THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:y Provides for gas exchange y Helps regulate blood pH (7.35-7.45) y Contains receptors for the sense of smell y filters inspired air y produces vocal sounds (phonation) y Excretes small amounts of water and heat

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

STRUCTURALLY

FUNCTIONALLY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

STRUCTURALLY

FUNCTIONALLY

UPPER RESP. SYSTEM

LOWER RESP.SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSTRUCTURALLY FUNCTIONALLY

UPPER RESP. SYSTEM

LOWER RESP.SYSTEM

NOSE PHARYNX

LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI LUNGS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

STRUCTURALLY

FUNCTIONALLY

RESPIRATORY ZONE

CONDUCTING ZONE

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSTRUCTURALLY FUNCTIONALLY

RESPIRATORY ZONE

CONDUCTING ZONE NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES

RESP. BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLAR SACS ALVEOLI

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSTRUCTURALLY FUNCTIONALLY

UPPER RESP. SYSTEM

LOWER RESP.SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY ZONE

CONDUCTING ZONE

NOSE PHARYNX

LARYNX BRONCHI TRACHEA LUNGS

RESP. BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLAR SACS ALVEOLI

NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA

BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

Classified Functionally:y CONDUCTING ZONE

- consist of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs - filters, warms, and moistens air and conduct it into the lungs. y RESPIRATORY ZONE - consist of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSTRUCTURALLY FUNCTIONALLY

UPPER RESP. SYSTEM

LOWER RESP.SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY ZONE

CONDUCTING ZONE

NOSE PHARYNX

LARYNX BRONCHI TRACHEA LUNGS

RESP. BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLAR SACS ALVEOLI

NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA

BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

TERMINOLOGIES:y OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

(ot/o/rhin/o/laryng/ology; oto-ear, rhino-nose; laryngo-larynx, ologystudy of) - branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT). y PULMONOLOGIST (pulmon/ologist; pulmon-lungs, ologist- specialist/physician) - specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lungs. y RHINOPLASTY (rhin/o/plasty; rhin-nose, plasty-to mold or to shape) - surgical procedure in which the structure of the external nose is altered.

The Nose and Mouth

MB

NOSEy FUNCTIONS:1. Warming, moistening and filtering incoming air 2. Detecting olfactory stimuli 3. Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow

resonating chambers. * Resonance- prolonging, amplifying or modifying a sound by vibration.

NOSESTRUCTURES EXTERNAL PORTION INTERNAL PORTION

FRONTAL BONE NASAL BONE MAXILLAE

SEPTAL CARTILAGE LATERAL NASAL CARTILAGES ALAR CARTILAGES

y INTERNAL PORTION

- large cavity; anterior of the skull; inferior to the nasal bone; superior to the mouth. - anteriorly, the internal nose merges with the external nose; posteriorly, it communicates with the pharynx through two openings called internal nares or choanae.

PHARYNX:y FUNCTIONS:

Passageway for air and food. 2. Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds 3. Houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.1.

PHARYNXNASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX

PHARYNXNASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX

5 OPENINGS

1 OPENING

2 OPENINGS

PHARYNXNASOPHARYNX 5 OPENINGS OROPHARYNX 1 OPENING LARYNGOPHARYNX 2 OPENINGS

2 INTERNAL NARES 2 PHARYNGOTYMPANIC OROPHARYNX

FAUCES

ESOPHAGUS LARYNX

FUNCTIONS OF:y NASOPHARYNX

- receives air from the nasal cavity - exchange small amount of air with auditory tubes equalize air pressure between the pharynx and the middle ear y OROPHARYNX - respiratory and digestive function common passageway for air, food and drink y LARYNGOPHARYNX - has same function as oropharynx; it has both a respiratory and digestive pathway, the esophagus (food tube) and the larynx (voice box).

LARYNXy Also called a voice box y Short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea y Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage (;):

3 occur singly -Thyroid cartilage - Epiglottis - Cricoid cartilage 3 occur in pairs - Arytenoid - Cuneiform - Corniculate

y THYROID CARTILAGE (ADAMS APPLE)

- consist of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape. -present in both male and female; larger in males due to male sex hormones. *Thyrohyoid membrane- ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone. y EPIGLOTTIS (epi/glottis; epi-over, glottis-tongue) - a large, leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium. *Stem- tapered inferior portion that is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. *Leaf- unattached and is free to move up and down like a trap door.

y CRICOID CARTILAGE (ring-like)

- It is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. - Attached to the trachea by the cricotracheal ligament while the cricothyroid ligament connects it to the thyroid cartilage. - It is the landmark for making the emergency airway, the tracheotomy. y ARYTENOID (ladle-like) -Triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage. - Supported by the arytenoid cartilages, the instrinsic pharyngeal muslces contract and move the vocal fols to produce sound.

y CUNEIFORM (wedge-shaped)

- club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages. - support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis. y CORNICULATE (horn-like shape) - are horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage. - located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage. - they are supporting structures for the epiglottis.

