Responsibility to Protect in Syria and Libya

8/12/2019 Responsibility to Protect in Syria and Libya

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The concept of responsibility to protect

Comparing the cases of Libya and Syria

Referent: Lavinia Elena Ciurez

Contact: [email protected]


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The concept of responsibility to protect,

comparing the cases of Libya and Syria

The concept of responsibility to protect is a subject sensible for international

community even if the idea of protection of the people is not new, but in the last 20 years because of

the fail of intervention in the case of Rwanda and Kosovo (on both of the conflicts were different

opinion) the subject is more sensible as there different opinion about intervention. The entire

discussion of responsibility to protect is about ethics, personal ethic, group ethic, country ethic and

international community ethic. Is about who is more important, people, states, interests of states etc,

if we can discuss in this terms. When we talk about responsibility to protect we talk about a lot of

concepts of morals in entire political system. Who got the right of life and death over people? Who

got to intervene when states cannot protect their civilians? More over the responsibility to protect

become a hot spot when we talk about military intervention. If we look behind we will see the

intervention of USA in Iraq, is very controversial.

After the Rwandan genocide entire world, got the sin of omission as Kofi Annan

claim1. More about Rwandan genocide, world failure to respond on the people scream. Tony Blair,

the British prime ministerpromised that IfRwanda happens again we would not walk away as the

outside has done many times before2. The British prime minister insist in the same article that

international society got the moral duty to provide military and humanitarian assistance to Africa

whenever it was needed3.

We got a lot of discussion on this subject because there are lot of voices who believe that

non-interventionism is not moral and there a lot of voices who claims that the interventionism is

unmoral. Both parts got their arguments to sustain their point of view but I think both parts forget

about the importance of the morality and why they want to do that.

As we know when we say intervention we have to see the magnitude we talk about, the

implication of the parts in the problems, and we put the next problems. Why is moral to intervene?

When the intervention became immoral? Who got to intervene and when? Is a good thing to

intervene in the problem of another state? Who is the most important in the international community-

1UN Chiefs Rwanda Genocide Regret, BBC News World Edition, March 26, 2004; available at news.

bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3573229.stm.2

Tony Blair, speech given to the Labour Party Conference, Brighton, U.K., October 2, 2001 in Alex Bellamy,Responsibility to Protect or Trojan Horse? The Crisis in Darfur and Humanitarian Intervention after Iraq3Idem 2


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The Raport7, claims that the intervention got to be authorized previously by the

Security Council of ONU (Chapter VII in the UN Charter) or by UN General Assembly (based on

the United for Peace resolution) or authorized by a regional security organism, with the condition to

be subsequently authorized by the Security Council of UN (Chapter VIII in the UN Charter).

Moreover in 2005, all members of UN, reunited in 2005, claim in Declaration of the

Milenium8, that all the states accept the responsability and will action to conform the requirements.

The international community, have to encourage states to accomplish this responsibility. UN have

the responsibility to sustain states to keep the way of responsibility and if there is slippage, tensions,

have to sustain states to remove them.

Concept of responsibility to protect got to be understood not just like as military

intervention but about economic and politic intervention too. As the UN Charter claims, sanctions

can be imposed over states through diplomatic ways, without using the army. This can be, ceasing of

diplomatic relationships, interrupting communications, embargo, mostly of the arms.

States got the right to protect the civilians even against other things than armed conflicts. It

is the responsibility to protect the people against verminous disease. The state has to take action

against spreading the disease into the country and beyond the border. With the help of World Health

Organization, state have to take the best decision for not spreading the disease (mad cow disease,

swine flu etc).

