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CONTRACTOR REPORT SAND81- 7045 Unlimited Release UC-63

Residential Design Sensitivity Analysis

G. C. Royal, '" AlA Research Corporation 1735 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20006

Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 67165 and Livermore, California 94550 for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-76DP00769

Printed March 1982

Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Govern­ment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or imr,lied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, camp etenes8, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or pro­ce88 disclosed, or represents that ita use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors.

Printed in the United States of America Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161

NTIS price codes Printed copy: A04 Microfiche copy: AO!

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SAND81-7045 Unlimited Distribution

Printed March 1982

Distribution Category UC-63

RESIDENTIAL DESIGN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

G. C. Royal, III AlA Research Corporation

1735 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006

ABSTRACT

This report presents the results of a study to identify the effect passive solar heating strategies will have on residential photovoltaic (PV) system performance in 1986. In addition, previous design and analysis studies conducted by General Electric and Westinghouse were evaluated to determine whether passive heating would significantly alter their results.

Passive heating contributions were found to reduce interaction of the PV system with the load. However, the differences in displaced utility electricity between small and large passive contributions are small. These results show the relative insensitivity of PV system performance to large amounts of passive solar heating. Once daytime heating has been achieved through suntempering, any further passive contribution has minimal effect on daytime elec­trical heating loads. Incorporation of passive heating systems in a residence does not affect the definition of optimum PV system size .

The prototypes developed by GE and westinghouse were found equivalent to energy conserving 1986 residences with suntempering. Since passive heating savings beyond that required for suntempering do not affect PV system perform­ance, incorporation of larger passive savings in these prototypes will have no effect on their previously reported performance.

Prepared for Sandia National Laboratories under Contract 62-6697.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was funded under Contract Number 62-6697 with Sandia National Laboratories .

Dr. Gary Jones of Sandia provided guidance and direction. The study was conducted between

August 1980 and January 1981.

Several individuals contributed to this project, Alexander Shaw, III, conducted many of

the passive and conventional space conditioning load simulations. Paul McClure and Mary Murphey

provided editorial support. Paula Knott produced the final manuscript .

i-ii

T ABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1.0 SUMMARY 1-1

· • INTRODUCTION 1-1 CASE STUDY SELECTION 1 -1

· RESIDENTIAL LOAD CHARACTERISTICS 1-2 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS DEFINITION 1-3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSES 14 CONCLUSIONS 1-5

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1

3.0 CASE STUDY SELECTION 3-1

SUMMARY 3-1 REGIONAL DEFINITION 3-1 CASE STUDY SITE SELECTION 3-4 WEATHER DATA COMPARISON 3-4

4.0 RESIDENTIAL LOAD DEFINITION 4-1

SUMMARY 4-1 BASE APPLIANCE AND DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) LOADS 4-3 HEATING VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) LOADS 4-6 SUMMARY OF LOADS 4-10

5.0 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS DEFINITION 5-1

SUMMARY 5-1 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DEFINITION 54 PASSIVE SYSTEM DEFINITION 5-5

6.0 PERFORMANCE ANALYSES 6-1 •

SUMMARY 6-1 PASSIVE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 6-2 PV SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 6-5

7.0 REFERENCES 7 -1

8.0 APPENDIX 8-1

iii

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

FIGURE 2-1. STUDY SEQUENCE BLOCK DIAGRAM 2-2

FIGURE 3-1. ANNUAL MEAN DIRECT NORMAL SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/M2) 3-2

FIGURE 3-2. HEATING ICOOLING DEGREE DAY REGIONS (base 18.30 C) 3-3 : FIGURE 3-3. REGIONAL PLOTS OF KT VS. TEMPERATURE (OC) 3-5

FIGURE 34. COMPARISON OF WEATHER DATA SETS 3-8 -

FIGURE 4-1. GE THERMAL NETWORK MODEL 4-10 . FIGURE 4-2. WESTINGHOUSE THERMAL MODEL 4-10

FIGURE 4-3. ADVANCED HEAT PUMP CHARACTERISTICS 4-13

FIGURE 5-1. RESIDENCE BLOCK DIAGRAM 5-1

FIGURE 5-2. BLOCK DIAGRAM TYPICAL UTILITY -INTERACTIVE PV SYSTEM 5-2

FIGURE 5-3. SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF PASSIVE SYSTEMS 5-3

FIGURE 54. STANDARDIZED VALUES OF UTILITY INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS 5-6

CONSIDERED

FIGURE 5-5. STANDARDIZED VALUES OF DIRECT GAIN SYSTEMS CONSIDERED 5-9

FIGURE 5-6. STANDARDIZED VALUES OF GLAZED MASONRY WALL SYSTEMS 5-10

CONSIDERED

FIGURE 5-7. STANDARDIZED VALUES OF GREENHOUSE SYSTEMS CONSIDERED 5-12

FIGURE 6-1. BOSTON PERFORMANCE NOMOGRAPH 6-9

FIGURE 6-2. NASHVI LLE PER FORMANCE NOMOGRAPH 6-10

FIGURE 6-3. PHOENIX PERFORMANCE NOMOGRAPH 6-11

FIGURE 8-1. SAMPLE INPUT SUMMARY 8-11

FIGURE 8-2. SAMPLE OUTPUT SUMMARY 8-12

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1. ANNUAL 1978 and 1986 ALL-ELECTRIC RESIDENCE LOADS (kWh) 1-2

TABLE 1-2. COMPARISON OF HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS (kWh/DDc-M2) 1-3 • TABLE 1-3. 1986 HEATING DEMAND (MWh!YR) AND HEATING ELECTRICAL 14

LOAD (MWh!YR)

TABLE 14. ANNUAL PERFORMANCE (MWh!YR) OF A 50 M2 ARRAY PV SYSTEM 1-5

IN 1986

TABLE 3-1. MONTHS USED FOR TMYs FOR CASE STUDY LOCATIONS 3-6

TABLE 3-2. COMPARISON OF DATA BASES FOR CASE STUDY LOCATIONS 3-7

iv

LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D) PAGE

TABLE 4-1. ANNUAL 1978 AND 1986 ALL-ELECTRIC LOADS (KWh) 4-1

TABLE 4-2. COMPARISON OF HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS (kWh/DDc-M2) 4-2 ", TABLE 4-3. REFERENCE BASE APPLIANCE LOADS (in kWh) for Boston, Nashville, 44

and Phoenix TABLE 44. REFERENCE 1978 DOMESTIC HOT WATER LOADS (in kWh) 4-7 . TABLE 4-5. REFERENCE 1986 DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) LOADS (in kWh) 4-7

TABLE 4-6. COMPARISON OF HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS (kWh/DDc-M2) 4-B

TABLE 4-7. NORMALIZED GE AND WESTINGHOUSE PROTOTYPE SPACE 4-11

HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS TABLE 4-8. ANNUAL 1978 AND 1986 ALL-ELECTRIC RESIDENCE LOADS (kWh) 4-14

TABLE 6-1. 1978 HEATING DEMAND (MWHIYR) AND HEATING ELECTRICAL 64 LOAD (MWhIYR)

TABLE 6-2. 1986 HEATING DEMAND (MWhIYR) AND HEATING ELECTRICAL 64 LOAD (MWhIYR)

TABLE 6-3. ANNUAL SYSTEM OUTPUT (MWhIYR) 6-5 TABLE 64. ANNUAL PERFORMANCE (MWhIYR) OF A 50 M2 ARRAY PV SYSTEM 6-6

IN 1978

TABLE 6-5. ANNUAL PERFORMANCE (MWhIYR) OF A 50 M2 ARRAY PV SYSTEM 6-7

IN 1986

TABLE 6-6. BOSTON PERFORMANCE TABLE 6-9

TABLE 6-7. NASHVILLE P.ERFORMANCE TABLE 6-10

TABLE 6-8. PHOENIX PERFORMANCE TABLE 6-11

V-vi

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SECTION 1.0

SUMMARY

1 .1 Introduction

This report presents the results of a study on residences that incorporate both passive solar

heating strategies and photovoltaic (PV) arrays for electrical power generation. The study was

conducted between August 1980 and January 1981. This section summarizes the selection of

case study locations, determination of residential load characteristics, solar system definition,

performance analyses results and study conclusions.

The objectives of this study were to identify how marketable passive technologies for space

conditioning will affect residential power loads and the effect this may have on residential PV

system design in 1986. An additional objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of previous resi­

dential PV design and analysis study results to the use of passive solar strategies. Analyses in

this study were based on estimates of energy consumption by all-electric residences in the mid-

1980s and performance estimates of utility-interactive PV systems without storage. These

analyses were conducted on a regional, case-study basis to reflect significant climatic differences.

1.2 Case Study Selection

Three case study site locations were considered to represent systems performance in the

Southwest, Northeast and Southeast regions of the country. These sites were Phoenix, Boston

and Nashville. The following selection criteria were defined for case study site locations: the

site should represent the dominant weather conditions of the region; the site must have been

considered in previous residential PV design and analysis studies; and hourly meteorological data

must have been recorded for the site.

Parameters used to identify the case study locations included insolation, temperature, rela­

tive humidity, and wind velocity obtained from records of local climatic data. Hourly weather data

were obtained from the National Climatic Center.

1-1

1.3 Residential Load Characteristics

Residential loads were based on the living patterns for an average size family of 4·5 members

in single family detached housing expected for the middle-income mass market. Loads for base

appliances, domestic water heating and space conditioning were projected for 1986 using estimates

of energy conservation appl.ied to 1978 levels. In the 1978 and 1986 mean annual loads listed in

Table 1-1 for an all-€Iectric non-solar residence, heating and cooling loads are shown for a 139.4

m2 (1500 ft2 ) floor area.

TABLE 1-1. ANNUAL 1978 AND 1986 ALL-ELECTRIC RESIDENCE LOADS (kWh)

LOCATION APPLIANCES DHW HEATING COOLING TOTAL

1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986

BOSTON 7520 6844 5348 4813 8066 4033 1010 505 21944 16195

NASHVILLE 7520 6844 4457 4011 4537 2269 4867 2434 21381 15558

PHOENIX 7520 6844 4099 3689 1712 856 5409 2705 18740 14094

Mean annual loads for non-solar residences in the mid-'19tlOs are estimated to be an average

of 33% less than 1978 loads for the case study cities. These levels of energy conservation include a

9% reduction in base appliance loads and a 10% reduction in domestic water heating loads.

However, the largest reductions are expected in space conditioning loads. Heating and cooling loads

are expected to be 50% of those in 1978.

Space conditioning demand in 1978 and 1986 Boston, Nashville and Phoenix residences were

scaled from a normal distribution of heating and cooling performance developed from survey data.

Heating and cooling performance of the GE and Westinghouse prototypes are shown with mean,

20th and 80th percentiles of this distribution in Table 1-2. These values were normalized for

differences in residence size and weather data to facilitate comparison.

