Technical University of Denmark

Professor Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D.

Status of EN15251 Indoor environmental

input parameters for design and assessment

of energy performance of buildings:

indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics

CEN standards for the energy performance of buildings. Results and revision overviews

People 100

Maintenance 10

Financing 10

Energy 1

COMFORT-PRODUCTIVITYBuilding costs

This clearly show that buildings are for

peoplenot for saving energy

Indoor Environmental Quality

• EN15251 standard includes indoor environmental input parameters for the design and assessment of energy performance of buildings.

• The standard recommends criteria for the indoor environment (thermal comfort, air quality, illumination and acoustic) which must be used as input parameters in several other EPB standards for design and energy calculations.

• The new standard will be rewritten to include only normative text.

• It will then be accompanied by a technical report (guideline, TR15251).

• An important new part will be a series of standardized occupant schedules to be used in energy calculations.

STANDARDS• ISO EN 7730-2005

– Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort effects.

• ASHRAE 55-2004– Thermal environment conditions for human occupancy

• ASHRAE 62.1 and 62.2 -2004– Ventilation and indoor air quality

• EN15251– Indoor environmental input parameters for design and

assessment of energy performance of buildings- addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustic

• EN 13779– Ventilation for non-residential buildings - performance

requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems

Categories

Category Explanation

I High level of expectation and is recommended for spaces

occupied by very sensitive and fragile persons with special

requirements like handicapped, sick, very young children and

elderly persons

II Normal level of expectation and should be used for new buildings

and renovations

III An acceptable, moderate level of expectation and may be used

for existing buildings

IV Values outside the criteria for the above categories. This

category should only be accepted for a limited part of the year

MODERATE ENVIRONMENTS

• GENERAL THERMAL COMFORT

– PMV / PPD, OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE

• LOCAL THERMAL DISCOMFORT

– Radiant temperature asymmetry

– Draught

– Vertical air temperature difference

– Floor surface temperature

Recommended categories for design of

mechanical heated and cooled buildings

Category Thermal state of the body as a whole

PPD%

PredictedMean Vote

I < 6 -0.2 < PMV < + 0.2

II < 10 -0.5 < PMV < + 0.5

III < 15 -0.7 < PMV < + 0.7

Temperature ranges for hourly calculation of

cooling and heating energy in three categories of

indoor environment

Type of building/ space

Category Operative Temperature for

Energy Calculations oC

Heating (winter

season), ~ 1,0 clo

Cooling (summer

season), ~ 0,5 clo

I 21,0 – 23,0 23,5 - 25,5

II 20,0 – 24,0 23,0 - 26,0

Offices and spaces with

similar activity (single

offices, open plan offices,

conference rooms,

auditorium, cafeteria,

restaurants, class rooms,

Sedentary activity ~1,2 met III 19,0 – 25,0 22,0 - 27,0

ADAPTATION IN NATURAL VENTILATED

BUILDINGS ?

• Behavioural

– Clothing, activity, posture

• Psychological

– Expectations

Θrm = (Θed -1 + 0,8 Θed -2 + 0,6 Θed -3 + 0,5 Θed -4 + 0,4 Θed -5 + 0,3 Θed -6 + 0,2 Θed -7)/3,8

Basic required ventilation rates for diluting emissions (bio effluents) from people for different categories (EN15251)

CategoryExpectedPercentageDissatisfied

Airflow per personl/s/pers

I 15 1O

II 20 7

III 30 4

IV > 30 < 4

ASHRAE Standard 62.1

Adapted persons 2,5 l/s person (Cat. II )

Indoor pollution sources

Human bioeffluents

Building materials

Furnishing

HVAC system

Equipment

Tobacco smoking

Building

Basic Ventilation

Airflow for building emissions pollutions(l/s/m²) EN15251

Category Airflow perperson

l/s/pers.