If we return to responsibility to protect, as we begin to talk about, UN has to have

strength relationships with regional organizations as Arabic League and African Union, European

Union etc. In collaboration with this organization, they got to take the best decision for the

population. The intervention in its all form got not to be just a reason of safety and security, but

entire world got to learn from this kind of conflict. For preventing this kind of action against a part of

the population and genocide conflicts, it is a must to understand the roots of the conflict. As we know

none of the country in the world is pure ethnic and everywhere in the world can begin conflicts based

on identity. Genocide and related atrocities tend to occur in societies with diverse national, racial,

ethnic or religious groups that are locked in identity-related conflicts9. This are powered by the

identity differences, more this are aggravated by discrimination, hate speeches and other violation of

human rights. Administration got to find the disparities between ethnic groups and not to instigate

7Evans, Gareth;Sahnoun, Mohamed, Co-chairs (2001).The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International

Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty.Ottawa, ON, Canada: International Development Research Centre,

Minister of Foreign Affairs. pp. 108.ISBN0-88936-960-7.8

Assemblee generale, doc. A760/L.1, Document final du Sommet mondial de 2005, adopte le 16 decembre2005.9http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/genocide_prevention.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)


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talk about state and sovereignty and how the international protection can override sovereignty for the

good of the people.

Today we cant see anymore the state like a tyrant with its citizens and dont do

anything as a international organization, because people now got to be seen by state and international

organization like the fundamental actor of the entire system. People got to be protected by the bad

will of others, by harm and crime.

If a state cannot protect its citizens, or doesnt want to protect them, the international

community got to put the problem of intervention, with the respect for sovereign of the state. As we

know is a full and exclusive principle. Sovereignty of the state is not and never been absolute, in

sense of absolute liberty of action. Every country must respect its obligations in the virtue of

sovereignty and other state can ask the compliance of the obligations assumed, institution resorting

to international liability for unlawful acts11. International Commission12, claim in its report that

sovereignty presumes responsibility to protect, integrated sovereignty. State cannot refuse the

protection of its population and the action of international community when it cannot protect its

citizens. This norm is not generally accepted by all states, but more states got trust in the concept and

put more importance on the protection of the human rights, protection of the victims in armed

conflicts (humanitarian law) and of international criminal law, there will be a must that people to be

protected by state and all international community13. Sovereignty is not just an attribution of power

and authority over people and over territory but is an attribute of protection of life, health and dignity

of life of the population. The intervention of other states, other organization can be a must just when

state cannot accomplish this.

We want to highlight that responsibility to protect got the last resort the intervention,

the most important part of responsibility to protect is claiming states to respects its obligation, to

prevent to happen catastrophes, and after if it is demanded to reaction firm against state actions, to

repair the damages produced and rebuild social structures, the economy, vitals for population after

human right violations. For prevention states must have institution which can stop this deviation

from human rights respect and if it is case to be punished the people who violate the international

human right. More state has to be the first example of responsibility in this way. Obligation of

prevention is not a new claim in international law, in the Article 1 in Geneva Convention, outlines

11Ion Diaconu, Manual de drept international, Editia a III-a, Bucuresti, Editura Lumina Lex, 2010, pp. 372-381.

12Evans, Gareth;Sahnoun, Mohamed, Co-chairs (2001).The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International

Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty.Ottawa, ON, Canada: International Development Research Centre,

Minister of Foreign Affairs. pp. 108.ISBN0-88936-960-7.13Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Genese de lidee de responsabilite de proteger, n La responsabilite de proteger,

Colloque de Nanterre, Societe francaise pour le droit international, Ed. A. Pedone, Paris, 2008, pp.30-31.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88936-960-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)


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the importance of protection of the victims of armed conflicts as human rights. Geneva Convention

claims also that state have to protect that its institution has to protect citizens and not threaten the

lives of citizens.

As we said earlier one of the most important organisms who got to approval of

intervention is Security Council of UN. ICISS recommended that its permanent members 14commit

themselves to a series of criteria relating to the use of force in humanitarian emergencies 15. As the

decision got to take immediately, ICISS also recommend that permanent member should not give

veto vote against intervention to stop humanitarian action unless their vital national interests are

involved.

