RESUME OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A. Part of Speech

In English Grammar we recognize at least 9 parts of speech, that is :1. Noun2. Adjective3. Verb4. Adverb5. Pronoun6. Preposition7. Conjunction8. Interjection9. Article

A.1 NOUN

Noun can be divided into concrete and abstract noun. Concrete noun is noun that can be recognized by our sense; can be smelled, tasted, held, rubbed, seen, listened, touched, etc. For example, book, voice, wind, food, etc. Meanwhile the abstract noun, everything that can not be recognized by our sense, such as information, health, desire, etc.

Noun can also be divided into countable and uncountable noun.

A.1.1 Countable noun

Countable noun consists of plural and singular nouns that also can be differred from regular and irregular nouns.

Regular plural nouns are usually in the form of noun with suffix s or es or ies for some ending with letter y preceded by consonant. Look at this list below!

Regular Noun Irregular NounSingular Plural Singular Plural

book books tooth teethPen pens foot feetBox boxes fish fishwatch watches child childrenglass glasses goose geesepottato pottatoes deer deerradio radios sheep sheepFly flies mouse micemonkey monkeys louse liceLeaf leaves

wife wives

A.1.2 Uncountable noun

Uncountable noun is always consider as singular noun, so in building sentence it follows some rules for singular matters. Look at the list below!

Uncoutable Noun Usage in sentence NoteWater Water flows to the sea Flows.> verb with ending

–s, is for singular subjectWater is necessary for life To be ‘is’ is for singular

subjectSugar Sugar makes everything sweet

Sugar is needed for getting energyButter Butter is made from milkMoney Any money is necessary

A.2 ADJECTIVE

Adjective is one of the part of speech that modifies noun. It can describe or define how a noun is. It includes colour, description of something, age and size. If an adjective phrase consists of many kinds of adjectives, you should arrange the adjectives in special order. Look at this list below!

Article description colour shape Size age Defining NounA beautiful tall young Sundanese girlA sweet red big Bangkok orangeAn horrible black long old Phyton snakeThe discipline tall old headmasterA round big wood table

A.3 VERB

Some English verbs have two functions, that is an auxiliary and ordinary. In some sentences auxiliary verb is used to build negative and interrogative sentence. The verbs that have two functions are :1. To do, in the form of do, does and did. The other form of to do, that is done and

doing are only known as ordinary verb.2. To be, in the form of is, am, are, was, were, be, been and being. To be is, am, are,

was and were, are always auxiliary, be, been and being are either as auxiliary and ordinary verb.

3. To have, in the form of have, has, had and having. All to have can be as auxiliary and ordinary verb

4. Modals. All modals are auxiliaries5. To need, in the form of need, needs and needed (either as auxiliary and ordinary

verb.)6. To dare, in the the form of dare, dares and dared (either as auxiliary and ordinary

verb)

In some literature, the phrase used to, also is considered as auxiliary. While the other verbs have only functions as ordinary verbs.

Auxiliary to be and to do do not have special meaning in sentence. In Yes No question, that is always started with an auxiliary, auxiliaries to do and to be are meant as ‘apakah’ in Indonesian word. Example : Are you student? (Apakah anda seorang siswa?)

Did you go to Bandung yesterday? (Apakah anda pergi ke Bandung kemarin?)

Meanwhile, because the other auxiliaries have special meaning, they are a bit different from to do and to be,

1. To have (as auxiliary means ‘sudah’ in positive form and ‘belum’ in negative form). In Yes No Question, to have means sudahkah or belumkah :Example : Have you ever been to Mecca? (Sudah pernahkah kau pergi ke

Mekkah?)Haven’t you finished? (Belum selesaikah anda?)

2. Modalsa. Can (dapat, sanggup)

Can you speak English? (Dapatkah anda berbahasa Inggris?)b. May (boleh, mungkin) May I go home? (Bolehkah saya pulang?)c. etc.

3. To need (perlu, butuh)Need you go now? (Perlukah kau pergi sekarang?)

4. To dare (berani)

Dare you say that …….? (Beranikah anda mengatakan bahwa ………?)

Besides as auxiliaries, except modals, the verbs above also have function as ordinary verbs, that is verbs that show activities. For example, to do means ‘mengerjakan’ and other activities meaning, to have means ‘mempunyai’ and other activities meaning, to be means ‘menjadi’ or ‘berada’, to need means ‘memerlukan/membutuhkan’ and to dare means ‘berani/memberanikan’.

