Resource Planner

Chapter 1

Abstract

Abstract:

. This tool tracks the employees working for the existing projects and

details of new projects like no. of employees required, location, etc.

This tool is very useful in estimating revenue, etc which helps higher

management to know the status of the various projects and work

force. With this tool HR can estimate the requirement of employees

for the new projects and hence can recruit exact number of

employees.

This application maintains the centralized database so that any

changes done at a location reflects immediately.

He can also view the management reports where the information is

presented project wise and location wise.

GAP summary specifies how many employees should be recruited

based on location of the project and based on the skills of the

employees. When the HR manager sees the GAP reports, he would be

able to estimate how many employees are still needed for a project

and with what skill sets. He can plan for recruiting the new employees

based on this information. He can also divert already available surplus

employees if available to another project.

Chapter 2

Project Synopsis

About The Organization

The Techie Bits Private Limited is a software product marketers firm, which

associates its business process in developing tailor made products, and

organizationally executing its sales, widely through a network of marketing

executives. The marketing chaps find their way into the traditional business

process environments, that exist in different firms, and specification ally

acknowledge the clients for the necessity of the product what they are planning

for the target business environment. The PC Tracker is one such product they are

internationally targeting onto all such firms where there can be its

implementation. Once the product base and its customer base are intact the

system market the product with different customer associations. The system

markets the product with different customer associations. The Techie Bits Pvt

Ltd is a firm which has its applicational development products at the reach of the

customers necessities with respect tot he demand of their implementatin. Out of

many such products PC Tracker is one that is being targeted to hit the market in

the coming days. The application that is being developed fully integrates itself

with the standardized requirements that arise in any computerized environment

where there is heavy usage of computers and the associated softwares. The

generic maintenance upon the system becomes widely easier than the manual

process.

Current System:

Current system is a manual one in which users are maintaining books etc to store

the information like project details, requirement, availability and allocations of

employees for the existing project as well as for the new projects. It is very

difficult to maintain historical data. Also regular investments need to purchase

stationary every year.

Disadvantages:

The following are the disadvantages of current system

It is difficult to maintain important information in books

More manual hours need to generate required reports

It is tedious to manage historical data which needs much space to keep all

the previous years books etc

Daily transactions are to be entering into different books immediately to

avoid conflicts which are very difficult.

Proposed system is a software application which avoids more manual hours that

need to spend in record keeping and generating reports. This application keeps

the data in a centralized way which is available to all the users simultaneously. It

is very easy to manage historical data in database. No specific training is

required for the employees to use this application. They can easily use the tool

that decreases manual hours spending for normal things and hence increases the

performance. As the data is centralized it is very easy to maintain the currently

running projects with the company as well as future projects.

Advantages:The following are the advantages of proposed system

1. Easy to manage all the daily transactions

2. Can generate required reports easily

3. Easy to manage historical data in a secure manner

4. Centralized database helps in avoiding conflicts

5. Easy to use GUI that does not requires specific training.

Proposed System:

Chapter 3

System Analysis

Feasibility Report

Feasibility Study:

1. Technical feasibility:

The system is self-explanatory and does not need any extra

sophisticated training. As the system has been built by concentrating on the

Graphical User Interface Concepts, the application can also be handled very easily

with a novice User. The overall time that is required to train the users upon the

system is less than half an hour.

The System has been added with features of menu-driven and

button interaction methods, which makes the user the master as he starts working

through the environment. The net time the customer should concentrate is on the

installation time.

2.Financial Feasibility:

i) Time Based: Contrast to the manual system management can generate

any report just by single click. In manual system it is too difficult to maintain

historical data which become easier in this system. Time consumed to add new

records or to view the reports is very less compared to manual system. So this

project is feasible in this point of view

ii) Cost Based: No special investment needs to manage the tool. No specific

training is required for employees to use the tool. Investment requires only once

at the time of installation. The software used in this project is freeware so the

cost of developing the tool is minimal and hence the overall cost.

Application design

Users :

The major functionality of this product is divided into two categories.

1. Administrative User Functions.

2. HR Functions.

3. Project Manager Functions.

Administrative User Functions: Administrators can perform the following

task.

Create new users Remove Users

Change the password Resets the password of the other users in case of forgetting password. View the details of Employees of the Company Can view/generate management reports

HR Functions: HR can perform the following task

Change the password Add/View the details of Employees of the Company View information of GAP Summary View information of GAP RoleWise Can view management reports

Project Manager Functions: Project Manager can perform the following task

Change the password View the details of Employees of the Company

Add/View/Remove the details of Projects Add/View the details of Requirement Add/View the details of Allocation Can view management reports

Number of Modules

The system after careful analysis has been identified to present itself with the

following modules:

1. EMPLOYEE MODULE: This module deals with major and crucial part

which tracks the details of employees currently working with the

company. It allows the HR Manager only to add a new employee record

into the database and it allows HR User only to easily remove an

employee from the database. It allows all types of users to view the list of

users current existing in our company. It facilitates us to convert the

employee report into excel format just by clicking download to excel

button.

2. PROJECTS MODULE: This module deals with major and crucial part which

maintains the details of projects currently with the company & future

projects. It allows the project manager to add new projects details to the

database. It provides a user-friendly interface to add new projects. It

allows PM to view and remove the details related to a project very easily.

It provides an option to convert projects report into excel format.

3. REQUIREMENT & ALLOCATION MODULE: This module deals with major

and crucial part which provides Info about project-wise requirements

which includes onsite and offshore that was entered by the project

managers of different projects. It allows any type of user to view these

project requirements. It helps the HR People to view project-wise

requirements and start recruiting the people. It also helps in allocating the

people to a project after recruitment sothat HR people can idea about the

gap between requirement and allocation at any point of time very easily

by generating HRD GAP Summary report. It provides all these reports to

be converted and stored permanently in excel sheets.

4. ADMIN & REPORTING MODULE: It Provides interfaces to manage this

tool like add/remove users, change privileges of users etc. This module

used to provide different reports required by the higher management for

better analysis. It generates dynamic reports like Role-Location which

displays role-wise employees report in different locations, Project-Location

report which displays project-wise employees reports in different

locations, Role-Skill reports which displays skill-wise role based employees

list in different locations, Project-Skill reports which displays project-wise

skills report of different employees and Skill-Location report which displays

skill-wise employees report in different locations etc.

Hardware Requirements

Pentium IV processes architecture

1. 256 MB RAM.

2. 40 GB Hard Disk Space.

3. Ethernet card.

Software specification

Database : MySQL 5.0, MySQL 3.5 JDBC driver

Server : Apache Tomcat 4.1

Front end : JSP / Servlets, J2SDK 1.4, HTML, DHTML, Java Script

Editor : Edit plus

Chapter 4

AnalysisReport

SRS Document

Intended Audience And Reading Suggestions

The document i s prepared keeping i s v iew of the academic

constructs o f my Bachelors Degree / Masters Degree f rom

un ivers i ty as part ia l fu l f i l lment o f my academic purpose the

document procedure that that has been fo l lowed by me, whi le

the system was s tud ied and deve loped. The genera l document

was prov ided by the industry as a re ference gu ide to understand

my respons ib i l i t ies in deve lop ing the system, wi th respect to the

requ i rements that have been p in po inted to get the exact

s t ructure o f the system as s tated by the actua l c l ient .

