Upload
curtis-stafford
View
219
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Respiratory System Respiratory System FunctionsFunctions
To get oxygen into the red blood To get oxygen into the red blood cellscells
To release carbon dioxide from the To release carbon dioxide from the bloodblood
““pulmonary”- refers to the lungspulmonary”- refers to the lungs
RespirationRespiration
InhalationInhalation- air enters nose and mouth- air enters nose and mouth Air gains heat and moisture as it Air gains heat and moisture as it
enters the lungsenters the lungs filtered by nose hairs and cilia within filtered by nose hairs and cilia within
the trachea to remove contaminantsthe trachea to remove contaminants
ExhalationExhalation- warm air cools as it leaves - warm air cools as it leaves the body- condenses on a cold day the body- condenses on a cold day and looks like smokeand looks like smoke
Pathway of airPathway of air
NoseNose- has odor receptors, hairs filter - has odor receptors, hairs filter air, tear ducts and sinuses drain hereair, tear ducts and sinuses drain here
NasopharynxNasopharynx- just above the back of - just above the back of throatthroat
PharynxPharynx- connects mouth and nasal - connects mouth and nasal passagespassages
TonsilsTonsils- right behind tongue- part of the - right behind tongue- part of the immune systemimmune system
Into the windpipeInto the windpipe
GlottisGlottis- opening from pharynx to trachea- opening from pharynx to trachea
EpiglottisEpiglottis- flap of tissue that covers the glottis - flap of tissue that covers the glottis when you swallow so food/liquid doesn’t when you swallow so food/liquid doesn’t enter your lungsenter your lungs
LarynxLarynx- just below glottis- has vocal cords- just below glottis- has vocal cords
TracheaTrachea- windpipe- has cartilage rings- similar - windpipe- has cartilage rings- similar to rings on a vacuum cleaner hose- prevent to rings on a vacuum cleaner hose- prevent the trachea from collapsing and being the trachea from collapsing and being sucked shut when you inhalesucked shut when you inhale
BronchiBronchi- forks of trachea that lead to the lungs- forks of trachea that lead to the lungs
The lungs The lungs
Bronchi fork into smaller Bronchi fork into smaller bronchiolesbronchioles
bronchi and bronchioles are bronchi and bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscles- they surrounded by smooth muscles- they can contract and cause asthma- can contract and cause asthma- difficulty breathingdifficulty breathing
end in tiny air sacs called end in tiny air sacs called alveolialveoli The lungs are located in the thoracic The lungs are located in the thoracic
cavity of the upper chestcavity of the upper chest
AlveoliAlveoli
Made of simple squamous epithelium Made of simple squamous epithelium surrounded by tiny capillariessurrounded by tiny capillaries
gas exchange takes place heregas exchange takes place here All these tiny sacs increase surface All these tiny sacs increase surface
area for gas exchange- lungs have area for gas exchange- lungs have 60m60m22 of area of area
lined with surfactant that prevents lined with surfactant that prevents them from sticking closed by h-bonding them from sticking closed by h-bonding of waterof water
Mechanics of breathingMechanics of breathing
The thoracic cavity is sealed so when The thoracic cavity is sealed so when the the diaphragm musclediaphragm muscle on the bottom on the bottom contracts, the cavity gets biggercontracts, the cavity gets bigger
the vacuum that this creates pulls the vacuum that this creates pulls the lungs open and air rushes inthe lungs open and air rushes in
diaphragm relaxes- lungs expel the diaphragm relaxes- lungs expel the air because they are elasticair because they are elastic
damage to this cavity= loss of damage to this cavity= loss of vacuum seal= lung collapsevacuum seal= lung collapse
Other musclesOther muscles
External intercostal muscles-External intercostal muscles- expands expands rib cage to help with inhalationrib cage to help with inhalation
Internal intercostal muscles-Internal intercostal muscles- cause rib cause rib cage to get smaller= forced cage to get smaller= forced exhalationexhalation
Contraction of Contraction of abdominal musclesabdominal muscles can also force more air out of the can also force more air out of the lungs by pushing up against the lungs by pushing up against the diaphragm diaphragm
Control of breathingControl of breathing
MedullaMedulla- control center- generates - control center- generates continuous impulses to stimulate continuous impulses to stimulate diaphragmdiaphragm
Chemoreceptors sensing carbon Chemoreceptors sensing carbon dioxide and acidity in the carotid dioxide and acidity in the carotid (neck) arteries and the aorta can (neck) arteries and the aorta can increase rateincrease rate
Gas exchangeGas exchange
Carbon dioxide is carried in blood Carbon dioxide is carried in blood plasma as bicarbonateplasma as bicarbonate
HemoglobinHemoglobin in red blood cells picks in red blood cells picks up oxygen and changes to up oxygen and changes to oxyhemoglobinoxyhemoglobin
In tissuesIn tissues
The oxyhemoglobin drops off oxygenThe oxyhemoglobin drops off oxygen Carbon dioxide enters red blood Carbon dioxide enters red blood
cells and is then converted into cells and is then converted into bicarbonatebicarbonate