1-2

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TABLE 1-2. COMPARISON OF HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS (kWh/DDc-m2)

LOCATI ON DEMAND 1978 RESIDENCES 1986 RES I DENCES PROTOTYPES 20th MEAN ROth 20th MFAN ROth r.F WFC::T

BOSTON HEATING .045 .058 .069 .023 .029 .035 .018 .019

COOLING .043 .052 .060 .022 .026 .030 .044 .049

NASHVILLE HEATING .040 .051 .060 .020 .026 .. 030 .016 .021

COOLING .030 .037 .057 .015 .019 .029 .036 .052

PHOENIX HEATING .029 .048 .066 .015 .024 .033 .006 .018

COOLING .031 .036 .039 .016 .018 .020 .045 .049

In all cases, the prototypes show lower heating demand than expected for the average 1986

residence. I n most cases, the prototypes show lower heating demand than expected for more than

80% of the residences. The prototype heating demands reflect their use of more insulation, and

infiltration reductions. The prototypes show higher cooling demands than expected for the average

1986 residence. The cooling demands reflect their use of more south-facing glazing than generally

employed. Despite these differences, the seasonally weighted annual values for the prototypes

adequately exhibit demands expected for 1986 residences.

1.4 Solar Energy Systems Definition

For all sites, a set of standard parameters was used to define each passive heating and PV

power system. Direct gain, glazed masonry wall, and sunspace passive heating systems were evalu­

ated for each site. The PV system in all cases was defined as a utility-interactive, flat-plate

passively-cooled, PV-only system without storage. Solar domestic hot water system options were

not considered.

1-3

Reference characteristics of the passive heating systems were based upon the following

collection and storage parameters. Vertical south-facing double.glazing was assigned a transmis­

sivity of 0.747 at normal incidence. The capacity of directly irradiated thermal storage was

defined as 0.17 kWhI'C-M2 (30 BTUI'F-FT2) of collection aperture area. The rate of radiant ther­

mal transfer was assumed as 0.006 kWI'C-M2 (1.0 BTU/hr-'F-FT2) of exposed surface area.

Reference characteristics of the PV system were based upon the following array and power

conditioning parameters. Encapsulated cell efficiency used in the analysis was 13.5% at 28'C and

1 kW/M2 insolation. A nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) of 60'C was assumed. An

array packing density of 0.87 was used in all cases. Inverter efficiency was assumed to be 0.9.

1.5 Performance Analyses

Performance of passive and utility-interactive PV systems without storage was simulated

for 1978 and 1986 residences in Boston, Nashville and Phoenix. Two ranges of passive contribu­

tion were simulated to examine heating demand reductions less than 30% and more than 60%

in each city. Utility interactive PV systems without storage were simulated using 50 m2 and

90 m2 array areas. Nomographs were prepared to expand the applicability of data from these

points over a broad range of annual daytime loads and array areas for each city.

The 1986 heating demand (MWh/yr) and heating electrical load (MWh/yr) for an average

139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) residence' in Boston, Nashville and Phoenix is shown in Table 1-3. Similar

to results (1) for an average 1978 residence, increasing the amount of passive savings in heating

demand from under 30% to more than 60% reduced the daily (24 hr.) heating load by more than

half, and reduced the daytime heating load by one-half to three-fourths.

TABLE 1-3. 1986 HEATING DEMAND (MWh/YR) AND HEATING ELECTRICAL LOAD (MWh/YR)

LOCATION SOLAR PCT. HTG. DEMAND HTG. ELEC. LOAD TOTAL ELEC. LOAD BLDG. AUX. DAILY DAYTIME DAILY DAYTIME

BOSTON 27.5 12.63 9.15 2.90 0.69 14.79 8.04 64.7 12.63 4.46 1. 39 0.23 13.31 7.59

NASHVILLE 28.1 7.30 5.25 1. 61 0.35 12.75 7.15 70.4 7.30 2.16 0.66 0.08 11 .78 6.80

PHOENIX 28.4 2.89 2.07 0.61 0.09 11 .71 6.95 65.4 2.89 1. 00 0.29 0.04 11 .39 6.90

1-4

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The annual performance (MWH/yr) of utility energy displaced and sellback energy from a

50 m2 array PV system for a 139.4 m2 residence in 1986 is shown in Table 1-4. Results for the two

ranges of passive heating savings show that passive heating contributions reduce interaction of the

PV system with the load. PV system/on-site load interaction is reduced by 7% in Boston and 2%

in Nashville for the increase in passive savings shown. No significant change occurs in Phoenix

due to the heating load's minor contribution to the total load.

TABLE 1-4. ANNUAL PERFORMANCE (MWhjYR) OF A 50 M2 ARRAY PV SYSTEM IN 1986

LOCATION UNDER 30% PASSIVE SAVINGS OVER 60% PASSIVE SAVINGS ELEC. LOAD PV SYSTEM ELEC. LOAD PV SYSTEM TOT DAY DIRECT SOLD TOT DAY DIRECT SOLD

BOSTON 14.79 8.04 4.09 1.82 13.31 7.59 3.97 1. 94

NASHVILLE 12.75 7.15 4.03 3.10 11.78 6.80 3.98 3.15

PHOENI X 11 .71 6.95 4.46 5.22 11 .39 6.90 4.47 5.21

Small differences in displaced utility electricity and PV system output sold at the under-30%

and over-60% level of passive contribution indicate the PV system's relative insensitivity to large

amounts of passive solar heating. Once daytime heating has been achieved through suntempering,

any further passive contribution will have minimal affect upon total daytime electrical loads.

Load and system performance values shown for the 1986 residences with less than a 30%

passive contribution are equivalent to those for prototypes developed by GE and Westinghouse,

once weather conditions, residence size, and system efficiency are normalized. This data indicates

that' even if the prototypes had been developed with more than 60% passive heating contribution,

no significant differences from performance predictions previously reported would occur.

1.6 Conclusions

Passive heating contributions in all-electric residences reduce utility electricity displacement

by a utility-interactive PV system without storage. However, the small reduction in PV system/load

interaction shows that the PV system's performance is relatively insensitive to large amounts of

1- 5

passive solar heating. This is due to the fact that the PV system does not see the various electriCal

loads from appliances, DHW or heating separately, but only as total electrical load. When daytime

heating has been achieved through suntempering (30% passive contribution) daytime electrical

heating demand drops to a minimal portion of the total electric load. It follows that further reduc­

tions of the electrical heating load (i .e., increasing passive contribution) would have minimal impact

upon PV system interaction.

The prototypes developed by GE and Westinghouse were found equivalent to 1986 energy

conserving residences with suntempering. The prototypes space heating demands were found to be

lower than expected for average 1986 residences in Boston, Nashville and Phoenix. In most cases,

the prototypes show lower heating demand than expected in more than 80% of the 1986 residences.

Increasing the amount of passive heating savings in the prototypes will not affect their previously

reported PV system performance.

Since PV system performance is relatively insensitive to large amounts of passive contribu­

tion, passive incorporation in a residence does not affect the definition of optimum PV system size.

1-6

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SECTION 2.0

INTRODUCTION

Several studies (2,3,4) have concluded that residential photovoltaic (PV) applications will

be one of the earliest and largest markets for PV commercialization in 1986. Further investigations

have addressed the conceptual design of residential PV systems on a regional basis. Although

passive solar strategies to reduce space conditioning loads have been considered in these regionally

specific studies, there has been no systematic evaluation of any passive solar effects on the design

or operation of the PV systems.

The AlA Research Corporation was asked to investigate the impact of passive solar space

conditioning strategies and evaluate whether their effect would significantly alter the results of

previous design and analysis studies. Selection of one solar technology versus another on the

basis of marginal costs or benefits was beyond the scope of this study, as was the design of an

integrated passive and PV system.

The investigation focused on all-electric single-family detached residences with passive heating

and interactive PV systems in the Southwest, Northeast, and Southeast sections of the United

States. Performance characteristics of the residences, passive systems, and PV systems were pro­

jected for marketable homes in the 1986 time-frame.

Three case study locations, Phoenix, Boston, and Nashville, were selected as representative

of the three regions. Residential energy consumption characteristics for the mid-1980s were

developed for space conditioning, domestic hot water, and base appliance loads using projections

from 1978 baseline data. The residences were modified to incorporate direct, indirect, and isolated

gain passive systems appropriate for the 1986 market.

System output for indexed areas of a utility-interactive, flat-plate air-cooled PV array were

determined for each study site. Loads for the residences were determined for conventional stand­

alone heat pump heating as well as indexed savings in auxiliary heating requirements from each type

of passive system. Performance and economic effects of the passive contribution on the PV system

were evaluated for parameter changes in each passive system. PV system operation was correlated

with the amount of passive heating contribution. A block diagram of the study sequence is shown

in Figure 2-1.

2-1

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'" m

'" I ....

'" .... c: S!

'" m N .0 I c:

m N z n ,.., to r-0 n

"" c -". C>

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SECTION 3.0

CASE STUDY SELECTION

3.1 Summary

Phoenix, AZ; Boston, MA; and Nashville, TN, were selected as case study site locations to

represent PV and passive system performance in the three regions of the U.S. previously identified

(3,4) as having significant potential PV system use--the Southwest, Northeast, and Southeast.

Objectives for the selection of case study locations were three-fold. First, the sites should be

representative of economic conditions in the regions. Next, the sites should allow a nominal repre­

sentation of climatic conditions and expected PV and passive system performance throughout the

regions. Finally, the sites should be documented by sufficient historical weather data to allow

interpolation for microclimatic variations once climate-dependent performance principles were

identified.

Climatic parameters used to identify the candidate case study locations included hourly

insolation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity. This data was taken from Typical

Meteorological Year (TMY) magnetic tape records.

Weather data from previous research (3.4) on PV performance at the three case study loca­

tions was compared with the TMY weather data; variations among the different data sets were

generally less than 10%.

3.2 Regional Definition

Previous conceptual design and analysis studies of residential PV systems (3,4) have identi­

fied the Southwest, Northeast, and Southeast regions of the U.S. as areas of significant potential

PV system use. This is based on abundant incident solar radiation in the Southwest; extensive

use of electricity at high energy costs in the Northeast; and the correlation of peak summer loads

and PV system output in the Southeast.

3-1

In previous energy studies (1,5,6) conducted by the AIA/Re, several major climatic region

classification methods were evaluated and ranked on the basis of such criteria as ease of use,

response to local variation, compatibility with existing classifications and compatibility with

political jurisdictions. Of those methods meeting the above criteria the regional climatic classifi­

cation chosen for this study considers the combination of incident solar radiation and heating/

cooling degree days. This approach is intended to account for both solar energy input required by

the passive and photovoltaic systems as well as the thermal loads to be met by the space condi­

tioning system. Annual mean solar radiation (in kWh/M2_YR), and heating/cool ing degree day

regions are shown in Figures 3-1 and 3-2 respectively. General insolation and thermal characteristics

of the Southwest, Northeast, and Southeast regions are summarized in the following discussion.

