Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystemSwensonSwenson

Organisms exchange:Organisms exchange:

Oxygen (OOxygen (O22) and Carbon Dioxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO22))

A. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs: (e. A. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs: (e. Humans and plants)Humans and plants)

Need 0Need 022 for cellular respiration for cellular respiration

  Release excess CORelease excess CO22 from cellular from cellular

respirationrespiration

Examples of exchange of gases Examples of exchange of gases in Hetertrophs:in Hetertrophs:

EarthwormsEarthworms – diffusion through skin. – diffusion through skin.

Fish and MollusksFish and Mollusks – – gills (O2 that is gills (O2 that is dissolved in H2O dissolved in H2O

InsectsInsects – through – through spiracles (holes spiracles (holes along abdomen) that along abdomen) that lead to a trachea. lead to a trachea. Hemolymph allows Hemolymph allows diffusion of gas into diffusion of gas into cells.cells.

External RespirationExternal Respiration – Gas exchange in – Gas exchange in lungs. lungs.

Internal RespirationInternal Respiration – Exchange at cells. – Exchange at cells. Allows mitochondria to make ATP(Energy)Allows mitochondria to make ATP(Energy)

In the Lung

At the Body Tissues

External Respiration

Internal Respiration

OxygenOxygen – carried by hemoglobin in – carried by hemoglobin in RBC’sRBC’s

COCO22 – – carried dissolved in plasma, HCOcarried dissolved in plasma, HCO33

COCO – carbon monoxide has a 20X higher – carbon monoxide has a 20X higher attraction to hemoglobin then Oattraction to hemoglobin then O22. Can kill . Can kill

us by limiting our oxygen in blood. us by limiting our oxygen in blood.

Parts of the Respiratory System:Parts of the Respiratory System: Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary Artery – Delivers – Delivers

deoxygenated blood to lungsdeoxygenated blood to lungs Pulmonary VeinPulmonary Vein – Takes oxygenated – Takes oxygenated

blood from lungs to heart.blood from lungs to heart.

Structure FunctionStructure Function

Nostrils Nostrils Warm airWarm air

Nasal Passage Nasal Passage Warm, Filter, Warm, Filter,

Moisten AirMoisten Air

Pharynx Pharynx Direct air to trachea Direct air to trachea

Epiglottis Epiglottis Keep food out Keep food out

Glottis Glottis Opening to tracheaOpening to trachea

Larynx Larynx Voice Box Voice Box

Trachea Trachea Protect airway Protect airway

(cartilage rings) (cartilage rings)

Bronchus Bronchus Split to lungs Split to lungs

Bronchial Tubes Bronchial Tubes Branches of Bronchus Branches of Bronchus

Bronchioles Bronchioles Smaller branching Smaller branching

Alveoli Alveoli Sacs for gas exchange, Sacs for gas exchange,

delivery to the blooddelivery to the blood

Capillaries Capillaries Gas exchange Gas exchange

Diaphragm Diaphragm MuscleMuscle to fill/empty to fill/empty

lungs lungs

Esophagus Esophagus Food Food stomach stomach

Pleural Membrane Pleural Membrane Sack around lungs, Sack around lungs,

allows creation of a allows creation of a

vacuum for “suction”vacuum for “suction”

Composition of AirComposition of Air

  Air In Air Out

Nitrogen 78% 78.86%

Oxygen 21% 16.3%

CO2 0.04% 4.5%

H2O Traces Slightly more

Step Inspiration (in) Expiration (out)Step Inspiration (in) Expiration (out)

11 Rib Muscles Contract Relax Rib Muscles Contract Relax

22 Diaphragm Contracts RelaxDiaphragm Contracts Relax

33 Lowers Pressure Lung Tissue Lowers Pressure Lung Tissue

ShrinksShrinks

44 Creating a Vacuum Forcing Air OutCreating a Vacuum Forcing Air Out

Average Breaths per minute = 18Average Breaths per minute = 18

Liters Volume Explanation Liters Volume Explanation 0.5 Tidal 0.5 Tidal Normal in and out breathing Normal in and out breathing

1.2 Residual 1.2 Residual Air that cannot be expelledAir that cannot be expelled

1.6 Expiratory 1.6 Expiratory Air that can be forced outAir that can be forced out

ReserveReserve

1.6 Inspiratory 1.6 Inspiratory Air that can be forced inAir that can be forced in

ReserveReserve

3.7 Vital Capacity 3.7 Vital Capacity Tidal + Expiratory + Tidal + Expiratory +

InspiratoryInspiratory

4.9 Total 4.9 Total “ + “ + “ + residual“ + “ + “ + residual

ReviewReview

http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-20http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200022.htm0022.htm

Can I kill myself by holding my Can I kill myself by holding my breath?breath?