The system as s tated by my pro ject leader the actua l s tandards

o f the spec i f i cat ion were des i red by conduct ing a ser ies o f

in terv iews and quest ionna i res . The co l lected in format ion was

organ ized to form the spec i f i cat ion document and then was

modeled to su i te the s tandards o f the system as in tended .

Document Conventions:

The overa l l documents for th is pro ject use the recognized model ing s tandards at the sof tware industr ies leve l .

ER-Model ing to concentrate on the relat ional

states exist ing upon the system with respect to

Cardinal ity.

The Physical dispense, which state the overal l

data search for the relat ional key whereas a

transactions is implemented on the wear

entit ies.

Unif ied model ing language concepts to give a

general ized blue print for the overal l system .

Scope of the Development Project:

Database Tier: The concentrat ion i s app l ied by adopt ing the

Orac le database. SQL is taken as the s tandard query language.

The overa l l bus iness ru les are des igned by us ing the power o f

PL /SQL components l ike dynamic quer ies , s tored procedures

s tored funct ions etc .

User Tier: The use inter face i s deve loped is a browses spec i f i c

env i ronment to have web based arch i tecture . The components

are des igned us ing HTML standards and Java server pages power

the dynamic o f the page des ign.

Data Base Connectivity Tier

The communicat ion arch i tecture i s des igned by concentrated on

the s tandards o f serv lets and JSP . The database connect iv i ty i s

estab l i shed us ing the Java Database connect iv i ty .

Role Of Oracle In Database

ORACLE 8 i i s one o f the many database serv ices that p lug into a

c l ient / server model . I t works e f f i c ient ly to manage resources ,

a database in format ion, among the mul t ip le c l ients request ing &

sending.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQL is an inter -act ive language used to query the database and

access data in database. SQL has the fo l lowing features :

1 . I t i s a un i f ied language.

2 . I t i s a common language for re lat iona l database

3. I t i s a non-procedura l language.

Introduction To Oracle

ORACLE is a comprehens ive operat ing env i ronment that packs

the power o f a mainf rame system into user microcomputer . I t

prov ides a set o f funct iona l programs that user can use as too ls

to bu i ld s t ructures and per form tasks . Because app l icat ion

deve loped on orac le are complete ly portab le to env i ronment and

then move i t in to a mul t i user p lat form. Users do not have to be

an expert to apprec iate ORACLE, but the bet ter user

understands the programmer, the more product iv i ty and

creat iv i ty you wi l l use the too ls i t prov ides .

What is a Relational Database Management System

A re lat iona l database management system (RDBMS) can per form

a wide array o f tasks . I t acts as a t ransparent in ter face between

the phys ica l s torage and a log ica l presentat ion o f data . I t

prov ides a set o f more or less f lex ib le and sophis t icates too ls

for handl ing in format ion. User can use th is too l to :

Define a database

Query the database

Add, edit and delete data

Modify the structure of database

Secure data from public access

Communicate within the networks

Export and Import data

Because i t g ives so much contro l over data , a re lat iona l DBMS

can a lso save as the foundat ion for products that generate

app l icat ion and extract data .

A Database Management system may be ca l led fu l ly re lat iona l i f

i t supports :

1. Relational Databases and

2. A language that is at least as powerful as the relational algebra

Dr. E.F.CODDS’S RULES

E.F.Codd specified a set of rules that an RDBMS has to do following 12

rules

1. Information rule: All information in a relational database including table

names, column names, and domain names is represented explicitly by

values in tables. With this design speed and productivity will be improved.

2. Guaranteed access rule: using a combination of table name, a primary

key value and a column name can access Every piece of data in a

relational database. With this productivity is improved since there is no

need to resort to using physical pointers of address and provides data

independence.

3. Systematic treatment of null values: The RDBMS distinguishes

between blanks nulls in records and handles such values in consistent

manner that produces correct answers on comparison and calculations.

With these users can distinguish results of queries/operations that involve

nulls, zeroes and blanks.

4. Active on-line catalog based on the relational model: The

description of a database and its contents are database tables and

therefore can be queried on-line via the database language. With this the

DBA’s productivity is improved since the changes are common in catalog

to all tables for all queries and reports.

5. Comprehensive data sub-language rule: An RDBMS language

supports definitions of tables/views. Query and update data, integrity

constraints, authorizations, definitions of transactions. With this user

productivity is improved since there is a single approach for all database

operations.

6. View updating rule: Any view that is theoretically updateable can be

updated using RDBMS. With this data consistency is ensured since

changes in the underlying tables are transmitted to the view their support.

7. High-level insert, update and delete: The RDBMS supports insertion,

updating deletion at al table level. With this the performance is improved

by optimizing the path for execution.

8. Physical data independence: The execution of adhoc requests and

application programs are not affected by the changes in the physical data

access methods. With this DBA can make changes in application programs

or adhoc requests.

9. Logical data independence: Logical changes in tables and views do not

require changes in the application programs or in the format of adhoc

requests. With this databases can change and grow without changes in

applications.

10. Integrity independence: Since constraints are stored in system

catalog, they can be changed without changing application program. With

this maintenance costs are reduced since only system catalog need to be

changed.

11. Distribution independence: Application programs and adhoc requests

are not affected by changes in the distribution of physical data. With this

system reliability will be improved since application programs will work

even if the programs and dare are shifted.

12. Non-Subversion rule: If the RDBMS has languages that access a record

of a time it cannot be used to bypass integrity. With this data integrity is

achieved since the system catalog is musts

a. Code defined a relationally complete set of operations taking one or

more relation as their operands. The operators are two groups: the

traditional set of operators union, intersection, difference and

Cartesian product and the special operators selection, projection,

join and division.

b. A fully relational DBMS has to support the above operations.

The Oracle Environment

ORACLE is modular system that consists of the ORACLE database and

several functional programs. ORACLE tools had four kinds of works:

Database management

Data access and manipulations

Programming

Connectivity

Database Management Tools

This is usually (known as RDBMS by ORACLE) includes the core programs of

Oracle’s database management system, the ORACLE database with its

associated tables and views, which are stored in the Oracle’s data dictionary and

a group of helpful activities. The data dictionary sores information related to

every facet of database system. User names, user access rights, table storage

information and auditing data for the disaster recovery are all stored in the data

dictionary.

Data Access and Manipulations

All of Oracle’s data access and manipulation tools are firmly based on ANSI

standard SQL. In Oracle, the tools that a user will use to access and manipulate

data, has well as to design or use applications. Each provides separate point of

entry and unique speech to the Oracle system.

