7/31/2019 Respiratory Essay
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PHYSIOLOGY
1) Give origin of lung surfactant, mention its nature and
discuss its function2) Explain the effects of acute and chronic
increase in arterial PCO2 on ventilation3) Compare ventilation,
perfusion and V/Q relationship in the apex and base of the lung
in
standing position
4) Describe the mechanisms of stimulation of breathing during
exercise5) Factors affecting the affinity of haemoglobin for
oxygen6) Diffusion capacity of the lung (definition and the factors
affecting diffusion through
respiratory membrane
7) Non respiratory functions of the lung8) Pulmonary surfactant
(nature, origin, and its physiological importance)9) Fetal
haemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning, exercising muscle. Draw
their
oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve in relation to normal and
discuss causes
10)Carbon dioxide and its role as chemical regulator of
respiration11)Functional residual capacity (definition,
significance and method of determination
respiratory centers)
12)Define the diffusion capacity and mention the factors
affecting the rate of diffusion throughthe respiratory membrane
13)Changes in lung volume, alveolar pressure and pleural
pressure during normal breathing(illustrate with diagram)
14)Carbon dioxide transport in the blood and its
importance15)Mechanism of acute metabolic regulation of local blood
flow. Give examples16)Draw and analyze perfusion zones of vertical
lung. Mention causes of perfusion, regional
distribution.17)Non chemical regulation of respiration18)Anemic
hypoxia (cause, mechanism and effect on oxyhaemoglobin-dissociation
curve)19)Regulation of pulmonary blood flow20)Definition and causes
of anaemia21)Respiratory centers (sites and functions)22)Factors
affecting the oxygen dissociation curve23)Diffusion capacity
(definition) and factors affecting diffusion of gases through
respiratory
membrane
24)Effect the gravity on ventilation and pulmonary blood
flow25)Acclimatization at high altitude26)Anaemia (definition and
types)27)Discuss hypoxia, its types and causes28)Define hypoxia and
discuss its physiology types
7/31/2019 Respiratory Essay
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HISTOLOGY
1) Mention the difference between a bronchus and bronchioles2)
Give histological differences between Kupffer cell and alveolar
macrophages3) Draw and describe the EM picture of pneumocyte type
II. Give its function4) Give an account on pneumocyte type II5)
Describe the histological structure of alveolar macrophage. Mention
its origin and function6) Draw a labelled histological diagram of
the cardiac muscle7) Mention the characteristic histological
features of the intrapulmonary bronchus8) Tabulate the differences
between intrapulmonary bronchus and the bronchiole9) Describe
briefly the histological structure of the interalveolar wall and
mention the
structures forming the alveolar capillary barrier
10)Give an account of the epithelial cells lining the alveoli of
lung11)Give the histological characteristics of the fetal
lung12)Describe the histological structures in different
bronchioles.13)Mention the site, structure and function of Clara
cell
ANATOMY
1) The mucous membrane of the lower part of the larynx is
supplied by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nerve, while the
mucous membrane of the nasopharynx is supplied by . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
2) Describe the nerve supply, blood supply and lymphatic
drainage of larynx3) Enumerate the muscle acting on vocal cords and
their nerve supply.