TRACHEA:y Windpipe y Located anterior to the esophagus y Tube with 16 to 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilages y 4 to 5 inches long y Connects larynx with trachea

BRONCHI:y Divides into two primary bronchus, the left and right at 5th

thoracic vertebra. y The right primary bronchus is more vertical, shorter and wider that the left. y Like the trachea, it also contain C-shaped cartilages. *Carina- internal ridge where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi.

LUNGS:y Paired cone-shaped organs y Separated by the heart and other structures in the

mediastinum *Pleural membrane- Two layers of serous membrane that enclose and protect each lung

Parts of Pleural Membrane:y Parietal pleura- superficial layer that lines the wall of the

thoracic cavity. y Visceral pleura- the deep layer that covers the lungs themselves y Pleural cavity- contains a small amount of lubricating fluid that reduces friction between membranes *Pleurisy or pleuritis- inflammation of the pleural membrane *Pleural effusion- condition wherein excess fluid accumulates in the pleural space if inflammation persists

PARTS of the LUNGS:y Base

- Broad, inferior portion of the lung. - Concave, it fits the convex area of the diaphragm. y Apex - Narrow, superior portion of the lung. *Costal Surface- surface of the lung lying against the ribs that matches the rounded curvature of the ribs.

Lobes, Fissure & Lobules: *Fissures -Divides each lung into lobes. Oblique Fissure: - found both in left and right lung. Horizontal Fissure: - found only in the right lung

Lobes: y Right Lung: - 3 lobes; inferior, middle and superior lobe. y Left Lung: - 2 lobes; inferior and superior lobe. *Hilum- a region through which bronchi pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic blood vessels and nerves enter and exit.

TERMINOLOGIES:y Pneumothorax (Pneumo- air or breath)

- Pleural cavities filled with air. y Hemothorax (Hemo- blood) - Pleural cavities filled with blood. y Atelectasis (Ateles- incomplete, Ectasis- expansion) -Collapse of a part of a lung or rarely an entire lung

ALVEOLI:y Cup-shaped outpouching line by simple squamous

epithelium and supported by a thin, elastic membrane. *Alveolar sac- consist of 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening. 2 TYPES OF ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS: 1. Type I Alveolar cells- simple squamous epithelial cells form a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall. 2. Type II Alveolar cells- also called septal cells, are fewer in number and found in between Type I alveolar cells.

*Surfactant - a complex mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins. - lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid which reduces the tendency of alveoli to colapse. *Dust Cells - also known as alveolar macrophages - phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces.

*Respiratory membrane - composes of the alveolar and capillary walls - where exchange of CO2 and O2 takes place through diffusion TERMS: y PULMONARY VENTILATION- inhalation and exhalation of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs y EXTERNAL RESPIRATION- exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane y INTERNAL RESPIRATION- exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES:y ABDOMINAL THRUST (HEIMLICH) MANEUVER

- First-aid procedure designed to clear the airways of obstructing objects. y ASPHYXIA (a/sphyxia ; a-without, sphyxia- pulse) - Oxygen starvation due to low atmospheric oxygen or interference with ventilation, external respiration or internal respiration y ASPIRATION - Inhalation of a foreign substance such as water, food, or a foreign body into the bronchial tree. Drawing of a substance in or out by suction. y BRONCHIECTASIS (bronchi/ectasis ; ektasis- stretching) - Chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles resulting from damage to the bronchial wall such as respiratory infections.

y BRONCHOSCOPY (bronch/o/scopy; bronch-trachea, scopy-)

-Visual examination of the bronchi through a bronchoscope. y CHEYNE-STOKES RESPIRATION - A repeated cycle of irregular breathing that is normal in infants but is also seen just before death from pulmonary, cerebral, cardiac and kidney disease. y DYSPNEA (dys/pnea ; dys-painful or difficult, pnea-breath) - Painful or labored breathing. y EPISTAXIS - Loss of blood from the nose due to trauma, infection, allergy, malignant growths or bleeding disorders.

y BRONCHOGRAPHY (bronch/o/graphy) y y y y

- An imaging technique used to visualize the bronchial tree using x-rays. HYPOVENTILATION (hypo/ventilation) - Slow and shallow breathing. MECHANICAL VENTILATION - Use of an automatically cycling device to assist breathing. RALES - Sounds sometimes heard in the lungs that resemble bubbling or rattling. RESPIRATOR - An apparatus used to assist or support ventilation or to provide nebulized medication to the air passages.

y RESPIRATORY FAILURE

- A condition in which the respiratory system either cannot supply sufficient O2 to maintain metabolism y RHINITIS (rhin/itis ; rhin- nose, itis-inflammation) - Chronic or acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose due to viruses, bacteria or irritants. y SLEEP APNEA (a/pnea ; a- without, pnea- breathing) - A disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 or more seconds while sleeping. y SPUTUM (to spit) - Mucus and other fluids from the air passages that is expectorated.

y STREP THROAT

- Inflammation of the pharynx caused by the bacterium streptococcus pyogenes. Involves the tonsils and middle ear. y TACHYPNEA (tachy/pnea ; tachy-rapid, pnea-breath) - Rapid breathing rate y WHEEZE - A whistling, squeaking, or musical high-pitched sound during breathing resulting from a partially obstructed airway.