Detailed descriptions of climate characteristics in each region are found in References 1,5,6.

FIGURE 3-1. ANNUAL I1EAN DIRECT NORflAL SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/:12)

3-2

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1m < 1111 COD > 3889 HOD

D < 1111 COD 3056-3889 HOD

II < 1111 COD 2222-3056 HOD

fZlJ < 1111 COD 1111-2222 HOD

II < 1111 COD 0-1111 HOD

D > 1111 COD 0-1111 HOD

II > 1111 COD LEGENO HOD HEATING OEGREE DAYS

1111-2222 HOD coo (Q;llING DEGREE DAYS • DATA COi..L£eTIDN SMs,t..a

FIGURE 3-2. HEATING/COOLING DEGREE DAY REGIONS (base 18.30 C)

I n the Southwest, annual average radiation ranges from 2230 to over 2635 kWh/M2_y R.

The number of heating degree days may exceed 3889 (18.30 C), while the number of cooling degree

days may exceed 1111 .

In the Northeast, annual average radiation ranges from under 1015 to 1420 kWh/M2_YR.

The number of heating degree days ranges from 2222 to more than 3889, while the number of

cool i ng degree days is usua Ily less than 1111 .

In the Southeast, annual average radiation ranges from 1825 to 2230 kWh/M2_YR. The

number of heating degree days may be as large as 3056, while the number of cooling degree days

may exceed 1111 .

3-3

3.3 Case Study Site Selection

Potential case study locations were limited to the approximately thirty cities that have been

the subject of previous PV-feasibility studies in order to maximize the amount of available data and

to facilitate future comparative research. Site locations in each region were then screened to select

areas with population greater than 250,000. The next level of site selection considered the effect of

insolation and temperature on PV and passive system performance.

An approach based on Bahm (7) to identify how available insolation and temperature in a

region will affect PV and passive system performance concerns was developed correlating mean

daily percent of extraterrestrial solar radiation (KT) versus daily temperature (OC). These correla­

tions enable comparison of seasonal and location variations in thermal demands and available

radiation to identify key passive and PV operating characteristics within each region.

Example plots within each region are shown in Figure 3-3. Warm days are represented on the

right hand side of each plot, cold days on the left. Clear days are represented at the top of each

plot, cloudy days at the bottom. These examples of regional patterns illustrate the abundance of

clear days across a broad range of temperatures in the Southwest; the significance of cold, partly

overcast days in the Northeast; and the extent of partly cloudy, mild weather in the Southeast.

From these plots it was possible to identify representative site locations from a number of regional

samples prior to detailed system simulation.

Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data was chosen to document the climate

characteristics of each site location. This weather data for 26 U.S. cities, available on magnetic

tape from the National Climatic Center in Asheville, N.C., contains hourly insolation, temperature,

relative humidity, and wind velocity. Those sites within the TMY data base that had received the

highest ranking relative to prior use, population, and representative insolation and temperature

correlation were selected for case study locations. The three locations ultimately chosen were

Phoenix, AZ (Southwest); Boston, MA (Northeast); and Nashvi lie, TN (Southeast).

3.4 Weather Data Comparison

Performance comparison of different solar systems and components has usually been made

more difficult by the lack of universally accepted hourly meteorological data. Representative-year

weather data used by G E and Westinghouse were compared with both TMY data and historical

SOLMET averaged to identify differences in performance estimates resulting from their use.

3-4

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When the GE and Westinghouse studies began, the SOLMET data base represented the best

source of real weather data. The SOLMET data base, produced by the National Oceanographic

and Atmospheric Administration, contains 23 years of reformatted and rehabilitated records from

26 U.S. weather stations. Deficiencies corrected by the rehabilitation and reformatting procedures

included machine-readable format and media inconsistencies and measurement gaps and inaccu­

racies (8,9). A reference year for each site was selected from the SOLMET data base by GE

and Westinghouse using methods similar to the ASH RAE (10) technique.

As the GE and Westinghouse studies neared completion, development of TMY weather data

was begun by Sandia National Laboratories. The objective was to establish commonly accepted

hourly meteorological data for use in computer simulations of solar heating and cooling systems

at each of the 26 cities included in the SOLMET data base. Unlike the SOLMET data base which

consists of individual-year measurements, the TMY data base consists of a single "synthetic" year

for each site. A typical month for each of the twelve calendar months was selected from the

23-year SO LMET data base for each site. Then the typical months were spliced together to form

each TMY. Discontinuities in weather data at the beginning and end of each month were smoothed

by interpolation (11). Table 3-1 lists the months used in the TMYs for Boston, Nashville and

Phoenix.

TABLE 3-1. MONTHS USED FOR TMYs FOR CASE STUDY LOCATIONS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON 1966 1953 1961 1960 1962 1965 1953 1956 1962 1957 1961 1961

NASHVlllE 1954 1959 1964 1974 1963 1968 1975 1973 1958 1969 1966 1966

PflO[NIX 1968 1975 1963 1957 1968 1956 1974 1972 1972 1968 1959 1966

Subsequently, GE compared performance predictions based on its selected representative

years with those using Westinghouse representative years and TMYs. Performance variation

generally less than 10% was reported using the different weather data bases (3). Recently, a more

extensive evaluation of the effect of different weather data on solar heating and cool ing perfor­

mance prediction was completed by Freeman (11). Although temperature and "persistance"

biases in the TMY data base were noted, it was concluded that the TMYs best represent state-of­

the-art weather data for solar system performance prediction.

3-6

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The AIA/RC comparison of primary weather data of interest for Phoenix, Boston and

Nashville indicated that the range of variation in insolation, heating degree day and cooling degree

day data among the selected representative years, TMYs and SOLMET averages were generally

less than 10%. Performance predictions using .these different weather data sets showed similarly

small differences in value. In general, agreement among solar irradiance values is closer than among

values for heating or cooling degree days. Although heating degree days in the warm, arid Phoenix

weather somewhat underestimate long-term conditions, the differences are negligible. Similarly,

differences between cooling degree days and long-term averages in Phoenix and Boston are small.

Differences between historical averages and selected data bases was more significant for Nashville

cool ing degree days. This location was the only one in which use of the TMY, G E or Westinghouse

data yielded an average of less than 90% of the long term temperature conditions. These results

agree with earlier comparisons of the synthetic and representative weather data sets. A compara­

tive listing of weather data base differences is shown in Table 3-2 and illustrated in Figure 3-4.

TABLE 3-2. COMPARISON OF DATA BASES FOR CASE STUDY LOCATIONS

lOCATION WEATHER DPoTPo PoNNUAL HEATING PoNNUPol COOLI NG PoNNUAL HORIZON. SOURCE DEGREE DPoYS DEGREE DAYS SOLPoR IRRPoD.

(18.30 C base) (18.30 C base) (kWh/m2)

Total t Dey. Total t Dey. Total t Dev.

BOSTON SOlMET Poyg. 3123 ---- 367 ---- 1271 .. ---TMY • 3190 2.1 389 5.7 1266 0.4

1960 (GEl 3172 1.5 396 7.3 1328 4.3

1965 lW) 3467 9.9 349 5.2 1326 4.1

NASHVILLE SOlMET Poyg. 2053 ---- 941 ---- 1461 ----TMY· 1980 3.7 869 8.3 1461 0.0

1968 (GE) .2347 12.5 806 16.7 1462 0.1

1966 (W) 2154 4.7 840 12.0 1447 1.0

PHOENIX SOlMET Avg. 862 ---- 1949 ---- 2151 ----TMY • 767 12.4 2026 3.8 2155 0.2

1953 (GE) 832 3.6 1861 4.7 21 96 2.0

1967 (W) 795 8.4 1931 0.9 2110 1.9

3-7

= 1600 !

I ! 100

; I

100 1600 2400

~NHUAL HEATING DEGREE DAYS ( 18.3 .C bas.)

11I1(T); GUGh WESTlNGH!l'JSE(W)

3200

2000

~ 1600

~ '" .. 11 1200

~ .. !!!

i 100

I II! 400

i u

f ANNUAL COOLING DEGREE DAYS ( 18.3 .C bas.)

M(T); GE(Gh WESTINGHOUSE(W)

ANNUAL HORIZONTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (1twh1,.2) 11IY(Th 6E(6); IlESTINGHOIlSE(W)

FIGURE 3-4. COMPARISON OF ~JEATHER DATA SETS

3-8

,

"

, .

SECTION 4.0

RESIDENTIAL LOAD DEFINITION

4.1 Summary

Loads considered in this study fall into three primary categories: base appliance loads for

cooking, clothes drying, etc.; loads for domestic water heating; and loads for space conditioning.

Estimating any of these loads in the mid-1980s presents uncertainties because of variations in

equipment efficiency and use, seasonal and regional factors, residence construction characteristics,

and the effect of energy conserving behavior patterns. This section describes the assumptions,

methods, and data used to generate these estimates.

Since the focus of this report was passive heating, all components contributing to heating

loads were reviewed, evaluated and combined into final estimates for variable analyses. As DHW

and base appliance loads had already been sufficiently detailed in previous (3,4) studies, they were

assumed directly from these works and used without modification. These are reviewed in the

following pages.

The residential loads defined in the previous studies, were based on the living patterns for an

average size family of 4-5 members in single family detached housing expected for the middle­

income mass market. Loads for base appliances, domestic water heating and space conditioning

were projected for 1986 using estimates of energy conservation applied to 1978 levels. I n the

1978 and 1986 mean annual loads listed in Table 4-1 for an all-electric non-solar residence, heating

and cooling loads are shown for a 139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) floor area.

TABLE 4-1. ANNUAL 1978 AND 1986 ALL-ELECTRIC RESIDENCE LOADS (kWh)

LOCATION APPLIANCES DHW HEATING COOLING TOTAL 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986

BOSTON 7520 6844 5348 4813 8066 4033 1010 505 21944 16195

NASHVILLE 7520 6844 4457 4011 4537 2269 4867 2434 21381 15558

PHOENIX 7520 6844 4099 3689 1712 856 5409 2705 18740 14094

4-1

Mean annual loads for non-solar residences in the mid-1980s were estimated to be an

average of 33% less than 1978 loads for the case study cities. These levels of energy conservation

include a 9% reduction in base appliance loads and a 10% reduction in domestic water heating

loads. However, the largest reductions are expected in space conditioning loads. Heating and

coo Ii ng loads are expected to be 50% of those in 1978.