SQL*PLUS allows direct access to database with SQL FORMS offer a user-friendly

way to create and use forms. SQL*REPORT writer lets you to creates formatted

output SQL*MENU provides a way for you to integrate your application menus.

Oracle Supports Applications Development

SQL*FORMS is an excellent user-friendly tool for quickly creating forms. User can

start with extremely simple default forms or use the full screen painting function

to create detailed screens foe accessing and updating multiple tables and for

controlling and editing the data as is entered. In SQL FORMS, ORACLE

provides unique control devices called TRIGGERS to influence user action on a

field before, during and after date input. Those triggers can execute SQL

commands, native SQL FORMS commands, or external procedural language sub

routines from with a form.

These forms are an advanced fourth-generation tool that wills adopt to your

requirements extremely well. With SQL*MENU you can link all of the forms.

Programs and queries are easily maintained with the secured menu structures.

Oracle Uses The SQL Command Set

With SQL * Menu you can like all forms, programs and queries in easily

maintained secure structures.

Oracle provides a SQL command set that is close to the ANSI standard ORACLE

has added extensive report-formatting commands to extend the direct SQL

language our capabilities and to delay the needs for alternative report formatting

techniques. Statistical, Arithmetic string date/time functions are also included.

ORACLE has with limitation. The Single-user does not include all of the tools

available on the hardware platforms. Also. ORACLE is relatively expensive and

more complex than more single user, PC-basis database managers. ORACLE

delivers a comprehensive package that allows for unlimited growth.

Oracle Gives You Security and Control ORACLE has several features that ensure

the integrity of user database. I f an interruption occurs in processing, a rollback

can rest the database to a point before the disaster. If a restore is necessary,

ORACLE has a roll forward command for creating a database to its most recent

save point. Oracle provides users with several functions for serving data. Grant

and Revoke commands limited access to information down to the row and

column levels. Views are valuable future for limiting access to the primary tables

in the database.

Oracle Performs Completive

ORACLE has been constantly improved to perform competitively on the largest

database because RDBMS has been hampered by a repetition for slow access

time. ORACLE had to prove itself continuously and so the unique feature of

clustering techniques for storing data on the disk or another performance gained.

Additional functions help control complex database installations. The active data

dictionary, which automatically update and logs modification to the database

provide documentation data off loading form the modification process. Finally,

ORACLE stores the DBMS kernel in extended memory, so more main memory is

available for the application.

Programming Tools

One of the most important categories of tools available from oracle is its series of

programming interface. This precompiled software provides a convenient and

easy to use method of incorporating ORACLE SQL statement in high level

programming language. Current oracle can interface with COBOL and ‘C’.

Connective Tools

Connectivity tools make oracle available to network and to other database

managers. SQL * Star is group of products including SQL *NET and SQL * connect

that allows user to use stores on remote machines. A micro based version of

oracle called network station oracle, user may SQL * NET, instead of oracle

RDBMS. SQL * Connection does the translating interactively without any

modification or translations.

Fourth Generation Languages

The fourth generation languages were created to overcome the problem of third

generation languages, and these 4GL’s are generally referred to as high

productivity languages.

Objectives Of Fourth Generation Languages

To speed up the application building process

To make the application building process

To minimize the debugging problems

To generate bug free code from high level of expressions of

requirements.

To make languages easy to use and understand

All these make the end users solve their own problems and pit computers to

work.

Characteristics of Fourth Generation Languages

Simple Query facilities/ language

Complex query and updating language

Report generators

Graphic languages

Decision support languages

Application generations

Specification language

Very high level language

Parameterized application language

Application language

Properties of Fourth Generation Languages

Easy to use

Employees a database management system directly

Requires significantly fewer instructions than third generation

language

Intelligent default assumptions make abort what the use wants

possible

Easy to understand and maintain

Enforces and encourages structured code

Subset can learnt not by non-technical users in a short period

Client Server Technologies

Client Server

Over view:

With the varied topic in existence in the fields of computers, Client Server is one,

which has generated more heat than light, and also more hype than reality. This

technology has acquired a certain critical mass attention with its dedication

conferences and magazines. Major computer vendors such as IBM and DEC, have

declared that Client Servers is their main future market. A survey of DBMS

magazine reveled that 76% of its readers were actively looking at the client

server solution. The growth in the client server development tools from $200

million in 1992 to more than $1.2 billion in 1996.

Client server implementations are complex but the underlying concept is simple

and powerful. A client is an application running with local resources but able to

request the database and relate the services from separate remote server. The

software mediating this client server interaction is often referred to as

MIDDLEWARE.

The typical client either a PC or a Work Station connected through a network to a

more powerful PC, Workstation, Midrange or Main Frames server usually capable

of handling request from more than one client. However, with some configuration

server may also act as client. A server may need to access other server in order

to process the original client request.

The key client server idea is that client as user is essentially insulated from the

physical location and formats of the data needs for their application. With the

proper middleware, a client input from or report can transparently access and

manipulate both local database on the client machine and remote databases on

one or more servers. An added bonus is the client server opens the door to multi-

vendor database access indulging heterogeneous table joins.

What is a Client Server

Two prominent systems in existence are client server and file server systems. It

is essential to distinguish between client servers and file server systems. Both

provide shared network access to data but the comparison dens there! The file

server simply provides a remote disk drive that can be accessed by LAN

applications on a file by file basis. The client server offers full relational database

services such as SQL-Access, Record modifying, Insert, Delete with full relational

integrity backup/ restore performance for high volume of transactions, etc. the

client server middleware provides a flexible interface between client and server,

who does what, when and to whom.

Why Client Server

Client server has evolved to solve a problem that has been around since the

earliest days of computing: how best to distribute your computing, data

generation and data storage resources in order to obtain efficient, cost effective

departmental an enterprise wide data processing. During mainframe era choices

were quite limited. A central machine housed both the CPU and DATA (cards,

tapes, drums and later disks). Access to these resources was initially confined to

batched runs that produced departmental reports at the appropriate intervals. A

strong central information service department ruled the corporation. The role of

the rest of the corporation limited to requesting new or more frequent reports

and to provide hand written forms from which the central data banks were

created and updated. The earliest client server solutions therefore could best be

characterized as “SLAVE-MASTER”.

Time-sharing changed the picture. Remote terminal could view and even change

the central data, subject to access permissions. And, as the central data banks

evolved in to sophisticated relational database with non-programmer query

languages, online users could formulate adhoc queries and produce local reports

with out adding to the MIS applications software backlog. However remote access

was through dumb terminals, and the client server remained subordinate to the

Slave\Master.

Front end or User Interface Design

The entire user interface is planned to be developed in browser specific

environment with a touch of Intranet-Based Architecture for achieving the

Distributed Concept.

The browser specific components are designed by using the HTML standards, and

the dynamism of the designed by concentrating on the constructs of the Java

Server Pages.

