17

Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

Findings. This section presents the findings of the study. The corresponding interpretations were

discussed: socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, relationship of the selected barangay

officials, the determinants in encouraging relatives to run in public service, and their concept of political

dynasties. The chapter is divided into several parts:

4.1 Socio Demographic Characteristics

4.2 Relationship of Barangay Officials

4.3 Concept of Political Dynasty

4.4 Determinants in Encouraging relatives to seek public office.

18

4.1 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Socio-demographic Characteristics

Frequency Percent

Age

31-40 4 11.2

41-60 30 83.3

61-75 2 5.6

Status

Single 1 2.7

Married 34 94.4

Widow 3 8.1

Gender

Female 6 16.7

Male 31 83.3

Position

Barangay Chairman 3 8.3

Kagawad 27 73.0

Secretary 4 10.8

Treasurer 3 8.3

Barangay

Cabisuculan 10 27.0

Matingkis 8 21.6

Naglabrahan 9 24.3

San Antonio 10 27.0

Length of Service in the barangay

1 year and below 3 8.3

1-3 3 8.3

4-19 11 30.6

8-11 7 19.4

12-15 6 16.7

16-19 4 11.1

20-31 1 2.8

32-35 1 2.8

Educational attainment

Elementary 1 2.8

Elementary Graduate 3 8.3

High school Level 5 13.9

High School Graduate 8 22.2

College Level 7 19.4

College Graduate 6 16.7

Vocational 6 16.7

Profession

ABC President 1 2.78

Farmer 31 86.11

Security Guard 2 5.56

Tricycle Driver 1 2.78

None 3 8.33

Monthly Income

5,000 and below 16 44.4

5,000-10,000 8 22.2

10,000-15,000 2 5.6

15,000-20,000 1 2.8

20,000-25, 000 2 5.6

25,000-30,000 1 2.8

Family experience in public service.

Yes 19 52.8

No 17 47.2

Relatives serving in the city

Yes

No

5

31

13.5

83.8

19

Most of the respondents were in the ages of 41-60 (83.3%) mainly because generally most of the

leaders in our country ranges from that age, 94.4% of the respondents were married mainly because

majority of them were in the ages 41-60.

Most of the respondents were males (83.3%) reason for this is that men dominate Philippine

politics. Overall the study consists of 37 positions in the barangay, most of the respondents were

Barangay kagawad (73%) cause in each barangay the council are composed of seven kagawads, 1

chairman, and the treasurer and secretary. The sample of the study were supposed to compose of 40

respondents but the researcher was unable to reach three of them. The study was lacked of one barangay

captain, one kagawad, and treasurer mainly because of their business engagement and other important

concerns during the conduct of the study.

Seventy-seven and eight percent (77.8%) of the respondents serve the barangay from 4-19 years,

many of them were reelected and able complete their terms others started from a small position then

pursue a much higher position, others stated that they start being a kagawad then run for barangay

chairman, other started as a barangay chairman then became a kagawad, some started as youth leader.

Most of the respondents were high school graduates (22.2%) reason for this is that the officials

belong to second and third class families, while 16.7% of the respondents were college graduates which

can be considered significant because instead of pursuing a high paying job or position they opted to

serve the barangay.

Majority of the respondents were farmers mainly because barangays are situated mostly in rural

areas while 8.33% of the respondents were full time barangay officials. Most of the respondents earned a

monthly income of P 5,000 and below, reason for this is that the honorarium of the barangay officials

ranges from P2000-P5000.

Fifty-two and eight percent(52.8) of the respondents family has experienced in public service,

stated that they have relatives who serve in the barangay as Barangay Chairman, kagawad, treasurer

others said that their family was joining activities in the barangay.

20

4.2 Relationship of Barangay Officials. This part shows the relationship of the barangay officials with the

other officials serving in the barangay.

Table 2

Relationship of Barangay Officials

Frequency Percent Relatives serving in the barangay

Yes

28 77.8

No

8 22.2

Relationships with the barangay officials

Missing

2

5.56

None

8

22.22

Brother in Law

2

5.56

Sister in Law

1

2.78

Cousin

17

47.22

Nephew/Niece

3

8.33

Sibling

4

11.11

Auntie/Uncle

4

11.11

Spouse

2

5.56

Table 2 shows the degree of relationship of the respondent barangay officials to the elected

barangay and city officials and employees.