Some people are against of responsibility to protect or intervention and claim

sovereignty because lack of protection in US intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq. The intervention

was put under the idea of self defence but under protection of the Iraqi people too. But humanitarian

arguments use to receive a lot of contra voices. The idea of responsibility to protect came into

discussion in the same time as the war on terror came into discussion. Through war on terror I talk

about terrorism and the immediately repercussions of the event. The intervention in Iraq and

Afghanistan shows that US, was not a model of intervention and lots of people and countries wanted

to be delimited by this conflict for not causing damage for the idea of responsibility to protect. Some

authors highline that US tried to take revenge and not to respect and make a humanitarian

intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan. More consider the humanitarian intervention in Iraq as an

abuse under humanitarian justifications. As a result, after the Iraq war, the idea of responsibility to

protect, suffer because of the luck of trust of the countries part of. This is come into a big problem

and states and people start to wonder why is the intervention? This is it in the benefits of a state or to

save the people? On other hand some countries use the idea of action in Iraq for showing the

American activism like oil seeker or anti-Muslims and this reinforce the African and Middle Easter

hostility against the Western power. As a result, the states parts in Iraq problem lose the credibility to

use the concept of responsibility to protect. In The Mask of Altruism Disguising a Colonial War16

from Guardian, author show the dilemma of nowadays interventionism, and claim that states

intervene in other under a moral rule, just to pump the oil out. The article focuses also on the idea

that big countries watch out just the countries with big resources. Humanitarian aid should be what

the Red Cross always said it must be - politically neutral. Anything else is just an old-fashioned

14Security Council of UN members

15(Bellamy 2006)

16

John Laughland,The Mask of Altruism Disguising a Colonial War, Guardian, August 2, 2004; available atwww.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1273982,00.html.


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colonial war - the reality of killing, and the escalation of violence, disguised with the hypocritical

mask of altruism. If Iraq has not taught us that, then we are incapable of ever learning anything17.

In Saving Strangers18, Wheeler said that in the 1990 the entire world failed to save

strangers in Balkans, Rwanda and legitimacy of humanitarian intervention remained hotly

contested19.

Some parts supports the idea of responsibility to protect, some are capped into scepticism,

as Kenneth Roth from Human Right Watch predict that the consequence of the justify a war under

the term of humanitarian intervention will make next time more trouble in intervene in really

humanitarian problems.

Parts of the Security Council use not to agree with the intervention in the conflict because

of the principle of the sovereignty, others as Russia and China20, because of their economical

interests or political interests.

Intervention in Syria and Libya, in a comparison

As we said before we want to make an intervention comparison about two of recent event in

the world wide politics. As we know these conflicts, take part of the Arabic Spring, an important

event of nowadays political scene and very controversial if we think of what happen in these states.

Also these events put big sign of question about democracy and who got the power in the world. I

assume this because the idea was approached on every part of the problem.

Arab Spring is defined like democracy turmoil; in the opinion of some appear independently

across Arab world in 2011. The movement took is originated in the end of 2010 in Tunisia and

spread in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan etc. In this revolution is important how people

spread the idea of change, how they wanted the change in their country, we took part on another way

of intervention, if we had till now international implication, in this kind of revolution we have a

spreading of asking the human rights and democracy from people to state and international system. I

see this like an intervention from down to up. The activists use the technology to spread the idea of

changing, to share the tactics. I will highline here the idea of sharing a common way, the call of

dignity in all the Arabic countries part of the Arabic Spring. The importance of the event is given by

17John Laughland,The Mask of Altruism Disguising a Colonial War, Guardian, August 2, 2004; available at

www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1273982,00.html.18

Wheeler, Saving Strangers, p. 295.19

Idem 1520From (Bellamy 2006) Russia had recently sold MiG aircraft to Sudan and feared that the government would use any

potential sanctions as a justification for defaulting on its payments. China has important oil interests in Sudan.


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the category of people part of the revolution, if we make radiography of these societies; they are

mostly formed by diverse tribes who fight for land and power till now. Also the revolution was not a

revolution of the capital, but more into the deep of the country, also trigged different type of status,

age and sex. In the case of Libya, the armed bands rebels in the eastern part of the country stat the

protests. We will focus on this project on two countries because they are the most disputed and they

are more controversial, Libyan case and Syrian case. First we will make a short resume of the revolt

in each of them and after we will make a discussion about the intervention in both countries of the

international community.

Libyan case

Before analysing the crises from Libya, it is important to specify the background of

the crises for discovering the system imperfections. Leader of Libya in the moment of the onset

events was Muammar al Gaddafi, leader of the state from 1969. Gaddafi established an authoritarian

regime, under a democratic name. Libya got important oil reserves, higher quality, this make Libya

have an important role in the world, and for sure for African Continent. Also Libya was an important

member of African Union, with a major say in. Libya invest big amount of funds in Zambia,

Rwanda, Uganda and Ivory Coast.