Space conditioning demand in 1978 and 1986 Boston, Nashville and Phoenix residences

were scaled from a normal distribution of heating and cooling performance developed from survey

data. Heating and cooling performance of the GE and Westinghouse prototypes are shown with

mean, 20th and 80th percentiles of this distribution in Table 4-2. These values were normalized

for differences in residence size and weather data to facilitate comparison.

TABLE 4-2. COMPARISON OF HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS (kWh/DDC-M2

)

LOCATION DEMAND 1 978 RES I DEN CES 1986 RESIDENCES PROTOTYPES 20th Mean 80th 20th Mean 80th GE WEST.

BOSTON HEATING .045 .058 .069 .023 .029 .035 .018 .019

COOLING .043 .052 .060 .022 .026 .030 .044 .049

NASHVILLE HEATING .040 .051 .060 .020 .026 .030 .016 .021

COOLING .030 .037 .057 .015 .019 .029 .036 .052

PHOENIX HEATING .029 .048 .066 .015 .024 .033 .006 .018

COOLING .031 .036 .039 .016 .018 .020 .045 .049

I n all cases, the prototypes show lower heating demand than expected for the average 1986

residence. I n most cases, the prototyes show lower heati ng demand than expected for more than

80% of the residences. The prototype heating demands reflect their use of more insulation, and

infiltration reductions. The prototypes show higher cooling demands than expected for the

average 1986 residence. The cooling demands reflect their use of more south-facing glazing than

generally employed. Despite these differences, the seasonally weighted annual values for the proto­

types adequately exhibit demands expected for 1986 residences.

4-2

.-

'. ",

4.2 Base Appliance and Domestic Hot Water Loads

The base appliance system used in this study consists of lights and appliances, clothes dryer,

cooking range and other cooking appliances as well as ancillary HVAC equipment such as blowers,

pumps, fans and controls. The system is supplied with 120 Vac, 10, 60 Hz and 240 Vac, 10, Hz

residential power service.

The load may be estimated from the duty cycle of all base load appliances, or from compara­

tive data for si mi lar residences using uti I ity bi lis or correlated relationsh ips. A duty cycle estimate

of the average daily load can be prepared using the following formula:

L = B

where

N l: i =1

LB

N

P

T

C

(p * T * C)i

= average daily base appliance load in kWh

= number of base load appliances = average operating power in kW = elapsed time of use in hrs.

"on" - cycle fraction for thermostatically controlled devices

This formula was applied to data from similar residences modified by occupancy and equip­

ment usage factors in order to provide the estimates of demand used in this study. A number of

references (1,3,4,12) were compared both for estimates of current demand as well as projections

of demand in the mid 1980s.

It was found from these references that several factors significantly influence base load level.

These factors include: family age and income; number of residents; weather conditions; floor

area; and energy conservation practices.

Comparison of current estimates show negligible differences on an annual basis. No regional

adjustment factors were found to significantly reflect the impact of weather conditions on base

load beyond the seasonal factors. Factors of 1.18 for winter, 0.94 for spring, 0.86 for summer and

1.03 for fall were found to characterize the modification of average daily base load for seasonal use.

Use of adjustments for weekend and vacation occupancy were not found to significantly affect

estimates of base load.

4-3

Mean annual base loads were estimated to be 7520 kWh in 1978 for Boston, Nashville and

Phoenix. General Electric estimated that reductions in appliance use and equipment efficiency

losses would result in a 9% reduction in this load in 1986. This reduction yielded a projected

annual load of 6844 kWh.

An average of 53% of the daily base appliance load was estimated to occur during the day­

time, between sunrise and sunset. Since expected base load reductions found in the literature were

given for annual energy use, no assumptions were made concerning the shift of nighttime loads

into the day as a load management action for the PV system. It was assumed that the magnitude

of the 1978 daily base electrical load profile was diminished uniformly over a 24-hour period for

the 1986 projections.

A summary of base appliance energy consumption is shown in Table 4-3.

TABLE 4-3, REFERENCE BASE APPLIANCE LOADS (in kWh) FOR BOSTON, NASHVILLE AND PHOENIX

DAYTIME ~10NTHLY MONTH 1978 1986 1978 1986

JAN 397 361 754 686

FEB 358 326 681 620

MAR 315 287 600 546

APR 305 278 582 530

MAY 315 287 600 546

JUN 279 254 532 484

JUL 289 263 549 500

AUG 289 263 549 500

SEP 335 305 637 580

OCT 346 315 659 600

NOV 335 305 637 580

DEC 397 361 754 686

ANN 3961 3605 7520 6844

4-4

"

,.

"

The domestic hot water DHW system used in this study consisted of an electric resistance

water heater supplied with 240 Vac, 10, 60 Hz power. The load may be estimated from water

temperature, water consumption, and equipment efficiency or from comparative data for similar

residences uSing utility bills or correlated relationships. An estimate of the average daily load

based upon water temperature, volume and equipment characteristics can be prepared using the

following formula:

L D = 1. 1 6 * ( To - T i) * R * S / CO p) / ( 1 + W)

where LD = average daily hot water load in kWh

To = outlet water temperature in °c

Ti

R

S

COP

W

inlet water temperature in °c

= number of residents 3

= daily water consumption in M per resident

= heater coefficient of performance

= fraction of stored heat lost through tank walls

The value 1.16 is the energy in kWh required to raise 1 M3 of water 1 0C. A typical value

of To is 600C (1400F). A typical value of S is 0.08 M3 (20 gallons) per person. The average COP

for an electric resistance water heater is usually estimated as unity. For a 40 gallon (0.150 M3)

tank, the fraction of energy lost is estimated as .20 (3). Estimates of demand used in this study

were based upon data from similar residences as well as occupancy and equipment factors. A num­

ber of references (3,4,13) were compared both for estimates of current demand as well as

projections of demand in the mid 1980s. It was found from these references that several factors

significantly influence the DHW load level. The factors include: family age and income; number

of residents; weather conditions; equipment characteristics; and energy conservation practices.

Comparison of current estimates show negligible differences on an annual basis. No seasonal

adjustment factors were found to significantly reflect the impact of weather conditions on DHW

load beyond the regional factors. Typically groundwater temperatures are assumed to occur within

a 5.50C (100F) range about the average daily ambient temperature. Daily ambient air temperature

assumed for the case study locations were 10.70C (51.30F) for Boston, 15.20C (59.40F) for

Nashville and 21.30C (70.30F) for Phoenix. Use of adjustment factors for weekend and vacation

use were not found to significantly affect estimates of the DHW load.

4-5

Mean annual DHW loads in 1978 were estimated to be 5348 kWh for Boston, 4457 kWh for

Nashville and 4099 kWh for Phoenix. It was estimated that reductions in outlet water temperature

and usage would result in a 10% reduction of this load in 1986 (3). This reduction yielded a pro­

jected annual load of 4813 kWh in Boston, 4011 kWh in Nashville and 3689 kWh in Phoenix.

An average of 73% of the daily DHW load was estimated to occur during the daytime,

between sunrise and sunset. Since expected DHW load reductions found in the literature were given

for annual energy use, no assumptions were made concerning the shift of nighttime loads into the

day as a load management action for the PV system. It was assumed that the magnitude of the

1978 daily DHW load profile was diminished uniformly over a 24-hour period for the 1986 projec­

tions.

A summary of DHW energy consumption is shown in Tables 4-4 and 4-5.

4.3 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Loads

The heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) plant used in this study consists of an

air-to-air heat pump and an electric resistance backup supplied with 240 Vac, 10,60 Hz power. The

HVAC load depends on resident comfort, residence characteristics and equipment efficiency.

The load may be calculated from weather, occupancy and equipment performance data or

estimated from comparative data for similar residences using utility bills or correlated relationships.

Using weather occupancy and equipment data the load can be calculated according to the following

formula:

where LHC = average daily heating or cooling demand (kWh)

Tamb = ambient hourly temperature

Tset = thermostat set temperature ( C)

Qi nt = average internal heat generation ( kW)

UA = adjusted heat conductance-area product ( kW)

COP = average coefficient of performance (including resistance backup for heat pumps).

4-5

"

TABLE 4-4. REFERENCE 1978 DOMESTIC HOT WATER LOADS (in kWh)

BOSTON NASHVILLE PHOENIX MONTH MONTHLY DAYTIME MONTHLY DAYTHlE MONTHLY DAYTIME

JAN 454 10.59 379 8.82 348 8.10

FEB 410 10.59 342 8.82 314 8.10

MAR 454 10.59 379 8.82 348 8.10

'. APR 440 10.59 366 8.82 337 8.10

MAY 454 10.59 379 8.82 348 8.10

JUN 440 10.59 366 8.82 337 8.10

JUL 454 10.59 379 8.82 348 8.10

AUG 454 10.59 379 8.82 348 8.10

SEP 440 10.59 366 8.82 337 8.10

OCT 454 10.59 379 8.82 348 8.10

NOV 440 10.59 366 8.82 337 8.10

DEC 454 10.59 379 8.82 348 8.10

ANN 5348 3865 4457 3220 4099 2957

TAgLE 4-5. REFERENCE 1986 DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DH~J) LOADS (in kWh)

BOSTON NASHVILLE PHOENIX

MONTH MONTHLY DAYTIME MONTHLY DAYTIME MONTHLY DAYTIME

JAN 409 9.53 341 7.94 313 7.29

FEB 369 9.53 308 7.94 283 7.29

r~AR 409 9.53 341 7.94 313 7.29

APR 396 9.53 330 7.94 303 7.29

MAY 409 0.53 341 7.94 313 7.29

JUN 396 9.53 330 7.94 303 7.29

JUL 409 9.53 341 7.94 313 7.29

AUG 409 9.53 341 7.94 313 7.29

SEP 396 9.53 330 7.94 303 7.29

OCT 409 9.53 341 7.94 313 7.29

NOV 396 9.53 330 7.94 303 7.29

DEC 409 9.53 341 7.94 313 7.29

ANN 4813 3478 4011 2898 3689 2661

*Figures may not total due to round-off errors.

4-7

Several steps were followed to estimate the HVAC load in the mid 1980s. First, space

conditioning demand estimates for typical residences in 1978 were obtained (1). Energy conserva­

tion strategies from similar residences, as well as occupancy factors were then used to project

typical space conditioning demand in 1986 (5,14,15,16). Typical 1986 demands were compared

with demands from the residential prototype designs developed by Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann

Associates for Westinghouse (4), and Massdesign for General Electric (3). Finally, performance

characteristics of a heat pump/resistance-backup plant under development for the mid-1980s

were used to convert the typical 1986 space conditioning demands to an HVAC load.

;::~timates of the designed energy performance of 1978 residential buildings were based on

actual buildings throughout the continental United States. Estimates of energy used for heating

and cooling single family detached residences were taken from a sample of 128,000 homes. Energy

consumption variables reported in this study (1) included heat transfer rates for building com­

ponent sections, seasonal efficiencies for heating and cooling equipment as well as adjustment

factors for house type (e.g., one-story, two-story, bi-Ievel and split-level).