The researcher was able to trace their relationship for possessing the same surnames. In Barangay

Matingkis, most of the barangay officials there were cousins, the Barangay Chairman and one of the

kagawad with similar surnames were cousins, while two of the kagawads who have similar surnames

were cousins.

The result showed that majority of the barangay officials have relatives also serving in the

barangay which means that a large percentage of barangay officials in the locale of the study are relatives

in various degree of consanguinity and affinity.

21

Almost three-fourths of the respondents are blood relatives stating that their relationship with the

barangay officials where in the second degree or siblings to fourth degree or cousins. Some barangay

officials are related by affinity being related with other officials for being brothers and sisters in law.

Only less than a quarter of the respondents are in any manner related with other barangay

officials.

In Barangay San Antonio, the Barangay Captain has a similar surname with one of the kagawad;

the kagawad was the sister of law of the barangay captain while two of the kagawad also have similar

surname having uncle and nephew relationship.

In Barangay Cabisuculan, two of the kagawad has similar surnames. Their relationship were

brother and sister in- Law.

In Barangay Naglabrahan, the barangay captain and one of the kagawad, who have surnames,

were siblings and the treasurer and secretary who have similar surnames has a relationship of uncle and

nephew

22

3.3 Concept on Political Dynasties. This section contains the conceptual definition of the barangay

officials on their concept of political dynasties.

Table 3.1

Responses of the Barangay Officials on their concept of political dynasty Response

F %

Family Rule

Ang political dynasty ay ang pamumuno ng isang pamilya o magkakamaganak sa isang lugar tulad ng

barangay lungsod at probinsya.

Tuloy tuloy na pamumuno ng isang angkan

Ang pagbibigay kapahintulutan ng nakaupong politiko sa isang kamaganak na tumakbo sa anumang

posisyon sa gobyerno habang siya nakaupo din.

Ang buong pamilya o angkan na ayaw bitawan ang politika sa kanilang lugar.

Ang pagkakaisa ng magkakamaganak namumuno sa isang lugar o barangay

Sunod sunod na pamamahala ng magkakamaganak

Ang pagkakaisa ng magkakamaganak na namumuno.

Pagsunod sa yapak nang kanilang mga ninuno sa pulitika.

Magkamaganak sa pulitika at magkakampi sa isang partido

.

Public Service

Tuloy tuloy na pagtulong.

Kagustuhan maglingkod sa kabarangay

Nagkakaisa ang mga kamaganak sa mga adhikain sa barangay yung iba corrupt.

Maglingkod sa mga mamamayan.

Isang pulitiko na may plano sa kabarangay.

Ok lang naman sakin, kasi nakakatulong naman sila

Depende naman yan sa namumuno, lalo na kung nakakatulong sila.

Kung Minsan maganda, dahil kung minsan nakakatulong

Power

Manipulasyon ng kapangyarihan

Pamilyang ayaw bitawan ang kapangyarihan

Sakim sa kapangyarihan, May sariling interes

19 61.3

8 25.8

4 12.9

23

Table 3 shows the various responses of the respondents on the open-ended question regarding their

concept of political dynasty. The researcher descriptively interpreted the responses to arrive at three

categories namely family rule, public service and power.

More than half of the respondents stated that political dynasty is a form of family rule. The

respondents conceptualized political dynasty as a family or group of persons related by blood or

affiliation that hold various public offices simultaneously or successively.

The first situation occurs when a family member simultaneously seek elective office and won on

the same election under one ticket or group while the second situation occurs when a family member

follows the footsteps of their ascendants in politics with the permission to run in an elective position and

in the process transferring their power and influence to the said relative.

One of the respondents cited the case of the Alvarez in Science City of Muñoz in transferring

power the members of the family.

One out of four respondents perceived that political dynasty positively by looking into it as a

form of public service. They state that political dynasty is a continuum in public service of a family

member that is restricted by the term of office prescribed by law and necessary to continue serving their

constituents under one platform of development.

Twelve and ninth percent of the respondents conceptualize political dynasty as necessary evil to

maintain power within the family. They perceived political dynasty negatively because it promotes self-

interest, greed, and monopoly of power.

