1. Which of the following hormones acts to increase blood glucose levels?

A. insulin

B. glucagon

C. antidiuretic hormone

D. pepsinogen

E. aldosterone

2. In humans, the HIV virus primarily attacks which of the following types of cells?(A) Epidermal cells(B) Red blood cells(C) White blood cells(0) Glial cells(E) Neurons

3. Which of the following describes the mechanism by which a plant stem growstoward light?

(A) The plant seeks light in order to maximize photosynthesis.(B) Nerve like impulses stimulate contractile cells on the lighted

side of the stem.(C) Cells on the dark side of the stem elongate more than those on

the lighted side.(0) The plant grows into an open area where its leaves will not be

shaded by competing plants.(E) The greater energy supply on the lighted side of the stem

stimulates metabolism and growth on that side.

4. Fruits often ripen faster when placed in closed paper bags because of the effectof

(A) cytokinin(B) abscisic acid(C) CO2(0) gibberellin(E) ethylene

5. Certain metabolic pathways are affected by the buildup of a product that interactswith an enzyme catalyzing one of the initial steps of the pathway; this can be anexample of

(A) transcriptional regulation(B) thermodynamic regulation(C) translational regulation(0) feedback inhibition(E) posttranslational modification

In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation andthen the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarizedin the table below.

Daily injections of progesterone(milligrams)Percentage of rats that carriedfetuses to birth

Group 10.25

Group 22.0

6. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on theA. general health of the rat.

7. Gibberellic acid stimulates the cells of germinating grass seeds toproduce mRNA molecules that code for hydrolytic enzymes. In this casethe role of gibberellic acid can best be described as that of

A. a regulator of gene activityB. a stimulator of hydrolase secretionC. a stimulator of DNA replicationD. an allosteric activator of hydrolaseE. an activator of translation

8. Which of the following is true of humoral immunity but not of cell-mediatedimmunity?

A. It is active in the early years of a person's life.B. It involves the activity of killer T-cells.C. Antigens are relS:ognizedin the lymph nodes.D. Antibodies are produced in response to antigens.E. Virus-infected cells are the primary targets.

9. Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in a release of epinephrine(adrenaline) from the adrenal glands?

A. Competing in an athletic eventB. Going out on a first dateC. Falling asleep during a lectureD. Swimming in a very cold poolE. Taking a test while unprepared

A. TestisB. Lining of small intestineC. Anterior pituitaryD. ThyroidE. Pancreas

10. Releases hormones that control blood sugar levels by stimulatingglycogen formation or breakdown I

12. Releases hormones that increase the rate of cellular respirationthroughout the body

14. From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling area. the paracrine, local, and synaptic stages.b. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.c. signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation.d. the alpha, beta, and gamma stages.e. signal reception, cellular response, and cell division.

15. Which of the following are chemical messengers that pass through the plasma membrane of cells and havereceptor molecules in the cytoplasm?a. protein signalsb. hormone signalsc. Bothd. Neither

16. Which of the following statements is (are) true of plants?a. Unlike animals, plants cannot respond to stimuli.b. Plants are stationary and are incapable of movement.c. Plants adjust their growth and development in response to environmental cues.d. Only A and B are true.e. A, B, and C are true.

17. Secondary messengers are associated with which of the following?a. Receptionb. Transductionc. Responsed. both A and Be. both Band C

18. In a signal transduction pathway, the transduction stage amplifies the original signal bya. involving more than one receptor molecule to receive the stimulus.b. having each receptor molecule produce multiple secondary messengers.c. having each secondary messenger activate numerous specific enzymes.d. Band Conlye. A, B, and C

19. Why might animal hormones function differently from plant hormones?a. Animals move rapidly away from negative stimuli, and most plants don't.b. Plant cells have a cell wall that blocks passage of many hormones.c. Plants must have more precise timing of their reproductive activities.d. Plants are much more variable in their morphology and development than animals.e. Both A and 0 are correct.

20. Inflammatory responses may include all of the following excepta. clotting proteins sealing off a localized area.b. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.c. reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma.d. release of substances to increase the blood supply to an inflamed area.e. increased release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

21. Which of the following is afalse statement about innate immunity?a. They include inflammatory responses.b. They include physical and chemical barriers.c. They must be primed by the presence of antigen.d. They may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes.e. Macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process.

22. What are antigens?a. proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clumpb. proteins embedded in B cell membranesc. proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chainsd. foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodiese. proteins released during an inflammatory response

23. Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response?a. memory cellsb. Macrophagesc. stem cellsd. B cellse. T cells

24. In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated?a. when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cellb. when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokinesc. when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor celld. in the bone marrow during the self tolerance teste. when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

7 14 21 28 35Time (days)

25. When would memory cells be produced?a. between 0 and 7 daysb. between 7 and 14 daysc. between 28 and 35 daysd. between 35 and 42 dayse. both A and C

Second exposmeto antigen A

26. When would you find antibodies being produced?a. between 3 and 7 daysb. between 14 and 21 daysc. between 28 and 35 daysd. both Band Ce. both A and C

27. Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells?a. B cell contact antigen ~ helper T cell is activated ~ clonal selection occursb. body cell becomes infected with a virus ~ synthesis of new viral proteins ~ class I MHC

molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surfacec. self-tolerance of immune cells ~ B cells contact antigen ~ cytokines releasedd. complement cells ~ B cell contacts antigen ~ helper T cell activated ~ cytokines

releasede. cytotoxic T cells ~ class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed ~ cytokines

released ~ cell lysis

28. The secretion of hormone A causes a change in the amount of protein X in an organism. lfthis mechanismworks by positive feedback, which of the following statements represents that fact?a. An increase in A produces an increase in X.b. An increase in X produces a decrease in A.c. A decrease in A produces an increase in X.d. A and B are correct.e. Band C are correct.

29. The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. Which of the following cells bestillustrates this relationship?a. a neuron in the spinal cordb. a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortexc. a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamusd. a brain cell in the cerebral cortexe. a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes

Refer to the figure below to answer the following questions.I A I I---B~

o 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0Gibberellin concentration (Il-g/ml)

Gibberellin ofunknown

concentration

30. The results of this experiment, shown on the left of the graph (area A), may be used toa. show that these plants can live without gibberellin.b. show that gibberellin is necessary in positive gravitropism.c. show that taller plants with more gibberellin produce fruit (pods).d. show a correlation between plant height and gibberellin concentration.e. study phytoalexins in plants.

Essay: Pick ONE# J: Homeostatic maintenance of optimal blood glucose levels has been intensively studied in vertebrateorganIsms.

(a) Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels. Identify TWO pancreatic hOl1l10neS anddescribe the effect of each hormone on blood glucose levels.

(b) For ONE of the hOl1l10neS you identified in (a), identify ONE target cell and discuss themechanism by which the hormone can alter activity in that target cel!. Include in your discussiona description of reception, cellular transduction, and response.

#2: An important defense against disease in vertebrate animals is the ability to eliminate, inactivate ordestroy foreign substances and organisms. Explain how the immune system achieves THREE ofthefollowing:

- provides an immediate nonspecific immune response

- activates T and B cells in response to an infection

- responds to a later infection of the same infections agent

- distinguishes self from non self