Space conditioning demand for 1978 residences in Boston, Nashville and Phoenix were

scaled from a normal distribution of energy performance. Mean, 20th and 80th percentiles of

space conditioning demand are shown in Table 4-6.

TABLE 4-6. COMPARISON OF HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS (kWh/DDC-M2

)

LOCATION DEMAND 1 978 RES I DEN CES 1986 RES I DENCES PROTOTYPES 20th Mean 80th 20th Mean 80th GE WEST.

BOSTON HEATING .045 .058 .069 .023 .029 .035 .018 .019

COOLING .043 .052 .060 .022 .026 .030 .044 .049

NASHVILLE HEATING .040 .051 .060 .020 .026 .030 .016 .021

COOLING .030 .037 .057 .015 .019 .029 .036 .052

PHOENIX HEATING .029 .048 .066 .015 .024 .033 .006 .018

COOLING .031 .036 .039 .016 .018 .020 .045 .049

4-8

Reasonable expectations of long-term levels of space conditioning demand were based upon

surveys of energy conscious design practices (5,15,16) and performance data of energy conserving

residences (5,12,14). These expectations reflect marketability in housing rather than maximum

technical feasible performance. Energy conscious design practices are expected to include proper

" design of the building envelope, recovery of heat generated by normal indoor activities, and distri­

bution of solar heat gain.

Proper design of the building envelope to control interior temperature can be achieved by

insulation, thermal-lag and ventilation through the structure. Use of thermal-lag effect is more

applicable in climates with appreciable ambient temperature swings, where nighttime temperatures

are significantly lower than those in the day.

In well-insulated dwellings, normal indoor activities such as cooking, bathing, breathing,

and perspiration provide an ample source of heat and moisture when ambient temperatures are

moderate. Recovery of this heat together with the use of ventilation, or interior air movement,

can provide adequate temperature and not exceed humidity limits. Distribution of solar heat gain

or suntempering is expected to supply comfortable daytime temperatures, depending on the

structural properties of the building and the availability of sunshine during the heating season.

At lower ambient temperatures, a mechanically assisted means of heating is required (16, 17).

On the basis of field experience already achieved, AIA/RC expects space conditioning

demands in 1986 projected from the use of these practices to reduce 1978 levels by 50% in the

absence of any suntempering contribution. When credit is taken for solar heat gain, 1986 demands

are expected to be 34% of 1978 levels. Demands for Boston, Nashville and Phoenix are shown in

Table 4-6.

Primary issues considered in the comparison and review of the prototypes were representa­

tion of comfort conditions, heat loss/gain, equipment loads, and energy consumption. Although

the degree of detail in reporting space conditioning demands varied between the thermal models

used, the prototypes were found to be quite similar when normalized for different assumptions in

weather conditions (i.e., heating degree days) and floor area.

A simplification of the thermal model used in the GE study is illustrated in Figure 4-1.

As shown, nodes within walls are replaced by conductances between global zone nodes.

A simplification of the steady-state thermal model used by Westinghouse is shown in

Figure 4-2.

4-9

FIGURE 4-1. GE THERrlAL NETWORK MODEL

80STON SINGLE-FAMILY DETACHED RESIDENCE NASHVILLE AND PHOENIX SINGLE-FAMilY DETACHED RESIDENCE ~

Ta = OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE

Te = UNIIEATED ATTIC OVER GARAGE

Tr = UNIIEATED ATTIC OVER ZONE 2

Tu = UNIIEATED GARAGE, EQUIPMENT ROOH

21 = ZONE ONE: LIVING,DINING,KITCHEN,ClERESTORY

22 = ZONE TWO: BEDROOMS,BATH AREAS

FIGURE 4-2. WESTINGHOUSE THERMAL MODEL

BOSTON I . I I I I I

I i. I

I

! 1\ ~ J I

1\ I I· I

: 1\ I I

I 1/ I 1\ o III ZII 311 411 10 10 70 .. 90 II1II

NASHVILLE I I I I

i I

~ I

iJ 1\ rj

IJI: 1\ II

~ I

1\ I} • \0 ZII 311 411 SO to 1O .. 90 1l1li __ Mil' .... )

4-10

PHOENIX

ZI

ZII

II II

1/

l\ 1/ ID

5

" V o 10 20 311 411 10 10 70 .. 90 II1II

"

Monthly heating and cooling demands were tabulated for the GE and Westinghouse proto­

types in Boston, Nashville and Phoenix using their respective thermal models. These demands are

shown in Table 4-7. Next, these demands were converted into values expressed as kWh/DD - M2

floor area. Converted values are shown in Table 4-7. These values were then ranked within the

" normal distribution of typical 1986 demands.

LOCATION

TABLE 4-7. NORMALIZED GE AND WESTINGHOUSE PROTOTYPE SPACE HEATING AND COOLING DEMANDS

FLOOR AREA DEGREE DAYS LOAD

(M2) (18.30 C) (kWh)

GE 145 3172 8419 HEATING

W 167 3467 11114

GE 145 396 2539 COOLING

W 167 349 2854

GE 141 2347 5214 HEATING

W 162 2154 7421

GE 141 806 4072 COOLING

W 162 840 7106

GE 141 832 689 HEATING

W 155 795 2180

GE 141 1861 11871 COOLING

W 155 1931 14656

4-11

OTTV

(kWh/DD/M2 )

0.018

0.019

0.044

0.049

0.016

0.021

0.036

0.052

0.006

0.018

0.045

0.049

In all cases, the prototypes show lower heating demand than expected for the average 1986

residence. I n most cases, the prototypes show lower heating demand than expected for more than

80% of the residences. The prototype heating demands reflect their use of more insulation, and

infiltration reductions. The prototypes show higher cooli ng demands than expected for the average

1986 residence. The cooling demands reflect their use of more south-facing glazing than generally

employed. Despite these differences, the seasonally weighted annual values for the prototypes

adequately exhibit demands expected for 1986 residences.

The performance characteristics of an advanced heat pump system previously reported under

development by GE (3) were represented by both heating/cooling capacities and COP as a function

of the ambient dry-bulb temperature. A nomograph of these relationships is shown in Figure 4-3.

The heat pump outdoor coils will accumulate frost at approximately 4.4°C (400 F). It was assumed

that defrosting was required at the following temperature and humidity conditions:

(1 . 8T 00 + 72)

100 < RH < 1.00

where RH = relative humidity

TOO = outside dry bulb temperature °c

During defrost conditions, the total input power that the heat pump and electric resistance

heater will need is 1.1 PHP, where PHP is the heat pump power without defrosting. Power input

for the electric resistance heater (PR H), with heat pump defrosting is:

=

where

P + 0.1 CHP RH ""CO=P--'..:.:...­

RH

=

=

=

resistance heater power without heat pump

heat load without heat pump defrosting

resistance heat COP

4-12

.,

"

S2

48

_ 44

~ ~40 -

28

24

20

o

5

moJ 'T"'" ~ 4

~ CO LING

l-----I-- ~ . ---V -"'"

3

....---~

2

/ / ............

v ...... ~ /

7 '" "-IlEA fING

/ co LING

/ /

/ 20 40 60 80 100

.umIEN'I tn!PE1U.nnu: (Of)

FIGURE 4-3. ADVANCED HEAT PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

4-13

4.4 Summary of Loads

Residential loads were based on the 1978 and 1986 mean annual loads listed in Table 4-8

for an all-electric non-solar residence; heating and cooling loads are shown for a 139.4 rn 2

(1500 ft2) floor area.

TABLE 4-8. ANNUAL 1978 AND 1986 ALL-ELECTRIC RESIDENCE LOADS (kWh)

LOCATION APPLIANCES DHW HEATING COOLING TOTAL 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986 1978 1986

BOSTON 7520 6844 5348 4813 8066 4033 1010 505 21944 16195

NASHVILLE 7520 6844 4457 4011 4537 2269 4867 2434 21381 15558

PHOENIX 7520 6844 4099 3689 1712 856 5409 2705 18740 14094

4-14

SECTION 5.0

SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS DEFINITION

5.1 Summary

The residential PV and passive systems considered in this study are generic in that each

utilizes a roof-mounted PV array, has no on-site storage, provides a utility connection which allows

two-way flow, and relies upon a combination of direct and non-direct passive heating savings.

Figure 5-1 shows a block diagram for a generic utility-interactive PV and passive heating system.

BASE LOAD

DHvJ LOAD

FIGURE 5-1 RESIDENCE BLOCK DIAGRAM

PV SYSTEM

~

PASSIVE SYSTEM

HEAT PUMP

UTILITY

HVAC LOAD

The photovoltaic system consists of the following elements: a flat-plate, roof-mounted,

passively-cooled array; balance of system wiring; and a power conditioner. The passive system

consists of the following elements: a collector; absorber; thermal storage; thermal distribution;

and heat regulation devices or controls.

5-1

Operation of the PV and passive systems for the all-electric residence is assumed to occur

according to the following logic:

o The passive collector admits solar radiation onto the absorber that "converts"

radiation to heat. Heat not used for space conditioning is delivered to storage

for later distribution to the living spaces.

o The PV array converts solar radiation to DC electricity for input to the power

conditioner. That DC input is converted to AC power to meet the residence's

space conditioning, base appliance, and domestic water heating loads.

o When thermal loads are not fully met by the passive system, the balance of

the space conditioning load is supplied by the auxiliary air-to-air heat pump.

Under those ambient temperature and humidity conditions that preclude heat

pump operation, back-up heating is supplied by electric resistance units.

o When electrical loads are not satisfied by the PV system, auxiliary power is

drawn from the utility grid. When PV system output exceeds electrical loads,

that excess power is fed back to the ut iii tv.

An illustration of the generic PV system considered in this study is shown in Figure 5-2.

The elements depicted are specified in more detail in Section 5-2.

}"HOl'OVOlTAIC dU,y----.

FIGURE 5-2. BLOCK DIAGRAM, TYPICAL UTILITY-INTERACTIVE PV SYSTEM

5-2

"

'"

Schematic illustrations of the types of passive systems considered in this study are shown in

Figure 5-3. The elements depicted are specified in more detail in Section 5-3.

Direct Galn~ Heating

Absorber ---HI!-

Storage

Glazed Masonry Wall~ ~~ ....

