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Respiratory System

Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

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Page 1: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

Respiratory System

Page 2: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

Respiratory System

Page 3: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Primary Function

– Gas Exchange

• Secondary Functions

– Speech

– pH regulation of internal environment

Page 4: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Anatomical Divisions

– Conducting pathways

– Respiratory regions

• sites of gas exchange

Page 5: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Conducting Pathways

– Upper respiratory tract

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx

Page 6: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Nasal Cavity

– Functions

• warms air

• humidifies air

• filters air

Page 7: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

–Features of Nasal Cavity

•Conchae

•Ciliated epithelial mucosa

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• Nasal cavity communicates with nasal sinuses

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• Pharynx

(refer to digestive system notes)

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• Pharynx

– Functions

• food and air pathways

• resonating chamber for voice

• swallowing

Page 13: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

– 3 divisions

• Nasopharynx

• Oropharynx

• Laryngopharynx

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• Structural features of pharynx

– Lined with a stratified squamous epithelium

– Skeletal muscle in wall

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• Additional structural features

– Eustachian tube opening

– uvula

– tonsils

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• Lower Respiratory Tract

– Larynx

– Trachea

– Bronchi

– Bronchioles

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• Larynx

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• Larynx

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• Structure of the Larynx

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• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages

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_

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Epiglottis

_

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Epiglottis

Arytenoid

_

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Epiglottis

ArytenoidCorniculate

_

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Epiglottis

ArytenoidCorniculate

Cricoid_

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Epiglottis

ArytenoidCorniculate

CricoidThyroid

Page 29: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

Epiglottis

ArytenoidCorniculate

CricoidThyroid

Cuneiform

Page 30: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages

Page 31: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages &

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Page 33: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages & ligaments

Page 34: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages & ligaments

– Muscles

Page 35: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages & ligaments

– Muscles &

Page 36: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages & ligaments

– Muscles & bone

Page 37: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of the Larynx

– Cartilages & ligaments

– Muscles & bone

– Lined with a mucous membrane

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goblet cell cilia mucus

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• Other Features of Larynx

Page 40: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Other Features of Larynx

–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)

Page 41: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Other Features of Larynx

–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)

– Vocal folds

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Page 43: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Other Features of Larynx

–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)

– Vocal folds

Page 44: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Other Features of Larynx

–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)

– Vocal folds

– Glottis

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• Primary Function of the Larynx

Page 48: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

-------------------------

• Primary Function of the Larynx

– Sound production

Page 49: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Primary Function of the Larynx

– Sound production

--------------------------------------------------

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Page 53: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

Cricothyroid Muscle

Page 54: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

Cricothyroid Muscle

Page 55: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Primary Function of the Larynx

– Sound production

Page 56: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Secondary Functions of the Larynx

– Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract

•ventricular folds and vocal folds

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Page 59: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Secondary Functions of the Larynx

– Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract

•ventricular folds and vocal folds

Page 60: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Secondary Functions of the Larynx

– Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract

•ventricular folds and vocal folds

•epiglottis

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• Trachea (‘Windpipe’)– General

features• 1 inch diameter

• 4-5 inches long – 1st inch in neck

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– Composed of 15-20 “C” rings

– Rings linked by annular ligaments

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• Bronchi

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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

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Page 82: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

Page 83: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary

Page 84: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary

Page 85: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary (lobar)

Page 86: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary (lobar)

• to lobes of lungs

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Page 88: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary (lobar)

• to lobes of lungs

Page 89: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary (lobar)

• to lobes of lungs

– Tertiary

Page 90: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary (lobar)

• to lobes of lungs

– Tertiary (segmental)

Page 91: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

– Primary

• to lungs

– Secondary (lobar)

• to lobes of lungs

– Tertiary (segmental)

• to bronchopulmonary segments of lungs

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• Bronchioles

Page 95: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchioles

– Branch off of tertiary bronchi

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• Bronchioles

– Branch off of tertiary bronchi

– Less than 1 mm in diameter

Page 98: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchioles

– Branch off of tertiary bronchi

– Less than 1 mm in diameter

– Smooth muscle in walls

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Page 100: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchioles

– Branch off of tertiary bronchi

– Less than 1 mm in diameter

– Smooth muscle in walls

Page 101: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchioles

– Branch off of tertiary bronchi

– Less than 1 mm in diameter

– Smooth muscle in walls

• exhibit bronchoconstriction

Page 102: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Bronchioles

– Branch off of tertiary bronchi

– Less than 1 mm in diameter

– Smooth muscle in walls

• exhibit bronchoconstriction & bronchodilation

Page 103: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Terminal Bronchioles

Page 104: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Terminal Bronchiole

– Last bronchioles before alveoli

Page 105: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Terminal Bronchioles

– Last bronchioles before alveoli

– Deliver air to lung lobules

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Review:

• Anatomical Divisions of Respiratory System

– Conducting pathways

– Respiratory regions: sites of gas exchange

•respiratory bronchioles

•alveoli

Page 111: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Respiratory Bronchioles

– have alveoli

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• Alveoli

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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)

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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)

–Sites of gas exchange

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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)

–Sites of gas exchange

Page 123: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)

–Sites of gas exchange

–Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries

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Page 125: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)

–Sites of gas exchange

–Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries

Page 126: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)

–Sites of gas exchange

–Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries

–Secrete surfactant

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• Structure of Lungs

Page 129: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Structure of Lungs

– Alveoli

– Bronchi and Bronchioles

– Reticular CT with lots of elastic fibers

– Blood vessels and nerves

Page 130: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Pleural Cavities

• Pleural membranes

– Visceral pleura

– Parietal pleura

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• Pulmonary Ventilation

– Movement of air into and out of the alveoli

Page 133: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Pulmonary ventilation can be explained by:

1. Boyle’s law: P ~ 1/V2. And the basic concept

that a given volume of air will move from a region of high air pressure into a region of low air pressure

Page 134: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

• Ventilation Steps

– Inspiration (quiet or forced)

– Expiration (quiet or forced)

Page 135: Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment

–Muscles of quiet inspiration

•Diaphragm

•External intercostals

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• Why does air enter the lungs when these muscles contract?

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–Muscles of forced inspiration

–Pect. Minor

– Serratus anterior

– Sternocleidomastoid

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–Muscles of quiet expiration

•None!

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–Muscles of forced expiration

–Internal intercostals

–Abdominal muscles

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• Asthma Video

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• Gas Exchange Video

• Bronchoscopy

• Respiration Video