Even if the resources are very significantly and the surface of Libya is a big one, the population

is reduced in rapport with the surface and with reserves; standard of living is very poor. Libya got

unemployment of 30% and a crisis of living hoods. Moreover the problem with the violation of

human rights is a serious problem. The problem is not just one we see just in Libya also in other

countries who took part in Arabic Spring. In the beginning of 2011, the government from Tripoli,

feeling the revolution wave from other countries trapped in, disrupted the internet connection and

push peaceful protests back for stopping that the event from neighbourhood to come in Libya too.

Suppression of protests led to widespread demonstrations.

The protests begin in Libya on 15 February 2011, known as Day of Rage. For ending

the crisis, Libyan government tried to action against some of the cause of the crisis. In this way, the

government from Tripoli give back the subsidies for necessity products, ease the access on credits

without guarantee and interest, released prisoners and made a commission for reforms. Gaddafi

announced change of government administrators for pacifies unhappy people, but Khamis troops

grow the population determination for change. The demands of the population were constitutional


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democracy, political parties and salvation for poor problem and of unemployment, human rights and

the most important removing Gaddafi from leading.

Because of importance of Libya in the area and not only, the intern crisis affect

international actors either, due of Libyan membership on Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries, fighting between government and opposition lead to decrease of the amount of oil

extracted and exported, potentially increasing the international prices. The international crisis begins

with the breaking of diplomatic relationships between; withdraw of the foreign civilians from Libya

and sustaining the opposition of the regime by declarations.

By the date of 18 February the opposition controlled most of Benghazi, the second

city in the country. Rebels was tried to be captured by the elite governmental troops but the troops

were rejected. By the date of 20 February the protests spread till Tripoli, when the head of the state

Muammar al-Gaddafi address to the people to inform than the protest will transform into a civil war.

The number of the victims raised the international worries. More, Libya was threaten with political

sanctions and international community asks in more ways that the government to be dismissed.

Methods to manage the crisis were various, the international community starts to cal the end of the

repression of protects, after they tried to observe and await the internal crisis solve by internal

measures, imposing of sanctions by international bodies and after onset the military hostilities to

protect the civilians. The regional actor, Arab League, call for peaceful solution over protests but this

do not solve the internal problems. More others organizations as Asian Union and European Union

shows the disapproval for human rights violations and claim the responsibility of government from

Tripoli on protecting the civilians.

Intervention of international community in Libya

As communications were strongly controlled, the international troops receive distorted

information about situation in Libya. From this fact, in the first instance, international community

could not make correct decisions over situation. The decision of the big actors varies from non-

interventions and call of reestablishment to military intervention. For understanding better the

implication of each international actor we will describe in part every actor implied and actions made.

UN

United Nations was the first international organization who intervenes for managing the

crisis in Libya. Security Council of UN, adopt the resolution 1970/ 26 February 2011, demanding


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stopping the violence and starting accomplish the demands of population, permission of monitoring

the situation by international community for protecting the human rights, ensuring the safety of

foreigners who wants to leave the country, allowing the humanitarian aid and medical supplies,

lifting the restrictions of journalists.

Also UN demands that the case of genocide to arrive in front of International Criminal

Court for genocide against humanity. UN impose embargo on weapons and military equipment and

travel ban. Moreover UN asks frozen Gaddafis bank accounts and his goods and over his family and

Libyan government. On 1 March, General Assembly of UN suspends Libyan membership in human

rights Council. On 17 March, was adopted Resolution 1973 by UN Security Council who call a no-

fly zone over Libya. Adoptingresolution 1973 (2011) by a vote of 10 in favour to none against,

with 5 abstentions (Brazil, China, Germany, India, Russian Federation), the Council authorized

Member States, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, to take all

necessary measures to protect civilians under threat of attack in the country, including Benghazi,

while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territoryrequesting

them to immediately inform the Secretary-General of such measures21. Also through this resolution,

UN Security Council requests the intervention of Arab League and highlights the importance of this

regional organization in the area22. Also the Council pointed out the importance of intensifying the

efforts in finding a solution for the Libyan crisis. The resolution mention the need of intervention in

the following of the no accomplishes of demands and repeatedly attacks over population from

