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Powerpoint On Respiratory System
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Chapter 22:The Respiratory System
Alexander Graham Bell – invented the respiratory jacket in 1882. This
device was the precursor to the IRON LUNG developed by Philip Drinker in
the 1920s.
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.1: The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures, p. 832.
Left main(primary)bronchus
Left lung
Right main (primary)bronchus
Trachea
Right lung
Diaphragm
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
NostrilPharynx
LarynxCarina oftrachea
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.2: The external nose, p. 833.
(a) (b)
Epicranius,frontal belly
Ala of nose
Root and bridgeof nose
Dorsum nasi
Apex of nose
Philtrum
Naris (nostril)
Frontal boneNasal boneSeptal cartilageMaxillary bone(frontal process)Lateral process ofseptal cartilage Minor alar cartilages
Major alarcartilages
Dense fibrousconnective tissue
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.3a: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834.
(a)
Olfactoryepithelium
Olfactory nerves
Mucosa of pharynx
Tubaltonsil
Pharyngo-tympanic(auditory)tube
Nasopharynx
Middle nasal conchaand middle nasalmeatusInferior nasal conchaand inferior nasalmeatus
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Superior nasalconcha and superior nasal meatus
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.3b: The upper respiratory tract, p. 834.
(b)
Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinusNasal meatuses(superior, middle,and inferior)
Nasopharynx
UvulaPalatine tonsilIsthmus of thefauces
Posterior nasalaperture
Opening ofpharyngotympanic(auditory) tube
Pharyngeal tonsil
OropharynxLaryngopharynxVestibular fold
Vocal fold
Esophagus
Nasal conchae(superior, middle and inferior)Nasal vestibule
NostrilHard palateSoft palateTongue
Lingual tonsil
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Laryngealcartilages
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.4a-b: The larynx, p. 836.
(a) (b)
Body ofhyoid bone
Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Vestibular fold(false vocal cord)
Vocal fold(true vocal cord)Cricothyroid ligamentCricotracheal ligament
Fatty pad
Thyroid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilageCorniculate cartilageArytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
Arytenoid muscles
Thyroid cartilageLaryngeal prominence(Adam’s apple)
Cricothyroid ligamentCricotracheal ligament
Thyrohyoidmembrane
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.5: Movements of the vocal cords, p. 837.
(b)(a)
Base of tongue
Glottis
True vocal cord
Epiglottis
False vocal cord
Corniculatecartilage
Inner lining of trachea
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.6: Tissue composition of the tracheal wall, p. 839.
(a)(b)
(c)
Esophagus
Pseudostratifiedciliated columnarepithelium
Seromucous glands insubmucosa
Trachealismuscle
Hyaline cartilage
Anterior
Posterior
Mucous membraneSubmucosa
Adventitia
Lumen oftrachea
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.7: Conducting zone passages, p. 840.
Trachea
Superior lobe of right lung
Middle lobe of right lung
Inferior lobe of right lung
Superior lobe of left lung
Right main(primary) bronchusLobar (secondary)bronchus
Segmental (tertiary)bronchus
Inferior lobeof left lung
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.8: Respiratory zone structures, p. 841.
(a)
(b)
Alveolar duct
Alveolar duct Alveoli
Alveolarsac
Alveolarpores
Respiratory bronchioles
Terminalbronchiole
Alveolarduct
Respiratorybronchiole
Alveoli
Alveolarsac
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.9a-b: The respiratory membrane, p. 843.
(b)(a)
Elastic fibers
Smooth muscle
Alveolus
Capillaries
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.9c-d: The respiratory membrane, p. 843.
(c)
(d)
Type II (surfactant-secreting) cell
Type I cell of alveolar wall
Endothelial cellnucleus
Macrophage
Alveoli (gas-filledair spaces)
Red blood cellin capillary
Alveolar poresCapillary endothelium
Fused basement membranesof the alveolar epitheliumand the capillary endothelium
Alveolar epitheliumRespiratorymembrane
Red blood cell
O2
Alveolus
CO2
Epithelial cell nucleus
Capillary
Alveolus
Nucleus oftype I(squamousepithelial)cell
Capillary
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.10a: Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity, p. 844.
(a)
Trachea
Apex of lung
Thymus
Right superior lobe
Horizontal fissureRight middle lobe
Oblique fissureRight inferior lobe
Heart(in mediastinum)DiaphragmBase of lung
Leftsuperior lobe
Cardiac notchObliquefissureLeft inferiorlobe
Lung
Pleuralcavity
Parietal pleura
Rib
Intercostal muscle
Visceral pleura
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.16a: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852.