24

Table 3.2 Descriptive Statistics on their stand on Political Dynasty

Frequency Percent

Nakakabuti ba ang political dynasty sa inyong barangay?

Ou

Hindi

17

14

45.9

37.8

Dapat ba ibagbawal ang political dynasty? Oo 18 50.0

Hindi

15 41.7

Saang level dapat ipagbawal ang political dynasty? Lahat maliban sa Brgy.

Lungsod/Bayan

Nasyonal

Probinsya

1

2

13

2

2.8

5.6

36.1

5.6

After the researcher got the concept of the respondents, the researcher determines their stands on

the issue of political dynasty on whether it brought goodness in their barangay, it should be prohibited,

and in what level should it be prohibited.

Table 3.2 showed that most of the respondents agreed that political dynasties brought goodness to

their barangay (45.9%), respondents state that leaders in their barangay were able to serve the residents

regardless if they belong to a political dynasty others states that it is difficult to socialize with other

officials who is not a relative. Respondents who said “no” got 37.8%, respondents stated that the priorities

of the barangay officials were in their cronies others said that it would not lead to development and others

said it is better if the officials were composed of different backgrounds and families and to avoid

conspiracy, other said it will left an image to people . There were respondents who did not answer the last

part of the questionnaire so there were missing data. Fifty percent of the respondents want to prohibit

political dynasties; most of the respondents said that the skills of others must be shown; there were

Barangay officials in who have similar surnames with the other officials in the barangay that wants to

prohibit political dynasties. Forty- one and seven percent (41.7%) do not want to prohibit mainly because

Philippines is a democratic country it is the people who choose their leaders and they were elected in a

democratic and legal manner. Other respondents stated that it should not be prohibited especially if the

leaders were able to fulfill their duties and to provide equal access to public service. Some of the

respondents were not able to answer this part.

25

From the 50% percent of the respondents who want to prohibit political dynasties 36.15% wanted

to prohibit it in the national level mainly because others were not given the chance to lead the barangay

and to avoid extreme corruption, followed by province and city (5.6%) that one’s of the respondents

stated that it is prone to dynasty, and all levels except the barangay mainly because there are barangays in

which most of all the residents are mostly relatives and belong to one clan (2.8%)

4.3 Determinants in encouraging relatives to seek elective office. The results in this section indicated that

the work of Dubrin (2002) could be used to know the determinants in encouraging relatives seek elective

office. Dubrin distinguishes on how a person can gain power, influence, and used organizational politics.

26

Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics for the Determinants in Encouraging Relatives to seek Public Office.

Determinants Indicators

Strongly

Disagree

Disagree

Depends on

the situation

Agree

Strongly

Agree

Power

1. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo

para sa puder sa barangay.

Frequency

Percent

Frequency

7

19.4

8

3

8.3

4

9

25.0

18

13

36.1

5

4

11.1

1 Percent 22.2 11.1 48.6 13.5 2.7

2. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo

para baguhin ang barangay

Frequency 6 10 8 6 7

Percent 16.7 27.0 22.6 16.2 18.9

3. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo

para maipagpatuloy ang mga plano sa barangay.

Frequency

7

4

6

7

12

Percent 18.9 10.8 16.2 18.9 32.4

4. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo

para baguhin ang katayuan ng mga kabarangay.

Influence

Frequency

8

6

7

9

6

Percent

Frequency

Percent

21.6

5

13.0

16.2

7

19.4

18.9

8

22.2

24.3

12

33.3

16.2

4

11.1

5. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo

para hikayatin ang mga tao sa paniniwalang

pulitikal.

Frequency

9

9

16

3

0

Percent 24.3 24.3 43.2 8.1 .0

6. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak para

matutong mamuno.

Frequency

8

5

8

10

5

Percent 21.6 13.5 21.6 27.0 13.5

7. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak para sa

respeto.

Frequency

4

6

4

13

8

Percent 10.8 16.2 10.8 35.1 21.6

8 Hinihikayat ang mga kamaganak tumakbo para

bigyan inspirasyon ang mga taga barangay...

Frequency

5

6

7

13

5

Percent 13.5 16.7 18.9 35.1 13.5

Organizational Politics

9. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak na tumakbo

para sa pabor ng nanunungkulan sa munisipyo..