Libyan authority. More Libyan government did not take measures to protect the civilians and

Resolution demands the importance of the intervention. After resolution was adopted, on 19 France,

US and UK intervened in Libya against Gaddafi forces. Near these forces, another 27 states gather

and made a coalition for intervention. As a result of intervention is the defeat over Gaddafi

government, taking the control the all major cities and abolish Gaddafis system, death of Muammar

Gaddafi, taking the power by a National Transitional Council. National Transitional Council

received the international diplomatic recognition by 105 countries members of UN, EU, Arabic

League and African Union. In 16 September 2011, Security Council of NATO adopt 2009 resolution

who establish UN mission United Nations Support Mission in Libya/UNSMIL who got the aim to

21http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm

22Recognizing the important role of the League of Arab States in the maintenance of international peace and security in

the region, and bearing in mind the United Nations Charters Chapter VIII, the Council asked the Leagues member

States to cooperate with other Member States in implementing the no-fly zone- part from Resolution No 1973, accessed

on http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm#Resolutionhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm#Resolution


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reinstate the public order in Libya, implementation of the draft Constitution and preparing the first

elections in Libya, as a post-conflict operation.

NATO

NATO is an important factor in management crisis in Libya. This organism claim

three condition to imply intervene in Libya: NATO intervention to be proved by using the violence

against civilians by Libyan government, a clear legal mandate (NATO action under UN mandate)

and strong support from regional organizations. Is the first time when a NATO mission is sustained

by Arab state: Qatar, Emirate Unite Arabia and Kuweit.

NATO, make intervention when its interests are threaded in direct way, but in case of

Libya, NATO auctioned under authority of international mandate. Mostly, implication of NATO was

given by big number of Libyan refugees, importance of Libya as an oil exporter, investments made

by Libyan state in other African states, possibilities that Libya to become a terrorism supporter.

Libyan crisis was not just an internal one but a thread over all international system. The important

role NATO had through military actions were more about gather information about the situation, in

this way planes flew over Libyan territory to take information. Ships from Mediterranean water

supervise the embargo of weapons. NATO operation, Operation Unified Protector had the role to

protect the civilians and people area. In 21 October 2011, NATO finished the action in Libya and

withdrew.

European Union

EU adopts some sanction over Libyan regime and sustains UN 1973 resolution 23.

Negotiations on framework agreement European Union Libya and all ongoing contracts were

suspended until the end of the actual crisis24. All organisms implied asking the extradition of the son

of Muammar al-Gaddafi, Saif al-Gaddafi for being judged on crimes against humanity on

International Criminal Court, National Transition Council reject this, Saif al-Gaddafi will be judged

in Libya.

23Joint Statement by the President of the European Council Herman von ROMPUY, and EU Hight Representative

Catherine Ashton on UN Security Council Resolution on Lybia, Brussels, 17 march2011, PCE072/11, A 11/11.24 European Neighbourhood And Partnership Instrument, Lybia, Strategy Paper & National Indicative PROGRAMME,

2011-2013.


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African Union

The most important factor in the area that got to take action in Africa for calming the

population and o offer mediation got to be African Union. Lately problems shows that African Union

cannot fulfill this responsibility and cannot help African countries to be more democratic. African

Union imply in the conflict because of the financial support accorded by European Union. African

Union is dependent by West countries and also was dependent by Libya as this country pays for

itself and for other poor countries.

Even if African Union got a large political mandate, in the prevention over conflict and

management of crisis25 and was authorized to intervene in the intern affairs of the member states,

African Union did not consider using the force for giving a solution in Libyan case. African Union

limits its activity to diplomatic measures and mediation.

After finishing the mission, just support mission of UN tried to advise Libya to make its

way to democracy, helping it with technical instruments to accomplish this. As Libyan society is

very structured, accomplish of a Libyan democratic state will be very hard to be gained as the society

is still tribal. More National Transitional Council considers taking as Constitution, Sharia law. This

put the question of the democracy and the human rights as Sharia is against women vote etc.

Syria

Even if conflicts begin approximately in the same time, Syrian conflict is still on fire.