~--...;

Solarium: Heating

FIGURE 5-3. SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF PASSIVE SYSTEMS

5-3

5.2 Photovoltaic System Definition

Photovoltaic systems that were the focus of this study were utility-interactive installations

without storage, having system output between 4 kW and 8 kW. Utility interactive systems were

stud ied because energy feedback from the PV system is generally valued by the uti I ity (18). Ded i­

cated on-site storage appears viable only when low cost is coupled with a low ( .35) sellback/

purchase ratio (4). Previous studies have indicated interactive systems are viable without storage in

the Southwest, Northeast and Southeast at sellback/purchase ratios not less than 0.5 (3,18). The

system output range was selected to satisfy constraints on array sizing. The two constraints con­

sidered are: 1) non area-dependent system energy costs rise rapidly below 4 kWp for systems in

the $2 - $31Wp range and 2) the array should not exceed the avai lable roof area (19). I f the systems

are sized on a "zero net annual energy use" basis, the 4 kWp size appears capable of satisfying

diversified-load-only applications, and avoid most fixed cost penalties, while the 8 kWp size appears

capable of satisfying all-electric load applications, yet small enough to fit most roofs (20).

The photovoltaic array consists of a set of modules that convert sunlight into DC power.

In the array subsystem, modules are connected in series to form branch circuits that input voltage

to the power conditioner. Branch circuits are connected in parallel to develop current input to the

power conditioner. A representative Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) was chosen to

allow module mounting by any of the following methods: integral, direct, standoff, or rack.

Each module contains parallel strings of cells to develop current and series cell blocks to

develop voltage potential. Roof mounted modules were specified as flat-plate, fixed-tilt and

passively cooled with a 20 year service life. Square, 10 cm x 10 cm, single or semicrystall ine silicon

cells were assumed to reflect a trend in module design toward high density cell packing. Modules

were configured with 36 series cells, 2 parallel strings and 3 bypass diodes. Module area equalled

.722 m2 (2' x 4' nom). Peak module power (Pp) was established at 97.2 W per module, with

nominal operating voltage (Vno)* of 16.6 volts at 1 kW/m2, AM 1.5 and 250 C cell temperature.

Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) of 600 C, module output power (Pavg) was established at

74.3 W, 15.8V at 800 W/m2 and AM 1.5. This yielded an annual average module efficiency of

9.3%. Temperature-power, -current, and -voltage coefficients used were respectively -0.0004W/(OC,

0.005 amperes/oC, and -0.086 volts/oC.

* Vno is the peak voltage occurring at maximum module power under nominal operating conditions

(NOC), see reference (21).

5-4

"

The array wiring configuration was assumed to consist of five branch circuits of thirteen

modules for a four kWp system and ten branch circuits of thirteen modules for an 8 kWp system.

Array wiring includes branch circuit wiring harnesses between modules, busbars for branch circuit

connection, outdoor and indoor electrical disconnects, ground straps, high voltage protection, and

over-current protection. Array wiring was assumed to consist of 14 AWG harnesses, each less than

2 FT in length, with 10 AWG bus cables. An earth ground wire was specified from any metallic

array frame to eliminate shock hazard due to static charge buildup or cell-to-frame fault. Varistors

were considered adequate high voltage surge protection for the low isokeraunic levels assumed.

Array isolation from the power conditioner during inverter maintenance was assumed accom­

plished by an indoor manual disconnect. Power losses through this wiring system were estimated

as 2% of the total array output.

The power conditioner converts DC power from the array to AC power for the residence

and contains system controls. I n normal operation, automatic start-up in the morning, shut-down

in the evening, and array voltage control is accomplished. In addition, system control in the power

conditioner automatically disconnects the photovoltaic system from the utility in the event of

utility power loss.

Advanced design 4 kVA, 6 kV A. and 10 kVA power conditioning units were selected from

a breadboard design (22) to provide 240 Vac, 60 Hz, single phase output voltage from an array

input voltage range of 160-240 Vdc. Each unit contained a maximum power tracking system

controller, a transistorized power bridge and a digital output controller. Efficiency used over the

power range was 90% from 25% of the load to full load. No-load losses were limited to 2.5% of

rated power. Other specifications included 5% THO injected current harmonic distortions and

unity power factor. A nominal input voltage of 200 Vdc was accompanied by automatic startup

at 180 Vdc and automatic turn-off at 160 Vdc and 260 Vdc. Automatic disconnects were assumed

to occur at a utility voltage above 264 Vac, below 216 Vac, beyond rated current, output frequency

out of phase, or loss of utility power. Automatic turn-off was also assumed for power transistor

temperature protection.

Reference values of PV systems defined are shown in Figure 5-4.

5.3 Passive System Definition

In a passive heating or cooling system, heat is distributed through a building by natural

means. Many of the components of a passive solar system serve dual functions. For example,

5-5

FIGURE 5-4

STANDARDIZED VALUES OF UTILITY INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS CONSIDERED

Array Specs Output: 4 KW, 6 KW, 8 KW

Cooling: Passive Service Life: 20 years Type: Roof mount, flat plate, fixed tilt at lat.- 100

Module Specs Pp: 134 W Vno: 23.5 V at 1000 W/m2 and AM 1.5 with cell temp. 250 C. Output Power: 74.3 W, 15.8 V at 800 W/m2 and AM 1.5 with NOCT of 60QC.

Average Annual Efficiency: 9.3% Temp. Coefficients: -0.0004 W/oC, 0.005 Amperes/OC, -0.086 Volts/oC

Wiring Specs Harnesses: 14 AWG, less than 2' length w/10 AWG bus cables

Wiring Power Losses: 2% of total array output

Power Conditioner Specs Capacity: 4 KVA, 6 KVA, 8 KVA Output: 240 Vac/60 HZ/1~ Input: 160-240 Vdc Characterisics: Maximium power tracking system controller

Transistorized power bridge Digital output controller

Efficiency Over Power Range: 90% from 25%-100% of load

No-Load Losses: 2.5% rated power

5-6

"

one component may provide enclosure and structural stability as well as collecting, storing, and

distributing solar energy. The system is intrinsic to the building, affected by its site, orientation,

floor plan, circulation patterns, window placement, and building materials. A well-designed passive

heating system integrates five interacting elements: collector, absorber, storage, distribution, and

heat regulation (5,4l.

• The solar collector is an area of transparent or translucent glazing located on the

south-facing side of the home. The collector surface can be positioned vertically,

as in windows, or sloped, as in a skylight on the roof, and should be oriented to

the south, plus or minus 30 degrees.

• The absorber is a solid surface, usually dark colored, that is exposed to winter

sunlight entering through the collector. The absorber "converts" the solar radia­

tion into heat which is then available for transfer to a storage medium.

• The storage medium is a dense material that holds heat transferred to it from the

absorber. The storage medium should be of an appropriate volume and depth to

hold the amount of solar heat collected, and is usually located in or adjacent to

the rooms it is intended to heat. The absorber surface and storage medium may

be one and the same, as in a brick floor or masonry wall.

• The distribution element of a passive system is the method by which heat is

delivered to the living areas. Distribution can occur totally by natural means,

such as radiation and natural convection, or can be assisted by small fans or

pumps to direct heat to rooms away from the collector area or into remote

storage.

• The heat regulation device, often termed the "control," can be an insulating

medium to reduce heat loss through the collector during winter nights or cloudy

periods, or a shading or a venting device to reduce heat gain during the summer.

The size and placement of the passive collector and storage are responsible for overall thermal

performance since the system is driven by sunlight through the collector, and kept working during

the night and cloudy periods by storage. The relationship of collection, storage and other elements

to the living areas defines one of three generic system types used to heat a home: direct gain,

indirect gain, or isolated gain. Examples of each system type were selected for study as marketable

systems in the mid-1980s.

5-7

The direct gain system is the most widely used passive solar building solution. With direct

gain, the occupants are in direct contact with all elements of the solar system-collector, absorber,

storage, distribution, and controls. The basic characteristics of the direct gain building are: a

large south-facing collector area, with the living areas exposed directly behind; absorber/storage

floors and walls uniformly exposed to sunlight; and movable insulation for heat retention, which is

distributed by radiation and natural convection. Variations in the direct gain system occur with

storage and control options. Mechanical redistribution systems are sometimes used to control

overheating by ducting excess heat to other rooms or to a secondary storage area that can be drawn

on when heat is needed. Reference system parameters used in the analysis are listed in Figure 5-5

(16,23,24,25).

Indirect gain system designs range from a collector placed in front of a solid, unvented

masonry wall that supplies only radiant heat to the house, to a collector in front of a masonry wall

with a number of openings to allow light into the living spaces and facilitate the distribution of

heat to the house by convection from the cavity between the wall and the glazing. The selection

of a materlal and its thickness determines the wall's ability to store and distribute heat to the

living spaces during the desired time period. Radiant distribution from the wall can be delayed up

to 12 hours, depending on the depth of the wall and the heat-storing properties of the wall's con­

struction, while convective distribution can begin almost immediately.

A Trombe wall combines radiant distribution with a convection "loop" that draws cool air

from inside the house through low wall vents and delivers warmed air back to the house through

upper wall vents. Any openings in the Trombe wall for daylighting are glazed to prevent a break­

down of the convective loop. During winter nights, an insulating curtain between the wall and the

collector prevents reradiation of heat from the wall to the outside. The wall is shaded in the

summer by closing the upper wall vent and opening an outside port at the top of the collector.

Hot air exhausted to the outside by natural convection is replaced by cooler air drawn through

opened windows on the north and across the house. Reference system parameters used to initiate

the analysis are listed in Figure 5-6 (16,23,24,25).

In the isolated gain system, the passive collection and storage elements are in a secondary

space that is separate from the main living space while distributing heat to the living areas. Solar­

iums, greenhouses, sunspaces, and atriums are common examples of the secondary space in an

isolated gain system.

5-8

"

FIGURE 5-5

STANDARDIZED VALUES OF DIRECT GAIN SYSTEMS CONSIDERED

Solar Aperture

Number of glazings

Glass transmissivity (at normal incidence)

Orientation

Load per aperture area

Thermal Storage

Thermal storage

Mass Distribution

Other Building Mass

Storage Mass Properties

Thermal Conductivity

Heat Capacity

Mass Surface Solar Absorptance

2

0.747

Vertical and south facing

1.0 BTU/hr.-oF-ft2

6 inch. thick layer of concrete on floor and north, east or west walls. Mass surface area is three times the glazing area.

Negl igibl e

1.0 BTU/hr-ft2-OF

30

0.3

Air Temperature Range in Building

Night Insulation (if used) Insulation in place from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m.

Mass Surface to Room Air Conductance 1.0 BTU/hr-ft2-OF

Ground Reflectance 0.3

Overha nd None

*Note: In order to account for the presence of furnishings and other low thermal capacity objects in the direct gain enclosure, it is assumed that 20% of the transmitted solar energy is absorbed and reradiated into the room air.