Very lowpollutingbuilding

Lowpollutingbuilding

Non lowpollutingbuilding

I 1O 0,5 1 2

II 7 0,35 0,7 1,4

III 4 0,2 0,4 0,8

Example on how to define low and

very low polluting buildings

SOURCE Low emitting products forlow polluted buildings

Very low emitting productsfor very low pollutedbuildings

Total VOCs TVOC (as inCEN/TS 16516) < 1.000 µg/m³ < 300 µg/m³

Formaldehyde < 100 µg/m³ < 30 µg/m³

Any C1A or C1B classifiedcarcinogenic VOC < 5 µg/m³ < 5 µg/m³

R value (as in CEN/TS16516) < 1.0 < 1.0

Total ventilation rate

qsupply = qtot/ εv

• Where

• εv = the ventilation effectiveness (EN13779)

• qsupply = ventilation rate supplied by the ventilation system

• qtot= total ventilation rate for the breathing zone, l/s

• n = design value for the number of the persons in the room,

• qp = ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/s, pers

• AR= room floor area, m2

• qB = ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/s,m2

tot p R Bq n q A q= ⋅ + ⋅

Occupants

only

l/s person

Additional ventilation for

building (add only one)

l/s⋅⋅⋅⋅m2

Total

l/s⋅⋅⋅⋅m2

Type of

building/

space

Occu-

pancy

person/m2

Cate-

gory

CEN

ASH-

RAE

Rp

CEN CEN

low-

polluting

building

CEN

Non-low-

polluting

building

ASH-

RAE

Ra

CEN

Low

Pol.

ASH-

RAE

A 10 1,0 2,0 2

B 7 0,7 1,4 1,4

Single

office

(cellular

office)

0,1

C

2,5

4 0,4 0,8

0,3

0,8

0,55

A 10 1,0 2,0 1,7

B 7 0,7 1,4 1,2

Land-

scaped

office

0,07

C

2,5

4 0,4 0,8

0,3

0,7

0,48

A 10 1,0 2,0 6

B 7 0,7 1,4 4,2

Confe-

rence

room

0,5

C

2,5

4 0,4 0,8

0,3

2,4

1,55

1 l/s m2 = 0.2 cfm/ft2

International Centre for Indoor Environment And Energy

Specific Pollutans

The ventilation rate required to dilute a specific pollution source shall be calculated by this equation: Gh 1

Qh = -------------- ⋅ ----- Eq (1)

Ch,i - Ch,o εv where: Qh is the ventilation rate required for dilution, in litre per second; Gh is the pollution load of a pollutant, in micrograms per second; Ch,i is the guideline value of a pollutants, see Annex F , in micrograms per litre; Ch,o is the supply concentration of a pollutants at air intake, in micrograms per litre;

εv is the ventilation effectiveness. Ch,i and Ch,o may also be expressed as ppm (vol/vol). In this case the chemical pollution load G has to be expressed as l/s.

Residential buildings

Category

Air changerate 1)

Living room and bedrooms, mainly outdoor air flow

Exhaust air flow, l/s

l/s,m2

(1)ach l/s, pers2)

(2)l/s/m2

(3)Kitchen(4a)

Bathrooms(4b)

Toilets(4)

I 0,49 0,7 10 1,4 28 20 14

II 0,42 0,6 7 1,0 20 15 10

III 0,35 0,5 4 0,6 14 10 7

Alternative method arebeing discussed

• Max of people or building component

• How to take into account Demand Control

• Especially residential ventilation is unclear

EXAMPLES OF CRITERIA FOR LIGHTING

Daylight factor, 2-5%, Ra colour rendering index

Ref. no. acc. to EN 12464-

1:2011

Type of area, task or activity

Ēm

lxUGRL

–Uo

–Ra

–Specific requirements

5.26.2

5.26.5

Offices - Writing, typing, reading, data processing,

-

Conference and meeting rooms

500 19 0,60 80

DSE-work, see 4.9

Lighting should be controllable.

5.36.1-5.36.3

Educational buildings -Classrooms, tutorial

rooms, Classroom for evening classes and

adults education, Auditorium, lecture halls

500 19 0,60 80 Lighting should be controllable.

5.36.24

Educational premises –Educational buildings -

Sports halls, gymnasiums, swimming

pools

300 22 0,60 80 See EN 12193 for training conditions.

NOISE

Building Type of space

Equivalent Continuous Sound Level, Leq, nT,A [dB(A)]

I II III

ResidentialLiving room ≤30 ≤34 ≤38

Bed room ≤26 ≤30 ≤34

Places of assembly Auditoriums ≤20 ≤24 ≤28

Libraries ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Cinemas ≤20 ≤24 ≤28

Hospitals Bedrooms night-time ≤22 ≤26 ≤30

Bedrooms daytime ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Hotels Hotel rooms (during night-time) ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Hotel rooms (duringdaytime) ≤26 ≤30 ≤34

Offices Small offices ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Landscaped offices ≤26 ≤30 ≤34

Restaurants Restaurants ≤28 ≤32 ≤36

Schools Classrooms ≤24 ≤28 ≤32

Teacher rooms ≤28 ≤32 ≤36