The bicarbonate leaves the red blood The bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasmacell and enters the plasma
Upper Respiratory Upper Respiratory InfectionsInfections
SinusitisSinusitis- infection of the sinuses- hollow - infection of the sinuses- hollow areas of the skull- most drain into the noseareas of the skull- most drain into the nose
Results in clogged drains and pressure Results in clogged drains and pressure build upbuild up
Pain usually increases as you lean forwardPain usually increases as you lean forward Treated with spray decongestants, Treated with spray decongestants,
breathing in water vapor during a hot breathing in water vapor during a hot shower may loosen the clogs and provide shower may loosen the clogs and provide some relief some relief
Otitis mediaOtitis media
Bacterial infection of middle earBacterial infection of middle ear bacteria from throat get in through bacteria from throat get in through
auditory tubeauditory tube Treatment= antibioticsTreatment= antibiotics tubes sometimes are inserted to tubes sometimes are inserted to
drain fluiddrain fluid
TonsilitusTonsilitus
Tonsils become inflamed and Tonsils become inflamed and enlargedenlarged
Tonsils normally fight pathogensTonsils normally fight pathogens If severely swollen, they can If severely swollen, they can
interfere with breathing so they are interfere with breathing so they are sometimes removedsometimes removed
immune system is impaired if immune system is impaired if removedremoved
laryngitislaryngitis
Infection of larynxInfection of larynx Causes hoarsenessCauses hoarseness
Lower respiratory Lower respiratory diseasesdiseases
Acute bronchitus-Acute bronchitus- a bacterial infection a bacterial infection of the bronchi after a viral Upper of the bronchi after a viral Upper respiratory infectionrespiratory infection
dry cough becomes a deep cough that dry cough becomes a deep cough that expectorates mucus and pusexpectorates mucus and pus
PneumoniaPneumonia- viral or bacterial infection - viral or bacterial infection of part of the lungs- alveoli fill with of part of the lungs- alveoli fill with fluid- reduced gas exchangefluid- reduced gas exchange
usually occurs after the fluusually occurs after the flu fever, headache, chest painfever, headache, chest pain
More Lower Resp. More Lower Resp. InfectionsInfections
Pulmonary tuberculosis-Pulmonary tuberculosis- bacterial bacterial Bacteria are encased by lung cells- Bacteria are encased by lung cells-
called tuberculescalled tubercules skin test reveals exposureskin test reveals exposure some people can recover naturallysome people can recover naturally sanatoriums- quarantine areassanatoriums- quarantine areas Treatment= antibiotics- but now Treatment= antibiotics- but now
some strains are partially resistantsome strains are partially resistant
Other lung disordersOther lung disorders
Pulmonary fibrosis-Pulmonary fibrosis- the inhalation of the inhalation of dust and fibers such as asbestos dust and fibers such as asbestos causes fibrous connective tissue to causes fibrous connective tissue to build up in the alveolibuild up in the alveoli
the elasticity of the lungs is reduced the elasticity of the lungs is reduced and they cannot inflate properlyand they cannot inflate properly
poor respiration poor respiration
Chronic bronchitusChronic bronchitus
Airways are inflamed and filled with Airways are inflamed and filled with mucusmucus
Cleaning cilia have been lostCleaning cilia have been lost more prone to infectionmore prone to infection caused by smoking and exposure to caused by smoking and exposure to
pollutantspollutants
EmphysemaEmphysema
Alveoli are stretched out and damaged Alveoli are stretched out and damaged so that less surface area is available so that less surface area is available for gas exchangefor gas exchange
chronicchronic lungs aren’t as elastic and don’t exhale lungs aren’t as elastic and don’t exhale
all the air present- inefficient because all the air present- inefficient because lots of stale air remains in the lungslots of stale air remains in the lungs
supplemental oxygen is sometimes supplemental oxygen is sometimes needed needed
AsthmaAsthma
Wheezing, breathlessness and Wheezing, breathlessness and coughingcoughing
affects bronchi and bronchiolesaffects bronchi and bronchioles when airways are exposed to an when airways are exposed to an
irritant, the smooth muscle spasms irritant, the smooth muscle spasms and constricts themand constricts them
triggered by immune systemtriggered by immune system
Treatment- inhalers to stop spasms and Treatment- inhalers to stop spasms and dilate airwaysdilate airways
Lung cancerLung cancer
Steps- caused by smoking and other Steps- caused by smoking and other chemicals- 1. thickening of cells in chemicals- 1. thickening of cells in airway, 2. cilia are lost, 3. nucleus airway, 2. cilia are lost, 3. nucleus becomes abnormal (damaged DNA), 3. becomes abnormal (damaged DNA), 3. cancerous cells break free and spread cancerous cells break free and spread to other parts of the bodyto other parts of the body
surgery can remove the affected part of surgery can remove the affected part of the lung if it the cancer hasn’t spreadthe lung if it the cancer hasn’t spread
also caused by second hand smokealso caused by second hand smoke