5-9

FIGURE 5-6

STANDARDIZED VALUES OF GLAZED MASONRY WALL SYSTEMS CONSIDERED

Solar Aperture

Number of glazings

Glass transmissivity (at normal incidence)

Ori enta ti on

Thermal Storage

Thermal Storage

Building Mass

Thermal conductivity

Heat Capacity

Wall Absorptance

2

0.747

Vertical and south facing

45

Negligible

1.0 BTU/ft-hr-oF

30 BTU/ft3_oF

1.0

Air Temperature Range in Building

Night Insulation (if used)

Wa.ll to Room Ai r Conductance

Ground Reflectance

No shadi ngs

Trombe Wall has vents with backdraft dampers

5-10

R9 Insulation in place from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m.

1.0 BTU/hr-OF-ft2

In these variations, sunlight enters the secondary space and strikes an absorber surface that

transfers heat to storage. Because these secondary spaces can reach high daytime temperatures,

provision is often made for ducting heat to a remote storage area. The sizing and location of

storage within the secondary space depends on whether the space is to be used during the evening

hours and whether the storage in the space continues.

Three distribution schemes are common for this system type. Vents, windows, and doors

can be opened during the day to allow a convective flow of heat from the secondary space/storage

into the main living spaces. Radiant distribution of heat stored in the common walls between the

secondary and living spaces is also common. Fans are often used to charge or distribute heat from

rock beds. Controls depend on the use of the secondary space. Movable insu lation is used on the

collector at night if the space is lived in or if the space is used to distribute heat by convection to

the main house. Otherwise, night insulation is sometimes used on glazed areas between the second­

ary space and the main living spaces. Summer shading and ventilation are particularly important

controls. With minimal adjustments, the secondary space can often be used to drive a convective

ventilation system that cools the entire house. Reference system parameters used in the analysis

are listed in Figure 5-7 (16,23,24,25).

5-11

FIGURE 5-7

STANDARDIZED VALUES OF GREENHOUSE SYSTEMS CONSIDERED

So 1 a r Aperture

Number of glazings

Glass transmissivity (at normal incidence)

Orientation

Thermal Storage

Thermal storage

Building Mass

Thermal conductivity

Heat Capacity

2

0.747

Vertical and south facing

45

Negl igibl e

1.0 BTU/ft-hr-oF

30 BTU/ft3_OF

Wall Absorptance 1.0

Air Temperature Range in Building 650 F to 750 F

Night Insulation (if used)

Wall to Room Air Conductance

Ground Reflectance

No shadings

5-12

R9 Insulation in place from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m.

1.0 BTU/hr-OF-ft2

0.3

r

SECTION 6.0

SOLAR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

6.1 Summary

Performance of passive and utility-interactive PV systems without storage was calculated

for 1978 and 1986 residences in Boston, Nashville, and Phoenix. These simulations were based on

the passive system specifications defined in Section 5.2, and the PV system specifications defined in

Section 5.3. The code used to perform the simulation of passive and PV systems was developed

from three primary sources (19,23,26).

Simulation inputs included: base appliance and domestic hot water loads discussed in

Section 4.2; space heating demands discussed in Section 4.3; and, weather data discussed in Section

3.3. Space heating demands in Section 4.3, which are normalized for floor area and heating degree

days, were scaled to a 139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) residence in each city for ease of evaluation and pre­

sentation.

Simulation of direct gain, Trombe wall, and sunspace systems focused on passive savings

under 30% and over 60% of the space heating envelope demand for residences in 1978 and 1986.

Nomographs were prepared to expand the applicability of data from these points over a broad

range of annual daytime electrical loads. PV system array areas investigated ranged from 50 m2

to 90 m2.

Electrical loads for monthly daytime heating were calculated for 1978 and 1986 levels of

envelope conservation with suntempering (i.e., less than 30% savings in heating demand). It was

found that daytime heating accounted for 14% to 24% of the total (24 hr.) electrical load for

heating. When the passive savings in heating demand was increased to more than 60% of the total

(24 hr.l demand, no significant change occurred in the daytime total electric load.

Doubl ing the amount of passive savings in heating demand from under 30% to more than

60%, reduced the 24 hr. electrical load for heating by more than half. In addition, the daytime

electrical load for heating was reduced by one-half to three-fourths in 1978 and 1986 residences.

6-1

Passive heating contributions reduce interaction of the PV system with the load. Similarly,

reduction in energy use from 1978 levels to those expected in 1986 also contribute to reduce PV

system/electrical load interaction. Small differences in displaced utility electricity and PV system

output sold back at the under-30% and over 60% levels of passive contribution indicate the PV

system's relative insensitivity to large amounts of passive solar heating. This is due to the fact that

the PV system does not see the various electrical loads from appliances, DHW or heating separately,

but only as total (24 hr.) electrical load. When daytime heating has been achieved through suntem­

pering (30% passive contribution) daytime electrical heating demand drops to a minimal portion of

the total electric load. It follows that further reductions of the electrical heating load (i.e.,

increasing passive contribution) would have minimal impact upon PV system interaction.

Load and system performance for energy-conserving 1986 residences with less than 30%

passive contribution are equivalent to values for the prototypes developed by GE and Westinghouse,

once weather data, residence size, and PV system efficiency are normalized. This indicates that

even if the prototypes had been developed with more than a 60% passive heating savings in demand,

no significant differences from the performance predictions previously reported would occur.

6.2 Passive System Performance

Passive system performance was determined using the system specifications defined in

Section 5.2 for south-facing glazing areas that yielded heating demand savings under 30% and over

60%. Calculation of solar input was made from the product of available insolation, aperture area,

transmittance and absorptance. The generic formula used in the calculation is shown below.

Q=W*I*T*S

Collected heat is represented by Q, in kWh/day. Aperture area is given for W, in m2, and insolation

for south-facing orientation and vertical tilt conditions is given for I, in kWh/m2-day. Trans­

mittance is given for T, and absorptance is given for S.

Heating demands for a 139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) residence in Boston, Nashville and Phoenix

were scaled from those developed in Section 4.3 for typical values of energy consumption in 1978

and 1986. The ratio of monthly solar radiation collected to monthly heating demands was calcu­

lated. Then the fraction of heating demand satisfied by the passive system was approximated using

6-2

'I

.,

exponential curve fits of hourly data reported in Reference 23 for direct, indirect and isolated

gain systems. The formulae used in the calculation are shown below (23,24,25).

Direct Gain: SF = 0.5420 * R, R < 0.7 = 0.9866 1.1479 * EXP(-0.9097 * R). R >0.7

Trombe Wa 11 : SF = 0.4556 * R, R <1.0 = 0.9769 1.2.58 * EXP(-0.8469 * R). R >1.0

Sunspace: SF = 0.4846 * R, R<1.2 = 0.9799 1.8495 * EXP(-1.279 * R), R>1.2

The fraction of heating demand satisfied by the passive system is denoted by SF. The

ratio of monthly solar radiation collected to monthly heating demands is represented by R. The

heating demand met by the heat pump, HDA, was determined from the following relationship

between envelope heating demand, HD, and solar savings fraction, SF:

HDA= HD * (1 -SF)

The heating electrical load, HL, was determined from the following relationship between envelope

heating demand, HDA, and the coefficient of performance, COP, of the heat pump and electric

resistance back-up (12,14,27):

HL = HDA / COP

The monthly average daytime heating electrical load interacts with the PV system. Day­

time loads reflect the effect of each site's diurnal temperature swing. When these loads were

calculated for 1978 and 1986 levels of envelope conservation with suntempering, they showed that

daytime heating accounted for 14% to 24% of the total (24 hr.) heating load. When the passive

savings in heating demand was increased to more than 60% of the total (24 hr.) heating demand, no

significant change occurred in the daytime total electric load. Table 6-1 lists heating demand and

heating load for 139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) residences in 1978. For these residences, doubling the

amount of passive savings in heating demand from under 30% to more than 60%, reduced the daily

(24 hr.) heating load by more than half, reduced the daytime heating load by one-half to three­

fourths, but did not significantly reduce the total daytime electrical load.

6-3

TABLE 6-1. 1978 HEATING DEMAND (MWh/YR) AND HEATING ELECTRICAL LOAD (MWh/YR)

LOCATION SOLAR PCT. HTG. DEMAND HTG. ELEC. LOAD TOTAL ELEC. LOAD

BLDG. AUX. DAILY DAYTIME DAILY DAYTIME

BOSTON 27.5 25.25 18.30 5.80 1.38 19.20 0.70

64.7 25.25 8.92 2.78 0.46 16.22 8.80

NASHVILLE 28.1 14.60 10.50 3.22 0.70 14.44 8.10

70.4 14.60 4.32 1.32 0.16 13.08 7.55

PHOENIX 28.4 5.78 4.14 1.22 0.18 13.39 7.95

65.4 5.78 2.00 0.58 0.08 13.04 7.90

Table 6-2 lists heating demand and heating electrical load for 139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) residences

in 1986. Similar to the 1978 residences, doubling the amount of passive savings in heating demand

from under 30% to more than 60% reduced the daily 24 hr. heating load by more than half, reduced

the daytime heating load by one·half to three·fourths, but did not significantly reduce the total

daytime electric load.

TABLE 6-2. 1986 HEATING DEMAND (MWh/YR) AND HEATING ELECTRICAL LOAD (MWh/YR)

LOCATION SOLAR PCT. HTG. DEMAND HTG. ELEC. LOAD TOTAL ELEC. LOAD BLDG. AUX. DAILY DAYTIME DAILY DAYTIME

BOSTON 27.5 12.63 9.15 2.90 0.69 14.79 8.04 64.7 12.63 4.46 1.39 0.23 13.31 7.59

NASHVILLE 28.1 7.30 5.25 1. 61 0.35 12.75 7.15 70.4 7.30 2.16 0.66 0.08 11 .78 6.80

PHOENIX 28.4 2.89 2.07 0.61 0.09 11 .71 6.95 65.4 2.89 1. 00 0.29 0.04 11.39 6.90

6-4

.;

6.3 PV System Performance

PV system output was determined based on the system specifications defined in Section 5.3

for array areas between 50 m2 and 90 m2. Calculation of system output was made from the pro­

duct of available insolation. array area and system efficiency. System efficiency. in turn. was

determined from the product of cell. area. wiring and inverter efficiencies. The generic formula

used in the calculation is shown below (3.4.19).

P=A*N*I

where N - II - . n. J J

System output is represented by P, in kWh/day. Array is given for A, in m2, and insolation for

south-facing orientation and latitude - 10% tilt conditions is given for I. in kWh/m2-day. The pro­

duct of temperature-corrected efficiencies is represented by N. Table 6-3 I ists system output

determined for various array areas in each case study location.

TABLE 6-3. ANNUAL SYSTEM OUTPUT (MWh/YR)

ARRAY AREA (i n M2) BOSTON NASHVILLE PHOENIX

50 5.91 7.13 9.68

60 7.09 8.57 11 .63

70 8.27 13.58

80 9.45 11 .43 15.53

90 10.63 12.87 17.48

Daytime loads discussed in Section 6.2, together with PV system output were used to deter­

mine the amount of utility generated electricity displaced. First, the ratio of monthly average day­

time load to monthly average daily PV system output was calculated. Then the fraction of PV

system output supplied to the load was approximated using a quadratic curve fit of hourly data

reported in Reference 3. The formula used in the calculation is shown below.