Communication or Database Connectivity Tier

The Communication architecture is designed by concentrating on the Standards

of Servlets and Enterprise Java Beans. The database connectivity is established

by using the Java Data Base Connectivity.

The standards of three-tire architecture are given major concentration to keep

the standards of higher cohesion and limited coupling for effectiveness of the

operations.

Features of The Language Used

In my project, I have chosen Java language for developing the code.

About Java

Initially the language was called as “oak” but it was renamed as “Java” in 1995.

The primary motivation of this language was the need for a platform-independent

(i.e., architecture neutral) language that could be used to create software to be

embedded in various consumer electronic devices.

Java is a programmer’s language.

Java is cohesive and consistent.

Except for those constraints imposed by the Internet environment,

Java gives the programmer, full control.

Finally, Java is to Internet programming where C was to system programming.

Importance of Java to the Internet

Java has had a profound effect on the Internet. This is because; Java expands the

Universe of objects that can move about freely in Cyberspace. In a network, two

categories of objects are transmitted between the Server and the Personal

computer. They are: Passive information and Dynamic active programs. The

Dynamic, Self-executing programs cause serious problems in the areas of

Security and probability. But, Java addresses those concerns and by doing so, has

opened the door to an exciting new form of program called the Applet.

Java can be used to create two types of programs

Applications and Applets: An application is a program that runs on our

Computer under the operating system of that computer. It is more or less like

one creating using C or C++. Java’s ability to create Applets makes it important.

An Applet is an application designed to be transmitted over the Internet and

executed by a Java –compatible web browser. An applet is actually a tiny Java

program, dynamically downloaded across the network, just like an image. But the

difference is, it is an intelligent program, not just a media file. It can react to the

user input and dynamically change.

Features Of Java

Security

Every time you that you download a “normal” program, you are risking a viral

infection. Prior to Java, most users did not download executable programs

frequently, and those who did scanned them for viruses prior to execution. Most

users still worried about the possibility of infecting their systems with a virus. In

addition, another type of malicious program exists that must be guarded against.

This type of program can gather private information, such as credit card

numbers, bank account balances, and passwords. Java answers both these

concerns by providing a “firewall” between a network application and your

computer.

When you use a Java-compatible Web browser, you can safely download Java

applets without fear of virus infection or malicious intent.

Portability

For programs to be dynamically downloaded to all the various types of platforms

connected to the Internet, some means of generating portable executable code is

needed .As you will see, the same mechanism that helps ensure security also

helps create portability. Indeed, Java’s solution to these two problems is both

elegant and efficient.

The Byte code

The key that allows the Java to solve the security and portability problems is that

the output of Java compiler is Byte code. Byte code is a highly optimized set of

instructions designed to be executed by the Java run-time system, which is called

the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). That is, in its standard form, the JVM is an

interpreter for byte code.

Translating a Java program into byte code helps makes it much easier to run a

program in a wide variety of environments. The reason is, once the run-time

package exists for a given system, any Java program can run on it.

Although Java was designed for interpretation, there is technically nothing about

Java that prevents on-the-fly compilation of byte code into native code. Sun has

just completed its Just In Time (JIT) compiler for byte code. When the JIT compiler

is a part of JVM, it compiles byte code into executable code in real time, on a

piece-by-piece, demand basis. It is not possible to compile an entire Java

program into executable code all at once, because Java performs various run-

time checks that can be done only at run time. The JIT compiles code, as it is

needed, during execution.

Java, Virtual Machine (JVM)

Beyond the language, there is the Java virtual machine. The Java virtual machine

is an important element of the Java technology. The virtual machine can be

embedded within a web browser or an operating system. Once a piece of Java

code is loaded onto a machine, it is verified. As part of the loading process, a

class loader is invoked and does byte code verification makes sure that the code

that’s has been generated by the compiler will not corrupt the machine that it’s

loaded on. Byte code verification takes place at the end of the compilation

process to make sure that is all accurate and correct. So byte code verification is

integral to the compiling and executing of Java code.

Overall Description

Picture showing the development process of JAVA Program

Java programming uses to produce byte codes and executes them. The first box

indicates that the Java source code is located in a. Java file that is processed with

a Java compiler called javac. The Java compiler produces a file called a. class file,

which contains the byte code. The. Class file is then loaded across the network or

loaded locally on your machine into the execution environment is the Java virtual

machine, which interprets and executes the byte code.

Java Architecture

Java architecture provides a portable, robust, high performing environment for

development. Java provides portability by compiling the byte codes for the Java

Virtual Machine, which is then interpreted on each platform by the run-time

environment. Java is a dynamic system, able to load code when needed from a

machine in the same room or across the planet.

Compilation of code

When you compile the code, the Java compiler creates machine code (called byte

code) for a hypothetical machine called Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM is

supposed to execute the byte code. The JVM is created for overcoming the issue

of portability. The code is written and compiled for one machine and interpreted

on all machines. This machine is called Java Virtual Machine.

Java Source Java byte code JavaVM

Java .Class

Compiling and interpreting Java Source Code

During run-time the Java interpreter tricks the bytecode file into thinking that it is

running on a Java Virtual Machine. In reality this could be a Intel Pentium

Windows 95 or SunSARC station running Solaris or Apple Macintosh running

system and all could receive code from any computer through Internet and run

the Applets.

Simple

Java was designed to be easy for the Professional programmer to learn and to

use effectively. If you are an experienced C++ programmer, learning Java will be

even easier. Because Java inherits the C/C++ syntax and many of the object

oriented features of C++. Most of the confusing concepts from C++ are either

left out of Java or implemented in a cleaner, more approachable manner. In Java

there are a small number of clearly defined ways to accomplish a given task.

Object-Oriented

Java was not designed to be source-code compatible with any other language.

This allowed the Java team the freedom to design with a blank slate. One

outcome of this was a clean usable, pragmatic approach to objects. The object

Source Code………..………..

………..

…………

PC Compiler

MacintoshCompiler

SPARC

Compiler

Java

Byte code

(Platformindependent)

JavaInterpreter(PC)

JavaInterpreter(Macintosh)

JavaInterpreter(Sparc)

model in Java is simple and easy to extend, while simple types, such as integers,

are kept as high-performance non-objects.

Robust

The multi-platform environment of the Web places extraordinary demands on a

program, because the program must execute reliably in a variety of systems. The

ability to create robust programs was given a high priority in the design of Java.

Java is strictly typed language; it checks your code at compile time and run time.

Java virtually eliminates the problems of memory management and deallocation,

which is completely automatic. In a well-written Java program, all run time errors

can –and should –be managed by your program.

Servlets, JSP, JDBC & HTML Technologies

SERVLETS

Introduction

The Java web server is JavaSoft's own web Server. The Java web server is just a

part of a larger framework, intended to provide you not just with a web server,

but also with tools. To build customized network servers for any Internet or

Intranet client/server system. Servlets are to a web server, how applets are to the

browser.