Ordinary verb has some forms, that is present verb (Verb one/V-I), past verb (Verb two/V-II/ freterite), past participle verb (Verb three/V-III) and ing-verb. The use of the kind of verbs can be seen in the following list :

Kind of Verb Example Can be found in : The use in sentence Note1. Verb-

IGo, goesstudy, studiesetc.

a.All Present Simple Sentence

b. In negative and interrogative Past Simple Sentence

c. After modals auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to)

d. In positive

a. 1. I go to school every day

a.2. She goes to school every day .

a.3. I don’t go to school every day

a.4. She doesn’t go to school day

a.5. Do I go to school every day?

a.6. Does she go to school every day

b.1. He did not go anywhere yesterday

b.2. Did he go anywhere yesterday?

c.1. I will go somewhere tomorrow (modal ‘will’ is used in Present Future Simple Tense)

c.2. We shall not do it tomorrow

c.3. Can you help me?c.4. etc.

d.1. Go away!d.2. Don’t go away

In positive present simple sentence, if the subject of the sentence The singulsr thing or singular third person the verb-1 may be ended with letter s, es or ies

and negative command and request

e. In to infinitive

d.3. Help me, please!d.4. Would you please

help me!

To study is our duty

II. Verb-II a. Regular Verb: Studied, wanted, etc.

b.Irregular verb: Went, did, etc.

Only in Positive Past Simple Tense

1. My father went to Bandung yesterday

2. We studied math two hours ago

The regular verb of verb-II and Verb-III have the same forms, that is ending with -ed

0r –d. To differ them, look aat whether before the verb there is auxiliaries or not. If there is auxiliaries, specially to be or to have, it means that the verb is verb-III and if there is no auxiliaries, it means that the verb is verb-II

III. Verb-III a. Regular Verb: Studied wanted, etc.

b.Irregular verb: Gone, done, etc.

a. All forms of Perfect Tense Sentence (There are 8 kinds of Perfect Tense). In Perfect Continuous and Nominal Perfect Tense, the verb-III is represented by ‘been’, third form of to be.

b. Passive Voice

c. Past Participle

1. Udin has had breakfast

2. I have just wanted to go

3. She has been living in Jakarta for 3 years

4. He has been sick since three days ago

b.1 The flower is picked by the girl

b.2 The munument was built in 1990

b.3. The foundation has been founded since 3 years ago

The boy helped by me gave me a gift.

IV. VERB-ING

Going,Studying,Being, dsb

a. Continuous Tense (to be + V-ing)

a.1. We are studying English now

a.2. While I was studying English, my mother was cooking in the kitchen

a.3. She has been studying English since she used to study in Kinder Garten

b. Gerund

c.Present Parti-ciple

b.1. Swimming is my hobby

b.2. I like swimmingb.3 I am thinking of

finding my own way of life

c.1. Having been sick for three days, she

is still absent

todayc.2. The boy standing

under the tree is waiting for somebody

A.4. ADVERB

Adverb is one of part of speech that modifies a verb. It shows us how, when and where something happens. We recognize adverb in three kinds, that is adverb of time, such as now, tomorrow, yesterday, etc.; adverb of place, such as here, in Jakarta, over there, etc., and adverb of manner, such as quickly, beautifully, etc. Most of adverb of manner are formed by adding suffix –ly to an adjective, such as beautiful (an adjective) + -ly = beautifully. Look at the difference between adjective and adverb below!

She is a beautiful singer. The word beautiful modifies the word singer (a noun), so it is an adjective.

She sings beautifully. The word beautifully modifies the word sings (a verb), so it is an adverb.

Some adverbs of manner are not formed by adding suffix –ly, such as well, hard, fast, etc.

Some words with suffix –ly, also do not express adverbs but adjective, such as lovely, lifely, etc.

A.5. CONJUNCTION

Conjunction is one of part of speech that relates one word with another word or sentence with other sentence. It can be a word or phrase.

Words includes as conjunction are and, or, with, then, but, when, while, where, which, that, who, whose, because, whom, what, whatever, whenever, wherever, if, if only, as if, as though, though, although, in spite of, despite, because of, on account of, due to, owing to, for the simple reason that, etc.

A.6. PREPOSITION

Preposition is one of part of speech that expresses position of something, etc.