Inspiratoryreserve volume
3100 ml
Tidal volume 500 ml
Mil
lili
ters
(m
l)
(a) Spirographic record for a male0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Expiratoryreserve volume
1200 ml
Residual volume1200 ml
Functionalresidual capacity
2400 ml
Inspiratory capacity3600 ml Vital capacity
4800 mlTotallung
capacity6000 ml
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.16b: Respiratory volumes and capacities, p. 852.R
esp
irat
ory
vo
lum
esR
esp
irat
ory
cap
acit
ies
(b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females
Tidal volume (TV) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
Inspiratory reservevolume (IRV)
Expiratory reservevolume (ERV)
Functional residualcapacity (FRC)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV (should be 80% TLC)
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV
Residual volume (RV) Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidalvolume inhalation
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidalvolume exhalation
Measurement Description
1900 ml
500 ml
700 ml
1100 ml
4200 ml
3100 ml
2400 ml
1800 ml
Adult femaleaverage value
3100 ml
500 ml
1200 ml
1200 ml
6000 ml
4800 ml
3600 ml
2400 ml
Adult maleaverage value
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.17: Partial pressure gradients promoting gas movements in the body, p. 856.
Inspired air:PO2
160 mm HgPCO2
0.3 mm Hg
Blood enteringalveolar capillaries:PO2
40 mm HgPCO2
45 mm Hg
Externalrespiration
Expired air:PO2
120 mm HgPCO2
27 mm Hg
Blood leavingalveolar capillaries:PO2
104 mm HgPCO2
40 mm Hg
Pulmonaryveins (PO2
100 mm Hg)
O2 CO2
Pulmonaryarteries
Alveoli of lungs:PO2 104 mm HgPCO2 40 mm Hg
Heart
Blood leavingtissue capillaries:PO2
40 mm HgPCO2
45 mm Hg
Blood enteringtissue capillaries:PO2
100 mm HgPCO2
40 mm Hg
Systemicveins
Systemicarteries
Tissues:PO2 less than 40 mm HgPCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg
Internalrespiration
CO 2
CO2
O2
O 2
O2 CO2
O2 CO2
O2 CO2
O2 CO2
O2 CO2 O2 CO2
O2 CO2
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 22.28: The pathogenesis of COPD, p. 871.
• Tobacco smoke• Air pollution
• Airway obstruction or air trapping• Dyspnea• Frequent infections
• Abnormal ventilation- perfusion ratio• Hypoxemia• Hypoventilation
-1 antitrypsindeficiency
Continual bronchialirritation and inflammation
Breakdown of elastin inconnective tissue of lungs
Chronic bronchitisBronchial edema,chronic productive cough,bronchospasm
EmphysemaDestruction of alveolarwalls, loss of lungelasticity, air trapping
Additional Items to Review About the Lymphatic
System
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 20.1: Distribution and special structural features of lymphatic capillaries, p. 774.
Venoussystem
Arterialsystem
Heart
Lymph ductLymph trunkLymph node
Lymphaticsystem
Lymphaticcollecting
vessels,with
valves
Lymphaticcapillary
Bloodcapillaries
Tissue cell Bloodcapillaries
Tissue fluid
Venule Arteriole
Lymphatic capillary
Loose connective tissue around capillaries
Fibroblast in looseconnective tissue
Flaplike minivalve
Endothelialcell
Filamentsanchored toconnectivetissue
(a)
(b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 20.2a: The lymphatic system, p. 776.
Cervicalnodes
Entrance ofright lymphaticduct into rightsubclavian vein
Internaljugular veinEntrance of thoracicduct into leftsubclavian veinThoracic duct
Cisterna chyliLymphaticcollectingvessels
Axillarynodes
Inguinalnodes
Regionallymph nodes:
Aorta
(a)
• Please remember that the overall design of the lymphatic system is a slightly modified replication of the arterial and venous systems. Namely, the lymphatic vessels include the larger “lymphatic vessels” the “lymphatuoles” and the “lymphatic capillaries”.
• From the lymphatic system, the fluids that are collected will be transported back into circulation via the veins in the blood vascular system. One specific entry point is the subclavian vein.
• Peyer’s patches are significantly involved with aspects of immune response associated with the digestive system and last during our entire lifetime.
• The way in which the lymphatic capillaries draws fluid into them is via the movment of the slit-like flaps through their attachment with filaments to the sidewalls of other tissues.
• Lymphatic vessels have valves like seen in veins.
• The cisterna chyli is a dialated part of the thorascic duct in the lymphatic system.
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 20.4: Lymph node, p. 778.
(b)(a)
Follicles
Trabecula
Subcapsularsinus
Capsule
MedullarycordsMedullarysinuses
Afferentlymphaticvessels
Efferentlymphaticvessels
Capsule
Trabeculae
Hilum
Cortex:• Lymphoid follicle• Germinal center• Subcapsular sinus
Medulla:• Medullary cord• Medullary sinus
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 20.5: Lymphoid organs, p. 779.
Tonsils (inpharyngealregion)
Thymus (inthorax; mostactive duringyouth)
Spleen (curvesaround left sideof stomach)
Peyer’s patches(in intestine)Appendix