About Servlets

Servlets provide a Java-based solution used to address the problems currently

associated with doing server-side programming, including inextensible scripting

solutions, platform-specific APIs, and incomplete interfaces.

Servlets are objects that conform to a specific interface that can be plugged into

a Java-based server. Servlets are to the server-side what applets are to the

client-side - object byte codes that can be dynamically loaded off the net. They

differ from applets in that they are faceless objects (without graphics or a GUI

component). They serve as platform independent, dynamically loadable, plugable

helper byte code objects on the server side that can be used to dynamically

extend server-side functionality.

For example, an HTTP Servlets can be used to generate dynamic HTML content. When you

use Servlets to do dynamic content you get the following advantages:

They’re faster and cleaner than CGI scripts

They use a standard API (the Servlets API)

They provide all the advantages of Java (run on a variety of servers

without needing to be rewritten).

Attractiveness of Servlets

There are many features of Servlets that make them easy and attractive to use.

These include:

Easily configured using the GUI-based Admin tool

Can be loaded and invoked from a local disk or remotely across the

network.

Can be linked together, or chained, so that one Servlets can call

another Servlets, or several Servlets in sequence.

Can be called dynamically from within HTML pages, using server-

side include tags.

Are secure - even when downloading across the network, the

Servlets security model and Servlets sandbox protect your system

from unfriendly behavior.

A d v a n t a g e s o f t h e S e r v l e t A P I

One of the great advantages of the Servlet API is protocol independence. It

assumes nothing about:

The protocol being used to transmit on the net

How it is loaded

The server environment it will be running in

These qualities are important, because it allows the Servlet API to be embedded

in many different kinds of servers. There are other advantages to the Servlet API

as well. These include:

It’s extensible - you can inherit all your functionality from the base

classes made available to you.

it's simple, small, and easy to use.

F e a t u r e s o f S e r v l e t s

Servlets are persistent. Servlet are loaded only by the web server

and can maintain services between requests.

Servlets are fast. Since Servlets only need to be loaded once, they

offer much better performance over their CGI counterparts.

Servlets are platform independent.

Servlets are extensible. Java is a robust, object-oriented

programming language, which easily can be extended to suit your

needs

Servlets are secure.

Servlets can be used with a variety of clients.

L o a d i n g S e r v l e t s

S e r v l e t s c a n b e l o a d e d f r o m t h r e e p l a c e s

From a directory that is on the CLASSPATH. The CLASSPATH of the

JavaWebServer includes service root/classes/ which is where the system classes

reside.

From the <SERVICE_ROOT /Servlets/ directory. This is *not* in the server's

classpath. A class loader is used to create Servlets from this directory. New

Servlets can be added - existing Servlets can be recompiled and the server will

notice these changes.

From a remote location. For this a code base like http: // nine.eng / classes / foo /

is required in addition to the Servlets class name. Refer to the admin GUI docs on

Servlet section to see how to set this up.

L o a d i n g R e m o t e S e r v l e t s

Remote Servlets can be loaded by:

1. Configuring the Admin Tool to setup automatic loading of remote Servlets

2. Setting up server side include tags in .shtml files

3. Defining a filter chain configuration

I n v o k i n g S e r v l e t s

A Servlet invoker is a Servlet that invokes the "service" method on a named

Servlet. If the Servlet is not loaded in the server, then the invoker first loads the

Servlet (either from local disk or from the network) and the then invokes the

"service" method. Also like applets, local Servlets in the server can be identified

by just the class name. In other words, if a Servlet name is not absolute, it is

treated as local.

A client can invoke Servlets in the following ways:

The client can ask for a document that is served by the Servlet.

The client (browser) can invoke the Servlet directly using a URL,

once it has been mapped using the Servlet Aliases section of the

admin GUI.

The Servlet can be invoked through server side include tags.

The Servlet can be invoked by placing it in the Servlets/ directory.

The Servlet can be invoked by using it in a filter chain.

JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is a script-based programming language that was developed by

Netscape Communication Corporation. JavaScript was originally called Live Script

and renamed as JavaScript to indicate its relationship with Java. JavaScript

supports the development of both client and server components of Web-based

applications. On the client side, it can be used to write programs that are

executed by a Web browser within the context of a Web page. On the server

side, it can be used to write Web server programs that can process information

submitted by a Web browser and then updates the browser’s display accordingly

Even though JavaScript supports both client and server Web programming, we

prefer JavaScript at Client side programming since most of the browsers supports

it. JavaScript is almost as easy to learn as HTML, and JavaScript statements can

be included in HTML documents by enclosing the statements between a pair of

scripting tags

<SCRIPTS>..</SCRIPT>.

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE = “JavaScript”>

JavaScript statements

</SCRIPT>

Here are a few things we can do with JavaScript :

Validate the contents of a form and make calculations.

Add scrolling or changing messages to the Browser’s status line.

Animate images or rotate images that change when we move the

mouse over them.

Detect the browser in use and display different content for different

browsers.

Detect installed plug-ins and notify the user if a plug-in is required.

We can do much more with JavaScript, including creating entire application.

J a v a S c r i p t V s J a v a

JavaScript and Java are entirely different languages. A few of the most glaring

differences are:

Java applets are generally displayed in a box within the web

document; JavaScript can affect any part of the Web document

itself.

While JavaScript is best suited to simple applications and adding

interactive features to Web pages; Java can be used for incredibly

complex applications.

There are many other differences but the important thing to remember is that

JavaScript and Java are separate languages. They are both useful for different

things; in fact they can be used together to combine their advantages.

A D V A N T A G E S

JavaScript can be used for Sever-side and Client-side scripting.

It is more flexible than VBScript.

JavaScript is the default scripting languages at Client-side since all

the browsers supports it.

Hyper Text Markup Language

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the languages of the World Wide Web

(WWW), allows users to produces Web pages that include text, graphics and

pointer to other Web pages (Hyperlinks).

HTML is not a programming language but it is an application of ISO Standard

8879, SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), but specialized to

hypertext and adapted to the Web. The idea behind Hypertext is that instead of

reading text in rigid linear structure, we can easily jump from one point to

another point. We can navigate through the information based on our interest

and preference. A markup language is simply a series of elements, each

delimited with special characters that define how text or other items enclosed

within the elements should be displayed. Hyperlinks are underlined or

emphasized works that load to other documents or some portions of the same

document.

HTML can be used to display any type of document on the host computer, which

can be geographically at a different location. It is a versatile language and can be

used on any platform or desktop.

HTML provides tags (special codes) to make the document look attractive. HTML

tags are not case-sensitive. Using graphics, fonts, different sizes, color, etc., can

enhance the presentation of the document. Anything that is not a tag is part of

the document itself.

Basic HTML Tags :

<!-- --> Specifies comments

<A>……….</A> Creates hypertext links

<B>……….</B> Formats text as bold

<BIG>……….</BIG> Formats text in large font.

