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Resources and Energy
Chapter 7
Mineral Resources
• Metal Ores• Non-metallic minerals• Gems
Metal ores• From cooling magma (Cr, Ni, Pb)
– Rock cools, heavy metals settle to bottom
• From contact metamorphism (Pb, Cu, Zn)– Heat changes chemical composition to ore
• From hydrothermal solutions creating contact metamorphism– Minerals dissolve into solution, solution
enters cracks, new minerals form and precipitate out into “veins”
• From moving water– Fragments settle out as placer deposits
Minerals and Their Uses
Metallic Uses
Hematite and Magnetite (iron) making steel
Galena (lead) car batteries; solder
Gold, silver, platinum electronics; dental; coins; jewelry; utensils; bowls
Chalcopyrite (copper) wiring; coins; jewelry; ornaments
Sphalerite (zinc) brass; galvanization of steel
Non-metallic Uses
Diamond (carbon) drills; saws; jewelry
Graphite (carbon) pencils; paint; lubricants; batteries
Calcite cement; building stone
Halite (salt) food preparation; food preservation; de-icers
Kaolinite (clay) ceramics; cement; bricks
Quartz (sand) glass
Sulfur gunpowder; medicines; rubber
Gypsum plaster and wallboard
Mining
• Removing resources faster than nature can replace them– Subsurface– Surface– Placer– Undersea
Nonrenewable Energy
• Used faster than can be replenished or is not likely to be replenished (limited)
• Fossil fuels– Formed from remains of living things– Coal– Petroleum– Natural gas– Oil traps (shale)
Coal• Massive plant deposits
• Carbonization of peat
• Produces methane, carbon dioxide and coal in the absence of oxygen (swamps)
Peat
Lignite (brown coal) in the Dakotas
Strip mining soft coal (80% C) in Wyoming
High grade anthracite
Petroleum
• Part of carbon cycle also• Liquid hydrocarbons from converted
plant and animal remains• Natural gas = gaseous hydrocarbons• Often found together with water
Oil Shale
Impervious rocks like shale trap oil and gas in crests or upwarps of rock layers.A=anticline trap. R=reef trap. S=stratigraphic trap
Nuclear Energy• Fission is the splitting of atoms
• Releases tremendous amounts of energy that bind individual atoms together
• 1,000,000X stronger than chemical bonds
Power Generation
Fusion Power
• Fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium
• 15 million degrees C
• Cold fusion ?
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy
• Geothermal• Solar• Hydropower• Biomass• Wind
Geothermal
• Steam generated from underground heat sources
• Advantages?• Disadavantages?
Solar energy• Passive systems – sun room, etc
• Advantages/disadvantages?
Solar Energy• Active solar – collectors/photovoltaic cells
Photovoltaic cell
Hydropower• Water moves turbines generating
electricity• Advantages/disadvantages?
Sea power, too!
Tidal and wave generator
Biomass
• Decomposition or processing of organic wastes create substances which may be burned as fuel
• E.g., trees, manure, sawdust, garbage, straw, paper
• Advantages/disadvantages
Biomass Generator
Waste wood in chip form
Windpower• Moving air moves blades of
turbine generating electricity• Advantages/disadvantages?
Wind farm
Resources and Conservation
• Weigh options; positive vs. negative
• Choose cleanest available option• Regulate, clean up and reclaim• Resources used for more than
just energy, so………• Conserve all resourcesUses of minerals in your home
Landfill Operation