd era ) to

embedded assessment ( 3 rd era ).

Location: From home ( 1st era ) to school ( 2nd era ) to anywhere ( 3rd

era ).

Culture: From adult culture ( 1st era ) to peer culture ( 2nd era) to

mixed-age culture ( 3rd era ).

Relationships: From personal bonds ( 1st era) to authority figures ( 2nd

era) to Computer-mediated interaction ( 3rd era).

That was in brief what Allan Collins and Richard Halverson have covered

in their book “ Rethinking Education in The Age of Technology “, a book

which I highly recommend for you to read. There are more interesting

facts that they provided and that I could not include here because of

the constraints of space.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The 21st Century Skills for Students

1-Students Expectations

Today’s students are digitally focused. The average student spends at

least 4 hours daily interacting with their digital gadgets. This digital

culture which has permeated our kids’ life has brought about a set of

changes to their learning habits some are positive and some are

negative. The worst aspect of them all is the short attention span. It is

very hard to maintain a

student’s attention for longer

time posing the question of

contemplative creative thinking.

When you look at creativity

from this perspective it sheds a

lot of light on the debate

educational technologies have

been having recently over the power of Internet on students brains. Are

students getting overwhelmed with an always connected multi tasking

lifestyle? Is that going to lead to less sophisticated thought as they

move away from the slower, deeper and contemplative state of reading

for instance?

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

I think it is very important here to remember that the greater driver of

scientific innovation and technological inventions has been the historic

increase in connectivity, the ability to reach out and exchange ideas

with other people, that has been more than anything else the primary

engine of creativity and innovation. Yes it is true students are more

distracted when using

digital media but what is

really so miraculous and

marvelous is their ability

to access a plethora of

ways to connect and

reach out and find other

learners who have that missing piece of information that would

complete the idea they are working on. That is the real lesson of where

good ideas come from. The chance favours the connected mind.

So to better cater to the needs of such a group of learners we need to

know their expectations. And according to a recent study in this regard,

Today’s students have various expectations such as:

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Freedom to choose and express their personal views and

individual identities

Customization and Personalization

Scrutiny: detailed, behind the scene analysis

Integrity and openness in their interactions with others

Entertainment and play to be integrated into their work, learning

and social life

Collaboration and relationships to be a vital part of what they do

Speed in communications, getting information, and getting

responses to questions and messages

Innovation in their lives

Ways to Cater to Students 21st century Needs

Now that we know their expectations, how are we going to personalize

their learning and make them perform better while respecting their

mind sets?

Obviously ‘ a one-size-fits-all’ factory model and one-way broadcast

approach to learning does not work well for these students’. Trilling

and Fadel found five key findings that may help guide and reshape

learning to meet our students’ needs:

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

1. Create more authentic learning experiences. Students need more real-world problem solving, internships in real work settings.

2. Allow mental model building, students should be put into situations that incorporate new experiences that change their views over time.

3. Create lessons that have an emotional connection to what is being learned.

4. Create more personalized learning opportunities for students. Differentiate!

5. Embed social learning into lessons. Online communication is an option.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The 21st century Skills Students Need

After this brief analysis of the expectations and the ways we can cater

to our students learning needs, we need to know what the skills most

important to their learning are. Of course as education is changing so

do the skills we as teachers need to focus on. The skills the 20th century

students need to develop during their schooling are different from the

ones of the 20th century.

To better prepare students for post school life, teachers need to

encourage and help students acquire the following skills:

Passion for the digital

I think most of the students have it now but still teachers need to make

sure students are aware of the technological challenges of the future.

Equipping students with the basic technological skills is the key

solution. This includes the understanding and using of :

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Internet Search

Students need to know how to

effectively search online using key

words and modifiers. This skill will

help them not only in their schooling

but also in their life in general. Here

are some articles I recommend for

developing this skill:

Three Effective Ways to Search The

Web

Google Search tips

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Office Suite Skills

Students need to know how to

open a word document, edit and

share it, use a spreadsheet, create

a form, make a survey, create a

presentation and embed it

somewhere else. Open Office /

Libre Office, Microsoft Word, and

Google Docs all can help students

develop this skill.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The Use of Social Media

Social networking sites such

as Twitter, Facebook,

YouTube, And Stumble

Upon are not just for

socialising, they can be of

great educational help.

Students need to know how

to benefit from these free

services in exchanging ideas

and getting to know other students and sharing the knowledge. They

can also use them to work on class projects and assignments. Blogs are

also another learning element that students can use. There are many

free blogging platforms where you can start your free blog: Blogger and

Wordpress are great places to start with. Mastering the social

networking skill can open up many promising horizons for students in

the future.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Filtering and assessing Web content

Internet is ripe with content covering everything you look for. Students

often use it to look for information they need in their school projects.