<BODY>…</BODY> Contains all tags and text in the HTML

document

<CENTER>...</CENTER> Creates text

<DD>…</DD> Definition of a term

<DL>...</DL> Creates definition list

<FONT>…</FONT> Formats text with a particular font

<FORM>...</FORM> Encloses a fill-out form

<FRAME>...</FRAME> Defines a particular frame in a set of frames

<H#>…</H#> Creates headings of different levels

<HEAD>...</HEAD> Contains tags that specify information about a

document

<HR>...</HR> Creates a horizontal rule

<HTML>…</HTML> Contains all other HTML tags

<META>...</META> Provides meta-information about a document

<SCRIPT>…</SCRIPT> Contains client-side or server-side script

<TABLE>…</TABLE> Creates a table

<TD>…</TD> Indicates table data in a table

<TR>…</TR> Designates a table row

<TH>…</TH> Creates a heading in a table

ADVANTAGES

A HTML document is small and hence easy to send over the net. It

is small because it does not include formatted information.

HTML is platform independent.

HTML tags are not case-sensitive.

Java Database Connectivity

What Is JDBC?

JDBC is a Java API for executing SQL statements. (As a point of interest, JDBC is a

trademarked name and is not an acronym; nevertheless, JDBC is often thought of

as standing for Java Database Connectivity. It consists of a set of classes and

interfaces written in the Java programming language. JDBC provides a standard

API for tool/database developers and makes it possible to write database

applications using a pure Java API.

Using JDBC, it is easy to send SQL statements to virtually any relational

database. One can write a single program using the JDBC API, and the program

will be able to send SQL statements to the appropriate database. The

combinations of Java and JDBC lets a programmer write it once and run it

anywhere.

What Does JDBC Do?

Simply put, JDBC makes it possible to do three things:

Establish a connection with a database

Send SQL statements

Process the results.

JDBC versus ODBC and other APIs

At this point, Microsoft's ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) API is that probably

the most widely used programming interface for accessing relational databases.

It offers the ability to connect to almost all databases on almost all platforms.

So why not just use ODBC from Java? The answer is that you can use ODBC from

Java, but this is best done with the help of JDBC in the form of the JDBC-ODBC

Bridge, which we will cover shortly. The question now becomes "Why do you

need JDBC?" There are several answers to this question:

1. ODBC is not appropriate for direct use from Java because it uses a C

interface. Calls from Java to native C code have a number of drawbacks in

the security, implementation, robustness, and automatic portability of

applications.

2. A literal translation of the ODBC C API into a Java API would not be

desirable. For example, Java has no pointers, and ODBC makes copious

use of them, including the notoriously error-prone generic pointer "void *".

You can think of JDBC as ODBC translated into an object-oriented interface

that is natural for Java programmers.

3. ODBC is hard to learn. It mixes simple and advanced features together,

and it has complex options even for simple queries. JDBC, on the other

hand, was designed to keep simple things simple while allowing more

advanced capabilities where required.

4. A Java API like JDBC is needed in order to enable a "pure Java" solution.

When ODBC is used, the ODBC driver manager and drivers must be

manually installed on every client machine. When the JDBC driver is

written completely in Java, however, JDBC code is automatically

installable, portable, and secure on all Java platforms from network

computers to mainframes.

Two-tier and Three-tier Models

The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier models for database

access.

In the two-tier model, a Java applet or application talks directly to the database.

This requires a JDBC driver that can communicate with the particular database

management system being accessed. A user's SQL statements are delivered to

the database, and the results of those statements are sent back to the user. The

database may be located on another machine to which the user is connected via

a network. This is referred to as a client/server configuration, with the user's

machine as the client, and the machine housing the database as the server. The

network can be an Intranet, which, for example, connects employees within a

corporation, or it can be the Internet.

In the three-tier model, commands are sent to a "middle tier" of services, which

then send SQL statements to the database. The database processes the SQL

JAVA Application

JDBC

DBMS

Client machine

DBMS-proprietary protocol

Database

server

Java applet orHtml browser

ApplicationServer (Java)

JDBC

DBMS

Client machine (GUI)

HTTP, RMI, or CORBA calls

Server machine (business

Logic)

DBMS-proprietary protocol

Database server

statements and sends the results back to the middle tier, which then sends them

to the user. MIS directors find the three-tier model very attractive because the

middle tier makes it possible to maintain control over access and the kinds of

updates that can be made to corporate data. Another advantage is that when

there is a middle tier, the user can employ an easy-to-use higher-level API which

is translated by the middle tier into the appropriate low-level calls. Finally, in

many cases the three-tier architecture can provide performance advantages.

Until now the middle tier has typically been written in languages such as C or

C++, which offer fast performance. However, with the introduction of

optimizing compilers that translate Java byte code into efficient machine-

specific code, it is becoming practical to implement the middle tier in Java.

This is a big plus, making it possible to take advantage of Java's robustness,

multithreading, and security features. JDBC is important to allow database

access from a Java middle tier.

JDBC Driver Types

The JDBC drivers that we are aware of at this time fit into one of four

categories:

JDBC-ODBC bridge plus ODBC driver

Native-API partly-Java driver

JDBC-Net pure Java driver

Native-protocol pure Java driver

JDBC-ODBC Bridge

If possible, use a Pure Java JDBC driver instead of the Bridge and an ODBC

driver. This completely eliminates the client configuration required by ODBC.

It also eliminates the potential that the Java VM could be corrupted by an

error in the native code brought in by the Bridge (that is, the Bridge native

library, the ODBC driver manager library, the ODBC driver library, and the

database client library).

What Is the JDBC- ODBC Bridge?

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge is a JDBC driver, which implements JDBC operations by

translating them into ODBC operations. To ODBC it appears as a normal

application program. The Bridge implements JDBC for any database for which

an ODBC driver is available. The Bridge is implemented as the

sun.jdbc.odbc Java package and contains a native library used to access

ODBC. The Bridge is a joint development of Intersolv and JavaSoft.

Java Server Pages (JSP)

Java server Pages is a simple, yet powerful technology for creating and

maintaining dynamic-content web pages. Based on the Java programming

language, Java Server Pages offers proven portability, open standards, and a

mature re-usable component model .The Java Server Pages architecture

enables the separation of content generation from content presentation. This

separation not eases maintenance headaches, it also allows web team

members to focus on their areas of expertise. Now, web page designer can

concentrate on layout, and web application designers on programming, with

minimal concern about impacting each other’s work.

Features of JSP

Portability:

Java Server Pages files can be run on any web server or web-enabled

application server that provides support for them. Dubbed the JSP engine, this

support involves recognition, translation, and management of the Java Server

Page lifecycle and its interaction components.

Components

It was mentioned earlier that the Java Server Pages architecture can include

reusable Java components. The architecture also allows for the embedding of a

scripting language directly into the Java Server Pages file. The components

current supported include Java Beans, and Servlets.