Frequency Percent

Frequency

10 13.9

9

5 19.4

9

14

38.9

13

4 11.3

3

3 8.3

1

Percent 24.3 24.3 35.1 8.1 2.7

10. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo

para lumawak ang koneksyong pulitikal.

Frequency

12

11

7

5

2

Percent 32.4 29.7 18.9 13.5 5.4

11. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo

mapalapit sa tao.

Frequency

9

8

6

5

7

Percent 24.3 21.6 16.2 13.5 18.9

12. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak na tumakbo

upang maihanda ang sarili sa pagtakbo sa mga

susunod na eleksyon.

Frequency 11 6 12 5 2

Percent 29.7 16.2 32.4 13.5 5.4

Table 4 shows the determinant indicators in encouraging relatives to seek elective office. The

researcher grouped the following determinants based on the work of Andrew Dubrin into three: Power,

Influence, and Organizational Politics.

27

For better understanding, the three determinants given particular descriptions by the researcher.

Statements 1-4 are descriptives of the use of power that pertains to the strengthening of authority in the

barangay. Items 5-8 are descriptives of influence or the ability to encourage others even the person is not

vested with power. Items 9-12 are descriptives of organizational politics that pertains to acquisition of

mass base for purposes of soliciting future votes.

In first statement(encouraging to gain power) majority of the respondents cannot decide whether

they agree or disagree, since their decision is based on the situation, if their relatives have the skills they

might be encouraged but if not they’ll not be encouraged. In the second statement (encouraging to change

the barangay) most of the people disagree, reason for this is that that respondents can change or develop

the barangay alone, most of the respondents strongly agree in the third statement encouraging relatives to

continue plans for the barangay reason for this is that elective positions in the barangay is limited only to

three terms.

Twenty-four and three percent (24.3%) of the respondents agree on Statement 4(to encourage

relatives to change the quality of life living in the barangay), reason for this is that they cannot do it all

alone and they will look for someone, which they can trust to do it.

Majority of the respondents were undecided whether they will encourage relatives to run for their

political ideologies, reason for this is that their ideologies is different from their relatives. Most of the

respondents agree on the statement encouraging relatives to learn how to govern the residents in the

barangay reason for this is that there preparing their relatives to become leaders. In Statements 7 and 8

most of the respondents agreed gaining 35.1 percent mainly because in becoming a politician more people

will pay more respect while in statement 8 if the relatives of the politician are highly successful, surely,

they will give inspiration to the residents. In Statement 9 most of the respondents were undecided while

in Statement 10 (Encouraging relatives to widen political connection) and 11(to get

28

closer to people) most of the respondents strongly disagree and in statement, 12(prepare myself for the

next election) most were undecided.

The researcher grouped overall the statements and it shows that, the barangay officials, agreed

that they encourage relatives in terms of power; most of these were in the statement encouraging relatives

to continue the plans for the barangay, in terms of influence 33.3% agree they’ll encourage relatives to

seek in elective office more of these were in the state encouraging relatives to gain respect and giving

inspiration for the residents, in terms of organizational politics majority of the respondents were

undecided most of these were in the statement to gain favors from the city and to prepare himself for the

next election. If we will look overall at the determinants, most of the respondents were on the degree of

undecided or depends on the situation mainly because of the circumstances in which they might decide to

encourage their relatives to run.

Table 4.2

Correlation between Encouraging Reasons for Power, Influence and Organizational Policies vs. SDC of Monthly Allowance,

Family that has an experienced in public service, Relatives that serving in the barangay and Relatives that serving in the city.

Monthly Income

My family has an

experienced in public

service.

I have relatives

serving in the

barangay

I have relatives

serving in the city

Corr p-value Corr p-value Corr p-value Corr p-value

Power .110 .561 .206 .229 .180 .293 -.437** .008

Influence -.039 .836 .290 .086 .073 .673 -.383* .021

Organizational

Politics .001 .995 .403* .015 .057 .741 -.408* .014

The above table shows that among the various indicators used in the socio-demographic characteristics,

there is a significant relationship between the socio demographic characteristics and the determinants in

encouraging relatives to seek elective office.