Syrian conflict begins on 26 January 2011, in Damascus, because a police officer attacked a man in

public and after this were protests for the freedom of the man attacked. After in March 2011, Syrian

police arrested 15 children because they wrote slogans against government. Syria is ruled by Bashar

al-Assad from 1963. In April 2011, approximately 100000 protesters ask the resignation of the

president Bashar al-Assad. Government responds with harsh security. Syrian army tanks enter in the

cities and killed over 136 people and made the most violent day and bloody from the beginning of

the conflict in Syria. By late November the opposition made their army. The clashes between

governmental and opposition are very violent and bloody and civilians are not protected neither by

25 Karin BOGLAND, Robert Egnell, Maria Lagerstroem, The African Union- a Study Focusying on Conflict

Manegement, mai 2008.


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including Russia and China (intervention under responsibility to protect concept could took place) in

the case of Syria either China but especially Russia, both long-time supporter of Assad family

blocked the UN resolution. The intervention of NATO was easy in Libya because the spreading of

the population, either for planes and for ground troops too when in Syria the country is mountainous,

and for planes is much more better but for ground troops is not effective. In the case of Syria is it

believed that al-Qaeda factions are included. Also the rebels in Syria are very fragmented and do not

have territory. The problem in Syria is a clock bomb as is a religious problem either, in the area are

Alawites, Shiites, Sunnis and Christian that could explode in the regional war. The only country who

got the power to force Assad to let the country goes to democracy is Russia. The situation of Syria is

very delicate as the civil war can be contagious in the area. More in the case of Syria just 40 % of

population wants the changing of Assad, the intervention can be claimed as an aggression. If Gaddafi

got his moments of craziness but moments in with he asks clemency from the big countries,

government from Damascus do not change the paradigm of the dialog they imposed, they affirmed

that lead a war over terrorism and over a worldwide way.

Scholars claim that Syrian military magnitude is another problem, near of the

landscape of the countries to make the intervention much more difficult to make than is Libya.

Syrian military have the eight times more people that the Libyan one. Also the Syrian airpower is

twice strength as Libyan one. Also military is financed by Iran with tanks and weapon. This make

intervention more difficult. The intervention in Syria can cost very much now, if NATO will

intervene. Also, the politic of revolution is quite different than in Libya because in Libya, rebels

group occupied territory and got it under control, when in Sirya the opposition is leaderless and also

their movement are shy and with some declaratory statements. There is no clear opposition force

and protesters do not, under international law, have the status of belligerents which would make

further violence done to them a war crime under the International Criminal Court27. Making a

contrast the rebles in Libya gather their control in Benghazi and they pushed Gadhafi to use his air

power against them and NATO impose no fly-zone. In Syria Al-Assad didn;t use air forces against

people. He have a ground campaign of violence trying to intimidate the opposition. Also Assad try to

use the ground forces to force the rebels to give up. Even if Al-Assad commits with evidence crimes

against humanity, Syria is not a signatory of International Criminal Court. Just Security Council can

take decision against Assad regime and this is unlikely as China and Russia opose. If the claiming of

the responsibility to protect was easy to claim in Libyan case, in Syrian problem is not so easy to

27http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/the-tactics-of-intervention-why-syria-will-never-be-

libya/article4182403/http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1674
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intervene even if it is for people. Situation in Syria is tragic as international community can

intervene, as the conflict can be escalated in the area by intervention.

In the end of this month UN asks Syria access for an investigation on Chemical army

and Syria did not accept access without restriction on its territory.

After te begging of the conflict in Syria even if the international attention was on the

country, because of the forbidding the all kind of intervention from Rusia and China side as they

blocked United Resolution, that could impose sanctions in Syria. Also a friend of al-Assad regime

block the intervention too, Iran. For Syria were made two resolution, number 2042 and 2043, first for

observing the Syrian Civil War, and also another one for accepting a Mission from UN, United

Nations Supervision Mission in Syria.


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2. UN Chiefs Rwanda Genocide Regret, BBC News World Edition, March 26, 2004;

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3. John Laughland,The Mask of Altruism Disguising a Colonial War, Guardian, August 2,

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Responsibility to Protect in Syria and Libya