Processing

A Java Server Pages file is essentially an HTML document with JSP scripting or

tags. The Java Server Pages file has a JSP extension to the server as a Java Server

Pages file. Before the page is served, the Java Server Pages syntax is parsed and

processed into a Servlet on the server side. The Servlet that is generated outputs

real content in straight HTML for responding to the client.

Access Models:

A Java Server Pages file may be accessed in at least two different ways. A client’s

request comes directly into a Java Server Page. In this scenario, suppose the

page accesses reusable Java Bean components that perform particular well-

defined computations like accessing a database. The result of the Beans

computations, called result sets is stored within the Bean as properties. The page

uses such Beans to generate dynamic content and present it back to the client.

In both of the above cases, the page could also contain any valid Java code. Java

Server Pages architecture encourages separation of content from presentation.

Steps in the execution of a JSP Application:

1. The client sends a request to the web server for a JSP file by giving the

name of the JSP file within the form tag of a HTML page.

2. This request is transferred to the JavaWebServer. At the server side

JavaWebServer receives the request and if it is a request for a jsp file

server gives this request to the JSP engine.

3. JSP engine is program which can understands the tags of the jsp and then

it converts those tags into a Servlet program and it is stored at the server

side. This Servlet is loaded in the memory and then it is executed and the

result is given back to the JavaWebServer and then it is transferred back

to the result is given back to the JavaWebServer and then it is transferred

back to the client.

JDBC connectivity

The JDBC provides database-independent connectivity between the J2EE platform

and a wide range of tabular data sources. JDBC technology allows an Application

Component Provider to:

Perform connection and authentication to a database server

Manager transactions

Move SQL statements to a database engine for preprocessing and

execution

Execute stored procedures

Inspect and modify the results from Select statements.

Purpose

The generated application is the first version upon the system. The overall

system is planned to be in the formal of web-based architecture with

homogeneous database platform. The major objective of the overall system is to

keep the following components intact.

System consistencySystem integrity Overall security of data Data reliability

and Accuracy User friendly UI both at HR Level and PM levels Considering the

fact of generality and clarity To cross check that the system overcomes the

hurdles of the version specific standards

Overall Description

Productive Perspective: The software has been developed as an application

that acts as a bridge between the PM users and the HR management people. It’s

effective gap-analysis system tells HR people to fill the gap by recruiting some no

of people.

Basic structure of the system

Maintains and manages the users information intact for categorical

organizational implementations.

Maintains and manages the projects with specific to their employees

Maintains and manages the employees information within the system.

Maintains and manages the requirements or allocations that are quite

common for a project.

Maintains and generates Gap Summary report in different formats.

Database design

Database Tables: The total number of database tables that were identified

to build the system is 6. The major part of the

Database is categorized as

1. Transactional components: The Transactional components are useful

in recording the transactions made by the system. All the projects

information was handled by these components

2. Data Dictionary components: These components are used to store the

major information like Employee details, project details, requirement details,

availability details, allocations details etc.

3. General components: These components are used to store the general

information like login information etc.

Database Tables:

To create the application the following tables are used

Employees: Contains details of employees

Projects: Contains details of projects

Login: Contains login information & role information

Availability: Contains employees available

Requirement: Contains requirement information

Allocations: Contains project allocation information

Employees

Projects

Login

Availability

Employees

- EMpNo : Int- EmpName : Varchar- mailId : Varchar- Location : Varchar- Role : Varchar- Skill : Varchar- Visa : Varchar- PassportNo : Varchar- JoiningDate : Date

Projects- ProjectCode : Varchar- ProjectManager : Varchar- OnsiteManager : Varchar- ClientName : Varchar - ClientLocation : Varchar- DealCost : Double- DealDate : Date- StartDate : Date- Duration : Int

Login

- userid : Varchar- password : Varchar- auth : int

Availability

ProjectCode : VarcharRole : VarcharLocation : VarcharSkill : VarcharNoEmpOnSite : IntNoEmpOffShore: IntReqID : Int

Requirement

Allocations

Requirement

ProjectCode : VarcharRole : VarcharLocation : varchar2Skill : VarcharNoEmpOnsite : IntNoEmpOffshore : IntReqID : Int

Allocations

ProjectCode : numberReqID : IntEmpNo : IntLocation : Varchar

Chapter 5

Design

Document

Design Document The entire system is projected with a physical diagram

which specifics the actual storage parameters that are

physically necessary for any database to be stored on to the

disk. The overall systems existential idea is derived from this

diagram.

The relation upon the system is structure through a

conceptual ER-Diagram, which not only specifics the

existential entities but also the standard relations through

which the system exists and the cardinalities that are

necessary for the system state to continue.

Data Flow Diagrams

This Diagram server two purpose.

Provides an indication of how date is transformed as

it moves through the system.

Disputes the functions and sub functions that

transforms the dataflow.

The Data flow diagram provides additional information that

is used during the analysis of the information domain, and

server as a basis for the modeling of functions.

ER-Diagrams

The entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) depicts the relationship between the data objects. The ERD is the notation that is used to conduct the date modeling activity the attributes of each data object noted is the ERD can be described resign a data object descriptions.

The set of primary components that are identified by the ERD are

Data object Relationships

Attributes Various types of indicators.

The primary purpose of the ERD is to represent data objects and their relationships.

Unified Modeling Language Diagrams

The unified modeling language allows the software

engineer to express an analysis model using the modeling

notation that is governed by a set of syntactic semantic and

pragmatic rules.

A UML system is represented using five different views that describe the system from distinctly different perspective. Each view is defined by a set of diagram, which is as follows.

User Model View

i. This view represents the system from the users perspective.

ii. The analysis representation describes a usage scenario from the end-users perspective.

Structural model view

In this model the data and functionality are arrived from inside the system.

This model view models the static structures.Behavioral Model View

It represents the dynamic of behavioral as parts of the system, depicting the interactions of collection between various structural elements described in the user model and structural model view.

Implementation Model View

In this the structural and behavioral as parts of the system are represented as they are to be built.

Environmental Model View

In this the structural and behavioral aspects of the environment in which the system is to be implemented are represented.

UML Diagrams:

Chapter 6

C o d i n g

Program Design Language

The program design language is also called as structured

English or pseudopodia. PDL is a generic reference for a

design language PDL looks like a modern language. The

difference between PDL and real programming language

lies in the narrative text embedded directly within PDL

statements.

The characteristics required by a design language are:

A fixed system of keywords that provide for all

structured constructs date declaration and modularity

characteristics.

A free syntax of natural language that describes

processing features.

Date declaration facilities that should include both simple

and complex data structures.

Subprogram definition and calling techniques that

support various nodes of interface description.

PDL syntax shou ld inc lude constructs for subprogram def in i t ion ,

in ter face descr ipt ion date dec larat ion techn iques for

s t ructur ing, condi t ions constructs , repet i t ion constructs and I /O

constructs .

PDL can be extended to include keywords for multitasking and/or concurrent

processing interrupt handling, interposes synchronization the application design

for which PDL is to be used should dictate the final form for the design language.

