8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

1/22

Anti-Viral Herbs in Respiratory VirusInfections:

A Research Update

Serene Foster 18 th October 03

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

2/22

Eleutherococcus

Panax

Glycyrrhiza

Tabebuia

Hypericum

Melissa

Thuja

Baptisia

Andrographis

Astragalus

Echinacea

Sambucus

Anti-Viral Herbs

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

3/22

Viral Replication Causes the Symptoms

Replicate for survival

Inflammatory and InnateImmune Response

Fever Muscle aches Rhinitis Sneeze

Cold symptoms

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

4/22

Immunity to Virus infections

V

V

V

Epithelial Cells

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Pro

InflammatoryCytokines

IL-8 IL-11 IFN- and IFN-

Macrophages

IL-1 TNF- F

NK cellsIFN-

Anti-viral

Antibodies T cells

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

5/22

What do we Expect From Our Herbs?

Direct anti-viral

Reduce/inhibit replicationKill virus directlyInhibit spread of virus

Boost Immunity

Stimulate innate immunityBoost specific cellular

immunityAnti-viral

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

6/22

Boost Immunity Boost symptoms

The Dilemma ?

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

7/22

Immunostimulation Immunomodulation

Boost Immunity Reduce Symptoms

The Balance

Duration Severity

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

8/22

Anti-Viral Research

Stimulate cells with anti-viral activity

Natural Killer cells

NeutrophilsIFN-

Kill virus infected cells

IFN- Macrophages

IL-6 TNF- IL-12 NO

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

9/22

Activation of NK cells by Echinacea

Human peripheral blood

Echinacea 16 hours

Activated CD69+ cellsCD16+ CD56+ NK cells

Activates lysisFrequency

Gan et al, 03 (Phytomedicine)

Wagner & Jurcic, 02 (Phytomedicine) Glycerrhiza and Echinacea

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

10/22

Activation of Macrophages by Echinacea

Alveolar macrophages in rats (BAL)

Goel et al, 02 (J Nutritional Biochemistry)

Echinacea by gavage 4 daysCichoric acid polysaccharidesalkylamides

TNF- IFN- NO

(Reninger et al, 00, mouse macrophages, ex-vivo human PBMCs)

Phagocytic activity

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

11/22

Bodinet et al, 02 (Phytomedicine)

Thuja Baptisia Echinacea

Spleen cells (mice)

(orally)

IL-2 IFN- GM-CSF IL-1 TNF- Peritoneal macrophages

Immunomodulation by a herbal mixture

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

12/22

Antibody Response to Sheep Red Cells

Thuja Baptisia Echinacea(orally)

SRBCs

(9 days)

Antibody Response

Bodinet et al, 02

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

13/22

Activation of whole blood by Eleutherococcus

Human PBMCs

Eleutherococcus

Rantes IL-6 IL-12

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

14/22

Activation of Peripheral blood

Panossian et al, 02 (Phytomedicine)

Andrographis and Eleutherococcus

IFN- TNF-

HPBL PHA plus extracts

SHA-10 SHE-3

Neopterin 2m sIL-2R

HPBL

Neopterin 2m

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

15/22

Inflammatory pathway

Arachidonic acid

Cyclo-oxygenase5-lipoxygenase

Prostaglandins

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

16/22

Anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea and Hypericum

Raso et al, 02 (J Pharm Pharmacol)

Hypericum +Echinacea Echinacea

iNOS COX-2 COX-2

Mice paw oedema

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

17/22

Anti-Viral Activity

IFN like activity Direct anti-viral

Echinacea

EleutherococcusIncreased viral antigen on cells

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

18/22

Clinical trials

Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-Virals (HRV)

PleconarilIbruprofen

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

19/22

Anti-Viral activity of Eleutherococcus

Virus plaque assays

Virus infected cells

Eleutherococcus

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

20/22

Anti-Viral effects of

Eleutherococcus

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

21/22

Activation of the immune response

M NK cells Antibody

Modulation of the immune response

Inhibition of activation

Regulatory cytokine productionInhibition of inflammation

Direct anti-viral activity

Combat the Common cold

8/14/2019 Respiratory Antiviral Herbs - Serene Foster

22/22

Our Aim as Phytotherapists

Reduce duration and cold symptoms

Mix of herbs stimulatory and modulatory

Echinacea and Eleutherococcus