First, data show a trend that the respondents that answers that they have no relatives in the city has a

strong agreement in the three determinants. This significant relationship means that those barangay

officials without an elective official relative in the higher position are much motivated to encourage their

29

other relatives to seek elective positions other than those with known relatives. This shows that since they

have no influence or power in the higher officials, they opt to concentrate in their own barangays in

increasing their power and influence as well as widen their political base.

This situation is associated with the importance of barangay officials in local elections, with more power,

influence and organization in the barangay level; this will give them the bargaining power that is

necessary to secure grass root level votes.

Second, respondents with family that has experience in public service has a strong agreement with the

indicators in the organizational politics determinant. This significant relationship reveals a trend that

having exposure in public service gives more motivation to barangay officials to encourage their relatives.

This might be for the purpose of either gaining favors from the city officials and widening of political

connection in preparation to their future political bid.

This trend is associated with the Filipino culture that those who are nearer the kitchen receive more favors

than the others do

30

Chapter V

Conclusions and Recommendations.

This chapter contains conclusions and recommendations of the researcher on the conceptual

definition of political dynasty.

Based on the results most of the respondents were married and with ages ranging from 41-60.

Their professions are mostly farmers, because the locale of the study is a farming village, earning a

monthly income of P 10,000 below since plurality of them are high school graduates, most served the

barangay from 4-19 years and their families have experience in public service.

The study reveals that these indicators show no significant relationship with the determinants

encouraging relatives to seek elective office.

Most of the barangay officials have relatives also serving in the barangay and their relationship

were mostly cousins.

The study reveals the various responses of the barangay officials regarding their concept of

political dynasty, which was thematically interpreted by the researcher into three categories namely

family rule, public service and power.

Respondents who stated, political dynasty as a form of family rule conceptualized political

dynasty as a family or group of persons related by blood or affiliation that hold various public offices

simultaneously or successively. Others perceived political dynasties as a form of public service stated that

political dynasty is a continuum in public service of a family member that is restricted by the term of

office prescribed by law and necessary to continue serving their constituents under one platform of

development. While other respondents conceptualize political dynasty as necessary evil to maintain

power within the family. They perceived political dynasty negatively because it promotes self-interest,

greed, and monopoly of power.

31

After the researcher got the concept of respondents barangay officials, he determined their stand

on the issue of political dynasty. Most of the respondents stated that political dynasties brought goodness

in their barangay especially if the leaders can fulfill their duties and having unity to serve. When it comes

to the prohibition of political dynasties most of the respondents agreed to prohibit political dynasties

significantly some of them has similar surname with the other officials stating that political dynasties

brought extreme corruption, conspiracy, self-interest and manipulation of power. From the respondents

who wanted to prohibit dynasties half of them wanted to prohibit it on the national level to give chance to

others and for the development of the country.

The study reveals that the various indicators used in the determinants in encouraging relatives to

seek elective office have a significant relationship between the socio demographic characteristics in terms

of having relatives in the city and family experienced in public office.

Having no relatives in the city has a strong agreement in the three determinants, the significant

relationship means that those barangay officials without an elective official relative in the higher position

are much motivated to encourage their other relatives to seek elective positions other than those with

known relatives since they have no influence or power in the higher officials, they opt to concentrate in

their own barangays in increasing their power and influence as well as widen their political base. With

more power, influence and organization in the barangay level; this will give them the bargaining power

that is necessary to secure grass root level votes.

33

While respondents with family that have, experience in public service have a strong agreement

with the indicators in the organizational politics determinant. This significant relationship reveals a trend

that having exposure in public service gives more motivation to barangay officials to encourage their

relatives. This might be for the purpose of either gaining favors from the city officials and widening of

political connection in preparation to their future political bid. This trend is associated with the Filipino

culture that those who are nearer the kitchen receive more favors than the others do.

Recommendations

1. The future study is recommended which has more respondents’ barangays other than four respondent

barangays.

2. Future studies should develop a 4- point scale to measure the reasons for encouraging relatives to seek

elective office.

3. Future studies should let the respondents define the various indicators on the determinants for

encouraging relatives to seek in public office.

4. The prevalence of political dynasty in the grassroots level call for the legislation to define and prohibit

political dynasty.

33

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