Chapter 7

Te s t i n g &

D e b u g g in g

S t r a t e g ie s

Testing

Testing is the process of detecting errors. Testing performs a very critical role for

quality assurance and for ensuring the reliability of software. The results of

testing are used later on during maintenance also.

Psychology of Testing

The aim of testing is often to demonstrate that a program works by showing that

it has no errors. The basic purpose of testing phase is to detect the errors that

may be present in the program. Hence one should not start testing with the

intent of showing that a program works, but the intent should be to show that a

program doesn’t work. Testing is the process of executing a program with the

intent of finding errors.

Testing Objectives

The main objective of testing is to uncover a host of errors,

systematically and with minimum effort and time. Stating formally, we

can say,

Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of

finding an error.

A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered

error.

A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding

error, if it exists.

The tests are inadequate to detect possibly present errors.

The software more or less confirms to the quality and reliable

standards.

Levels of Testing

In order to uncover the errors present in different phases we have the

concept of levels of testing. The basic levels of testing are as shown

below…

Client Needs

Requirements

Design

Code

System Testing

The philosophy behind testing is to find errors. Test cases are devised with this in mind. A

strategy employed for system testing is code testing.

Code Testing:

This strategy examines the logic of the program. To follow this method we developed some

test data that resulted in executing every instruction in the program and module i.e. every

path is tested. Systems are not designed as entire nor are they tested as single systems. To

ensure that the coding is perfect two types of testing is performed or for that matter is

performed or that matter is performed or for that matter is performed on all systems.

Acceptance Testing

System Testing

Integration Testing

Unit Testing

Types Of Testing

Unit Testing

Link Testing

Unit Testing

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software i.e.

the module. Using the detailed design and the process specifications

testing is done to uncover errors within the boundary of the module. All

modules must be successful in the unit test before the start of the

integration testing begins.

In this project each service can be thought of a module. There are so

many modules like Login, HWAdmin, MasterAdmin, Normal User, and

PManager. Giving different sets of inputs has tested each module. When

developing the module as well as finishing the development so that each

module works without any error. The inputs are validated when accepting

from the user.

In this application developer tests the programs up as system. Software units in a

system are the modules and routines that are assembled and integrated to form

a specific function. Unit testing is first done on modules, independent of one

another to locate errors. This enables to detect errors. Through this errors

resulting from interaction between modules initially avoided.

Link Testing

Link testing does not test software but rather the integration of each module in

system. The primary concern is the compatibility of each module. The

Programmer tests where modules are designed with different parameters,

length, type etc.

Integration Testing

After the unit testing we have to perform integration testing. The goal here is to

see if modules can be integrated proprerly, the emphasis being on testing

interfaces between modules. This testing activity can be considered as testing

the design and hence the emphasis on testing module interactions.

In this project integrating all the modules forms the main system. When

integrating all the modules I have checked whether the integration effects

working of any of the services by giving different combinations of inputs with

which the two services run perfectly before Integration.

System Testing

Here the entire software system is tested. The reference document for

this process is the requirements document, and the goal os to see if

software meets its requirements.

Here entire ‘ATM’ has been tested against requirements of project and it

is checked whether all requirements of project have been satisfied or not.

Acceptance Testing

Acceptance Test is performed with realistic data of the client to

demonstrate that the software is working satisfactorily. Testing here is

focused on external behavior of the system; the internal logic of program

is not emphasized.

In this project ‘Network Management Of Database System’ I have

collected some data and tested whether project is working correctly or

not.

Test cases should be selected so that the largest number of attributes of

an equivalence class is exercised at once. The testing phase is an

important part of software development. It is the process of finding errors

and missing operations and also a complete verification to determine

whether the objectives are met and the user requirements are satisfied.

White Box Testing

This is a unit testing method where a unit will be taken at a time and tested

thoroughly at a statement level to find the maximum possible errors. I tested

step wise every piece of code, taking care that every statement in the code is

executed at least once. The white box testing is also called Glass Box Testing.

I have generated a list of test cases, sample data. which is used to check all

possible combinations of execution paths through the code at every module

level.

Black Box Testing

This testing method considers a module as a single unit and checks the unit at

interface and communication with other modules rather getting into details at

statement level. Here the module will be treated as a block box that will take

some input and generate output. Output for a given set of input combinations are

forwarded to other modules.

Criteria Satisfied by Test Cases

1) Test cases that reduced by a count that is greater than one, the number of additional test cases that much be designed to achieve reasonable testing.

2) Test cases that tell us something about the presence or absence of classes of errors, rather than an error associated only with the specific test at hand.

S No Test Case Action taken

1 Enter Wrong username and password forAdmin at the login form

Displays error message

2 Enter correct username and password forAdmin at the login form

Displays Home Page

3 Create users of type HR * PM with the required parameters

New Users of type HR * PM will be created

4 Select remove user option and select a user from drop down list.

Selected user will be removed from the database.

5 Enter Wrong username and password forHRUser at the login form

Displays Home Page

6 Enter correct username and password forHRUser at the login form

Displays status as approved for the application

7 Select Add employee option and enter the required information.

New Employee info will be added in the database

8 Select Add Project option Displays Authorization error message

9 Enter Wrong username and password forPM User at the login form

Displays error message.

10 Enter correct username and password forPMUser at the login form

Displays HomePage

11 Select Add project option and enter the

required fields

It stores the new project info in

the database.

12 Select Add Requirement option and enter

the required fields

It stores the new requirement

info in the database.

13 Select Add Allocation option and enter

the required fields

It stores the new allocation info

in the database

14 Select Gap Summary Option Displays Authorization error

message

15 Login as HRUser and select Gap

Summary Option

It displays the gap summary

between requirement and

allocation

Chapter 8

U s e r M a n u a l

Installation

The database as it is developed by MySQL can be installed

only by using the export and import concepts.

Using Web components like JSP and servlets needs proper

deployment as per general specifications developed the

front end as it.

Chapter9

C o n c l u s i o n s &

R e c o m m e n d at i o n s

Conclusions And Recommendations

Any specification-untraced errors will be concentrated in the coming versions,

which are planned to be developed in near future. The system needs more

elaborative technicality for its inception and evolution.

Bibliography:

References for the Pro ject Development were taken f rom the

fo l lowing Books and Web S i tes .

Oracle

PL/SQL Programming by Scott Urman

SQL complete reference by Livion

JAVA Technologies

JAVA Complete Reference

Java Script Programming by Yehuda Shiran

Mastering JAVA Security

JAVA2 Networking by Pistoria

JAVA Security by Scotl oaks

Head First EJB Sierra Bates

J2EE Professional by Shadab siddiqui

JAVA server pages by Larne Pekowsley

JAVA Server pages by Nick Todd

HTML

HTML Black Book by Holzner

JDBC

Java Database Programming with JDBC by Patel moss.

Software Engineering by Roger Pressman