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Prepared by : Noor Khazanah binti A Rahman

Updated by : Isham Ismail

RETAINING WALLS

TEMBOK PENAHAN

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Simple concept of retaining walls

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Typical details behind retaining walls

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definition

Is a structure designed and constructed to

resist the lateral pressure of soil

Required when it was desired change inground elevation that exceeds the angle of

repose of the soil

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Types of RW

Gravity wall

Cantilevered

Sheet pilling Anchored

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Gravity wall

Gravity walls depend on the weight of their

mass (stone, concrete or other heavy

material) to resist pressures from behind For short landscaping walls, they are often

made from mortarless stone or segmentalconcrete units

Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhatflexible and do not require a rigid footing in

frost areas

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Cantilevered

Cantilevered retaining walls are made

from an internal stem of steel-reinforced,

cast-in-place concrete or mortaredmasonry (often in the shape of an inverted

T)

This type of wall uses much less material

than a traditional gravity wall

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Sheet pilling

usually used in soft soils and tight spaces

which are driven into the ground

usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but

this may be altered depending on the environment Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or

"dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the faceof the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or arod

Anchors are placed behind the potential failure plane inthe soil

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Anchored

An anchored retaining wall can be constructed inany of the aforementioned styles but alsoincludes additional strength using cables orother stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it.

Usually driven into the material with boring,anchors are then expanded at the end of thecable, either by mechanical means or often byinjecting pressurized concrete, which expands to

form a bulb in the soil. Technically complex, thismethod is very useful where high loads areexpected, or where the wall itself has to beslender and would otherwise be too weak

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The concept,

Refer to a cantilever retaining wall

Is a freestanding structure without lateral

support at its top It must resist the lateral pressures

generated by loose soils or, in some

cases, water pressures

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The concept,

There is a lateral earth pressure behind

the wall which depends on the angle ofinternal friction (phi) and the cohesive

strength (c) of the retained material

Required a drainage system to release

hydrostatic pressure due to

groundwater behind the wall.

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Use of retaining structure

1) Protect steep slope from erosion.2) Protect specimen tree stands from

fill or cut condition.3) Facilitate vertical circulation at steps

or ramp structure4) Facilitate vehicular access in

steeply, sloping wooded sites, suchas parks, camping areas or privateresidences.

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Use of retaining structure

5) Maximize potential for developmentand/or building area to accommodate anextensive design program for school,

play fields, outdoor theater etc.6) Extend the architecture of a building intosite and to express its functioning levels.

7) Achieve an integrate visual appearance

of the proposed development in relationto the existing site and surroundingdevelopment.

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function

Retainning structure at slope area (cut and fill)

Reduce risk slope failure

For basement area

To control settlement and movement

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Design requirement

to be able to resist the material held in position withoutany movement such as falling, sliding and sediment

Acting as aesthetic structure to stabilize or strength earth

and rock slope Control soils erosion due to surface water or under

ground water

Aesthetic value for environment

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Erection Of RE Wall Panel At Jalan Bukit Kemuning

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Erect ion of RE Panel at abutment B viaduct over Bulatan Jubli Perak

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Rock Failure

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Rock failure guided by discontinuity

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Rock failure guided by discontinuity

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Rock failure guided by discontinuity

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Rockstructures

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Thestereographicplot of potentialinstabilityanalysis andtypes of failuremode (Hoek

and Bray,1981)

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Natural slope failure

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