Just typing in the search query and clicking on the first search results is

not enough to ensure that the content is trustworthy and has a degree

of credibility. Many web sites owners use malicious techniques to trick

search engines and get higher page rank. This is a serious issue for our

students who do not know anything about this matter. We need to

teach them that when they perform a search online and land on a web

page that answers their query they have to look first for the author of

the article, check his

authority in the field he is

writing about. They can

start with quickly reading

his bio if possible, his

professional and scholarly

background. They also

need to check the rank of

his web page using very

simple tools such as Google

Page Rank and Alexa. There are extensions and add-ons that students

can install on their browsers to constantly check the rank of web pages.

The content from an article that ranks 7 or 8 is more likely to be

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

credible than the one from a website that ranks 1 or 2. I personally use

both the Alexa and Google page rank checker on my Chrome browser

and whenever I am in a website the first thing I do is to look up and see

their rankings. Google assigns a page rank to every website online It

uses numbers from 1 to 10 with 10 being the highest. Alexa also

classifies websites according to their total page views, their backlinks

and popularity .It starts from millions to 1 with number 1 being the top.

Typing Skill

Typing which is disregarded by many learners can be a real pain in the

back when preparing a classroom project. Learning how to type fast

and accurately is a skill

much needed even

outside school in the

market place. We are

living in a fast paced

world and the quicker

you do things the better

chances you get. I have

some resources for

students to develop their typing skills. These are mainly interactive

games and exercises that they can use from time to time to master

their keyboarding.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Check out these resources:

Free Resources to Develop Typing Skills

Test and Improve your Typing

Staying secure and safe online

Students need to learn how to

keep their identities and data safe

from intruders and hackers. The

web is full of scammers and unless

we take our precautions we might

be a victim of one of them one

day. Here are some resources for

online safety to check out

Free Tools and Resources about Internet Safety

Google Good to Know: Everything you Need to Know about Staying Safe

Online

Google Plus: Safety Guide for Parents and Students

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Back up Data or Plan B

As students use the web to

work on projects and

assignments from school, it is

important that they know how

to back up their data for a rainy

day. Prevention is better than

cure. Here are some resources

on backing up data.

Google Takeout Back up your Data

Free Resources to Back up your Files

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Respecting Creative Commons and Copy Right

When students create multimedia projects they might be tempted to

simply do a Google Images search and use the first images they see. But

as educators and teachers, we have a responsibility to teach students

to respect copyright holders’ rights. One of the ways that we can do

that is by teaching students how to use Creative Coomons and Copy

Right Infringements. Let us take

the use of images as an example.

Students need to know that

images that are shared on the

net are pretected by copyright.

This means that they can not just

take images that someone else

has made and use them as their

owns. Using someone else’s work without permission is called “

Copyright Infringement”. This can get people in trouble.

Fortunately enough, some people are reluctant to share their work so

that others can re-use. Creative Commons is an organisation that gives

out licenses for people to share their work ( like the photos they’ve

taken or pictures they’ve drawn). Students can use these kind of images

on their multimedia projects and blog posts as long as they attribute

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

the image. Attributing the image means adding a caption under the

image to say who made the image and where you got it from.

Here are some websites where students can get images with a Creative

Commons License:

Morgue File

Wylio

Edupic Graphical Resource

The World Images Kiosk

Image Base

Photo 8

Google Images

Yahoo Images

Animal Photos

Analytical Thinking and Application

Students need to be able to scan and sift

through information and determine what the

important information is, and what should be

omitted.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Crtitical Thinking

Students need to be able to

think for themselves, learn

on their own, understand

and access facts and

figures and engage and

interact positively with a

team environment.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Communication skills

Students need to learn how to

maintain a good communicative

behaviour. They need to learn

how to listen to others when they

speak and judiciously judge

arguments and facts. Effective

communicative skills are

necessary for the job market and for life as a whole.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Responsibility

Students need to learn how

to accept to be accountable

for their actions and learn to

accept change in a fast-

moving digital environment

in which transformation is

inevitable and necessary.