Words include as preposition are on, in, of, off, under, over, above, below, back, behind, about, against, beyond, up, down, etc.

A.7. PRONOUN

Pronoun is one of part of speech that can replace a kind of word or phrase with other word without changing meaning.

Words include as pronoun can be seen in the list below

Personal pronoun

Impersonal Pronoun

Possessive adjective

Possessive pronoun

Demonstrative Pronoun

Indefinite Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

Subject Object Subject Object Personal Impers. Personal Impers. Subject Object PersonalSingular Singular Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Singular Personal SingularI Me It It My+N Its+N Mine Its This It Somebody Myself

You You Your+N Yours That It Anybody YourselfHe Him His+N His Everybody HimselfShe Her Her+N Hers Someone Herself

Plural Plural Plural Anyone PluralYou You They them Your+N Their+N Yours Theirs These Them Everyone YourselvesWe Us Our+N Ours Those them OurselvbesThey them Their+N Theirs Thing Themselves

SomethingAnything ImpersonalEverything Itself

Themselves

A.8. INTERJECTION

Interjection is usually used to show admiration, calling somebody or surprise, such as Hi!, Hello!, Wow!, Oh dear!, Oh my God!, etc.

A.9. ARTICLE

English language recognizes only three articles, that is a, an and the. A and an is used to show indefinite (tidak tentu) noun, while the is used to show any noun that is considered there is only one, such as the sun, the sky, the earth, etc. Article ‘the’ is also used show definite (tertentu) noun. Look at the example beloq!

I saw a cat. (a cat here is an indefinite noun)The cat had a long tail and brown colour. (The cat here is meant cat that I saw/ definite noun)

B. BUILDING ENGLISH SENTENCES

English sentence is built by some elements. Look at this resume below!

EnglishTerms Indobesian Terms

a, b, c, ………. letter hurufEx-pen-sive syllable Suku kataexpensive word KataExpensive book

phrase Frase/kelompok kata

That is book Simple sentence

Kalimat Sederhana

The book that is on the table is expensive

Complex Sentence

Kalimat kompleks

A group of word can be called as sentence if we can divide them at least Subject and Predicate. In other case it consists not only of subject and predicate, but also added with Object and adverb. To build a good English sentence, we should pay attantion to the following items.

Based on the predicate involved, we recognize two kinds of sentences, that is Nominal/nominative sentence and Verbal sentence. Verbal sentence means a sentence that has a verb as its predicate, i.g.:

I study English everyday.

(Predicate of this sentence is ‘study’, a verb. The sentence includes Subject, Predicate, Object and Adverb as one)

Nominal/nominative sentence means sentences whose predicates are not a verb. The predicate can be a noun, an adjective, an adverb or a pronoun. Look at the list below!

Subject Auxiliary Predicate Object Adverb Note

I study English Everyday A verbal sentenceShe goes To school A verbal sentenceWe Do not Like Swimming In the river A verbal sentenceThat Is a book A nominal sentence

with noun as predicate

He is A lazy boy A nominal sentence with adjective phrase as predicate

I am tired A nominal sentence with adjective as predicate

My father Is at the office

now A nominal sentence with adverb as predicate

That is mine A nominal sentence with pronoun as predicate

Based on the change of time, English sentence can be changed from one form into another that we call it depending on the tense. According to the tense, we can differ one kind of sentence by watching the followings:

1. The time signal,2. The auxiliary verb involved, 3. The ordinary verb as predicate involved (in verbal sentence) and the

predicate in nominal sentence, and4. The situation or sentence expression

Look at the list below!

Verbal Sentence

Subject Auxiliary Ordinary Object and

adverb

Adverb of time

Expression Name of tense

I study English everyday Habitual action

Present Simple

She is studying English now Action is happening at the time of speaking

Present Continuous

He has lived here for two years

A piece of news about what has happened

Present Perfect

We have been waiting here for two hours

An action that started in the past time, now is still happening, and will still go on in the future time

Present Perfect Continuous

Etc.

Nominal Sentence

Subject Auxiliary Nominative Predicate

Adverb of time

Expression Name of tense

She is a beautiful girl

Fact of the world or general thruth

Present Simple

Abdul is sick now Action is happening at the time of speaking

Present Continuous

They have been off for three days

A piece of news about what has happened

Present Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous

Etc.