Nope, I would pass out and then the Nope, I would pass out and then the “automatic” portion of my brain would “automatic” portion of my brain would start my breathing again.start my breathing again.

Problems with the Problems with the Respiratory System:Respiratory System:

HyperventilateHyperventilate – – Rapid Breathing, Rapid Breathing, not getting rid of not getting rid of enough COenough CO22

Lung CancerLung Cancer – – primary cause primary cause smoking.smoking.

PneumoniaPneumonia – – bacterial caused fluid bacterial caused fluid in lungsin lungs

EmphysemaEmphysema – – Breaking up of Breaking up of alveoli, fewer alveoli, fewer areas for gas areas for gas exchange, exchange, “suffocating” for “suffocating” for years.years.

BronchitisBronchitis – – Inflammation of the Inflammation of the mucus membranes mucus membranes in the bronchi, in the bronchi, causes more causes more mucus productionmucus production

AsthmaAsthma – immune – immune system causes system causes inflammation of inflammation of bronchi. bronchi. http://http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/www.ucsusa.org/assets/animation/toxicair_lung.sanimation/toxicair_lung.swfwf

TuberculosisTuberculosis – Bacterial caused – Bacterial caused breakdown of lung tissue, coughing breakdown of lung tissue, coughing blood.blood.

HayfeverHayfever - an - an allergic reaction to allergic reaction to pollen, dust or other pollen, dust or other irritants.irritants.

SuffocationSuffocation – – insufficient O2 to insufficient O2 to cells.cells.

SmokingSmoking

Autotrophs: Autotrophs:

1. Need CO1. Need CO22 for photosynthesis for photosynthesis

2. Need O2. Need O2 2 for cellular respirationfor cellular respiration

3. Release excess O3. Release excess O22 from photosynthesis from photosynthesisPhotosynthesis Equation: Photosynthesis Equation:

ORGANELLE - Chloroplast ORGANELLE - Chloroplast

SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O O C C66HH1212OO66 + 6 O + 6 O22

ATP/NADPH ATP/NADPH

ENZYMESENZYMES

Cellular Respiration EquationCellular Respiration Equation

ORGANELLE - Mitochondria ORGANELLE - Mitochondria

ADP + PADP + P

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O + 6 O22 6H 6H22O + 6COO + 6CO22++ ATPATP

ENZYMESENZYMES

How Roots do Gas Exchange: How Roots do Gas Exchange: OO22 is in spaces in soil is in spaces in soil

OO22 dissolved in water (enters plant through dissolved in water (enters plant through

successive osmosis)successive osmosis) COCO22 diffuses into soil following cellular diffuses into soil following cellular

respiration from heterotrophsrespiration from heterotrophs

Stems: Stems: Lenticles – small holes along Lenticles – small holes along

branches, more on growing branches, more on growing tips, allow Otips, allow O22 intake and CO intake and CO22 release.release.

Leaves Leaves - job is - job is photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Gas exchange takes Gas exchange takes place in the spongy place in the spongy and palisade cells.and palisade cells.

A thin film of HA thin film of H22O O surrounds these cells, surrounds these cells, allowing diffusion of allowing diffusion of gases.gases.

COCO22 passes through passes through stoma into cellsstoma into cells

COCO22 passes out to the passes out to the airair

Purpose of a Respiratory System?Purpose of a Respiratory System? To allow intake of O2To allow intake of O2 To allow release of CO2To allow release of CO2 http://www.bmu.unimelb.edu.au/examples/gasxlung/http://www.bmu.unimelb.edu.au/examples/gasxlung/