Citing Resources

This is a skill much needed in a world full of plagiarisers, but as

educators we need

show our students

how to grow up

respecting others

copyrights and

properly citing their

resources when

working on a

research or a

classroom project. Here are some articles to help you teach this skill

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Taking The Mystery out of Copyright

Citation Help Resources

Finding and Using Mobile Educational Apps

The world is going mobile and the majority of our students own a

mobile gadget of some sort. Studies have shown that kids spend more

than 4 hours interacting with their mobile appliances which is a huge

amount of time compared to how much time left for other tasks. As

educators, we need make

sure to keep our students

with the right mobile

apps to install on their

devices. There are tons of

learning materials

included in the apps

market. These apps offer

help in a variety of topics

such as learning languages, Math, Physics, Geography, History,

Technology, and many more. Most of these apps are also free so why

not leverage them to our favour. Here are some links where you can

get learning apps

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Socratica

Quixey

Appsylum

The list of these skills is not conclusive, We might have missed some

other skills here but at least the ones mentioned above are the top

ones and have the priority over all. Before we move to teachers skills

let me share with you this diagram published on theatlantic.com in

which students skills are organized according to their importance in the

voters eyes.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The 21st century Skills Teachers need

As is the case with students, Teachers too need to develop some crucial

skills to fit in the 21st century educational paradigm. This extensive

digitisation of education is driving educational experts and pedagogues

to come up with new theories

of how to leverage the

potential of technology in the

classroom and in the course

of making this possible,

teachers who are the main players in the education equation need to

have certain skills to make this transformation smooth .

Let me first share with you two awesome videos on how some

teachers are and how they should be.

First video : Watch this video to see some unhealthy practices that

some teachers still do.( http://youtu.be/w3PhJDxvgJM )

Second Video: Watch this one here to see how the 21st century

teachers are like. (http://youtu.be/a7-QIZnCD2Y )

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Here is a set of recommendations for the 21st century teachers to reconsider in order to adequately prepare today's students for their future: Share and model the use of current internet tools Participate in professional networks Assist students as they build their learning networks Provide sufficient learning opportunities for students to become

digitally literate

Inspire every child to be quality digital global citizens.

The 21st century teachers are characterized by certain holistic and

student centered features , some of them are summarized below .

Gratitude and thanks go back to Andrew Churches who has provided

this diagram .

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The risk taker:

Teachers should not wait for others to take the initiative , they have to

be the lead. Show your students that

everything can be learnt through risk

and initiative taking and sometimes

surrender yourself to your students’

knowledge . They will definitely love

you and trust you even more and guess

what ? This trust is the key to better

learning and engagement.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The Collaborator :

The central theme in your work should always be collaboration .

Incorporate the collaborative tools web2.0 offers .They are free and

highly effective. Ning ,Bebo, Myspace,

Secondlife, Msn, blogger and wikispaces are but

some few examples, Educational Technology

and Mobile Learning and several other

edublogs will provide you with the necessary

tools to start with.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The model :

Teachers' job is not just instilling information in

students minds though instilling is not a proper

term to use, but they are also there to give the

exemplary model of how the life long learner

should be. Students are very much influenced

by their teachers' behaviors therefore the 21st

century teachers need to model several

characteristics such as :

Reflective thinking and practice

Tolerance

Coexistence

Affection, love , tenderness

Love of technology and digital information

Global awareness

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The leader :

To better understand the notion of leadership there is nothing better than to read an awesome paper created by Thousand and Villasand entitled Managing complex change towards inclusive schooling .

The visionary :

Teachers must be imaginative . They need to foresee the potential of the emerging technologies, look into other areas of the curricula and across disciplines, make links that enhance and value learning in other fields to leverage this knowledge and reinforce their teaching and the learning of their students .

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

The learner :

Learning is a continuous process , a life long commitment to knowledge , teachers should always seek knowledge everywhere using technology . The world is dynamic and the horizons and landscapes are changing so do the teachers’ needs and skills. The communicator : the 21st century teacher should be fluent in the use of communication and information technologies ,know how to facilitate, stimulate, control, moderate and manage them. The adaptor : Different as they are the modes of learning , teachers should always make their teaching styles adaptive to : The new curriculum requirements

The emerging web2.0 technologies

The various age groups and abilities

The new dynamic teaching experiences.

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The 21st century skills Teachers and Student need to have

Here are some other free resources for teachers and students:

80 Educational Alternatives to YouTube

The Ultimate Guide to Google’s Search Features for Teachers and Students

Free Kids-safe Websites: Learning Tools for Young Learners

The Comprehensive Guide To Google’s Free Tools for Educators and Teachers.

A List of Free Educational Android and iOS Apps.

21 Educational Infographics

Free URL Shortner Tools

Free Math Resources: Lesson Plans, Activities and Games.

16 Free Typing Resources.

Free Apps for Students with Visual and Hearing Impairment.

A List of Free Graphic Organizers for Teachers and Students.

Free Online Safety Tools for Teachers and Students Find more of similar educational presentations at this page For more reviews of educational web tools and technology tips on how to learn and teach using technology I invite you to explore the free resources included in: Educational Technology and Mobile Learning www.educatorstechnology.com Educational Mobile Technology www.freemobiletech.com Thank you.