DF = co + (~ * R) - (C2 * R2)

6-5

•

• This monthly average fraction is represented by DF. The ratio of daytime load to daily PV system

output is represented by R, and the regression coefficients by CO, CI, and C2. The utility supplied

electricity displaced by the PV system's output was determined from the following relationship:

DE = P * DF

Displaced electricity from the grid is represented by DE, in kWh/day.

It was assumed that PV system output not supplied directly to on-site residential loads was

sold to the grid. The relationship between PV system output, P, displaced utility energy, DE, and

sellback energy, SE, is shown below:

SE = P - DE

Tables 64 and 6-5 show utility energy and sellback energy from a 50 m2 array PV system for

passive savings under 30% and over 60% of the heating demand. These values were based on loads

scaled for 139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) residences in Boston, Nashville and Phoenix for the 1978 and 1986

periods.

TABLE 6-4. ANNUAL PERFORt1ANCE (tlWh/YR) of a 50M2

ARRAY PV SYSTEM IN 1978

LOCATION Under 30% Passive Over 60% Passive Savings Savings

Electric Load PV System Electric Load PV System

Total Day Direct Sold Total Day Direct Sol d

BOSTON 19.20 9.70 4.46 1.45 16.22 8.80 4.33 1. 58

NASHVILLE 14.44 8.10 4.37 2.76 13.08 7.55 4.18 2.95

PHOENIX 13.39 7.95 4.97 4.72 13.04 7.90 4.93 4.75

6-6

,-

..

The tables show that passive heating contributions reduce interaction of the PV system with

the load. Simi larly, energy conservation reduction from 1978 values to those expected in 1986 also

contribute to reduce interaction of the PV system with the load. The interactive effect resulting

from this passive contribution is more significant where the heating load is a major factor in the

total load.

PV system/on-site load interaction is reduced by 9% in Boston and 7% in Nashville when the

passive fraction of the heating demand is increased from below 0.30 to more than 0.60 for a 50 m2

array PV system and a 139.4 m2 (1500 ft2) residence in 1978. Comparable values for the same

size PV system and the same size residence in 1986 are 7% in Boston and 2% in Nashville. No

significant difference occurs in either 1978 or 1986 for the Phoenix cases.

TABLE 6-5. ANNUAL PERFORMANCE (MWh/YR) OF A 50M2 ARRAY PV SYSTEM IN 1986

LOCATION Under 30% Passive Over 60% Passive Savings Savings

El ectri c Load PV System Electric Load PV System Total Day Direct Sol d Total Day Direct Sol d

BOSTON 14.79 8.04 4.09 1.82 13.31 7.59 3.97 1.94

NASHVILLE 12.75 7.15 4.03 3.10 11.78 6.80 3.98 3.15

Phoenix 11 .71 6.95 4.46 5.22 11 .39 6.90 4.47 5.21

Small differences in displaced utility electricity and PV system output sold at the under-30%

and over-60% level of passive contribution indicate the PV system's relative insensitivity to large

amounts of passive solar heating. Once daytime heating has been achieved through suntempering,

(30% passive contribution) daytime electrical heating demand drops to a minimal portion of the

total electric load. It follows that further reductions of the electrical heating load (i .e., increasing

passive contribution) would have minimal impact upon the total daytime electric load.

Load and system performance values shown for the 1986 residences with less than a 30%

passive contribution are equivalent to those for prototypes developed by GE and Westinghouse,

once weather conditions, residence size, and system efficiency are normalized. This data indicates

that even if the prototypes had been developed with more than 60% passive heating contribution,

no significant differences from performance predictions previously reported would occur.

A set of nomographs and tables were developed for Boston, Nashville and Phoenix using the

source code listed in Section 8.0. These tools were developed to permit comparison of displaced

utility energy over a broader range of daytime loads and system sizes than those discussed above.

After monthly values of daytime load and PV system output were prepared, an exponential curve

fit of annual data was performed to bracket system sizes using areas between 50 m2 and 90 m2.

The correlation coefficient, in all cases more than 0.98, indicated a close fit. Then the performance

of systems at 10 m2 increments in array area were interpolated and plotted (28).

Daytime loads, system sizes expressed as array areas and system output, and displaced utility

energy are listed in Table 6-6 for Boston, Table 6-7 for Nashville, and Table 6-8 for Phoenix. Values

other than those listed may be interpolated for daytime load and system sizes of interest. Nomo­

graphs are illustrated in Figure 6-1 for Boston, Figure 6-2 for Nashville, and Figure 6-3 for Phoenix.

In each nomograph, the values for 1978 and 1986 residences with less than 30% and more than

60% passive solar savings listed in Tables 6-4 and 6·5 are shown.

6-8

>­t-...... u ...... C<: t­u w -' w o w u c:(

-' 0-(/) ...... o

Figure 6-1. BOSTON PERFORMANCE NOMOGRAPH

6.0r----~~---------.-----------r----------.-----------,

I

I I 1 I 1

I 1 1 I 1 I I 1

1

AI 81 Cl I I I I I I I 1 I

I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I

7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 DAYTIME LOAD (MWh/YR)

A - Annual 1986 Performance with over 60% passive savin9s in space conditionin9 load.

B - Annual 1986 Performance with under 30% passive savings in space conditioning load.

C - Annual 1978 Performance with over 60% passive savings in space conditioning load.

D - Annual 1978 Performance with under 30% passive savings in space conditioning load.

TABLE 6-6. BOSTON PERFORMANCE TABLE

Dayt ime Load Displaced Electricity (MWh/Yr) for System Size (MWh/Yr) AREA (M2) 50 60 70 80 90

OUTPUT (MWh/Yr) 5.91 7.09 8.27 9.45 10.63

7 3.85 4.00 4.15 4.30 4.45

8 4.11 4.30 4.49 4.69 4.88 9 4.36 4.59 4.83 5.06 5.29

10 4.59 4.87 5.14 5.42 5.70 "--.

6-9

>­I-...... u ...... 0:: I­u W .....J W

o w u c:( .....J 0-V) ...... o

FIGURE 6-2. NASHVILLE PERFORMANCE NOMOGRAPH

6.0 ~----r---------~-----------r-----------r--------~

5.0

4.0

ARRAY AREA (M2)

1 1 1

BI I I I 1

I 1 1

1

I I I 1 1 1

. 1 C1 I I I 1 I

8.0

DAYTIME LOAD (MWh/YR)

9,0 10.0

A - Annual 1986 Performance with over 60% passive savings in space conditioning load.

B - Annual 1986 Performance with under 30% passive savings in space conditioning load.

C - Annual 1978 Performance with over 60% passive savings in space conditioning load.

D - Annual 1978 Performance with under 30% passive savings in space conditioning load.

TABLE 6-7. NASHVILLE PERFORMANCE TABLE

Daytime Load Displaced Electricity (MWh/Yr) for System Size

(r~Wh/Yr) Area (M2) 50 60 70 80 90

OUTPUT (MWh/Yr) 7.13 8.57 10.00 11.43 12.87

6 3.65 3.76 3.87 3.97 4.08

7 4.00 4.14 4.28 4.42 4.57

8 4.33 4.50 4.68 4.86 5.04

9 4.64 4.85 5.07 5.28 5.49

10 4.93 5.18 5.43 5.69 5.94

6-10

. .,.

•

~

0:: >­....... ..c

FIGURE 6-3. PHOENIX PERFORMANCE NOMOGRAPH

7.0r----,----------T----------r----------~--------~

~ 6.0

>­I-...... u ...... 0:: I­u L.L.l -' 1..LJ

Cl 1..LJ U <:l: -' C\. l/) ...... Cl

ARRA Y AREA (r~2) 5.0 __ -_-=--=""--_-_-_=_-= ~'/<=

90

~8 g8

II II II

AIIB II II

" II

7.0 8.0

DAYTIME LOAD Ul~lh/YR)

9.0 10.0

A - Annual 1986 Performance with over 60% passive savings in space conditioning load.

B - Annual 1986 Performance with under 30% passive savinqs in space conditioning load.

C - Annual 1978 Performance with over 60% passive savings in space conditioning load.

D - Annual 19]8 Performance with under 30% passive savings in space conditioning load.

TABLE 6-7. PHOENIX PERFORMANCE TABLE

Daytime Load Displaced Electricity (MWh/Yr) for System Size (MWh/Yr) AREA (M2) 50 60 70 80 90

OUTPUT (MWh/YR) 9.68 11 .63 13.58 15.53 17.48 I

6 3.96 4.04 4.11 4.19 4.26

7 4.49 4.59 4.69 4.79 4.90

8 4.99 5.13 5.26 5.40 5.53

9 5.50 5.66 5.82 5.98 6.15

10 5.99 6.18 6.37 6.57 6.76

6-11

SECTION 7.0

REFERENCES

1. A IA Research Corporation, Phase One/Base Data for the Development of Energy Perfor-

mance Standards for New Buildings, Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing

and Urban Development, Washington, D.C., January, 1978.

2. Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates, Residential Photovoltaic Module and Array Require-

ments Study, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Report No. DOE/JPL 955149-79/1, Pasadena,

CA, June, 1979.

3. General Electric Space Division, Regional Conceptual Design and Analysis Studies for Resi-

dential Photovoltaic Systems, Sandia National Laboratories (SAND 78-7040).

Albuquerque, NM, March, 1980.

4. Westinghouse R&D Center, Regional Conceptual Design and Analysis Studies for Residential

Photovoltaic Systems, Sandia National Laboratories (SAND 78-7040), Albuquerque, NM,

March,1980.

5. AlA Research Corporation, A Survey of Passive Solar Homes. Sponsored by the U.S. Depart-

ment of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C., 1980.

6. AlA Research Corporation, Regional Guidelines for Building Passive Energy Conserving

Homes. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,

Washington, D.C., 1979.

7. Bahm, Raymond J., "Regional Differences in Solar Radiation Availability" Solar Age, June,

1978.

8. National Climatic Center, SOLMET, Volume I - Users Manual, Hourly Solar Radiation -

Surface Meteorological Observations, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceano­

graphic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., 1977.

9. National Climatic Center, SOLMET, Volume II - Users Manual, Hourly Solar Radiation -

Surface Meteorological Observations, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceano­

graphic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N.C., 1977.

7-1

10. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., ASHRAE

Handbook and Product Directory 1977 Fundamentals, New York, 1977.

11. Freeman, Thomas L., Evaluation of the "Typical Meteorological Years" for Solar Heating

and Cooling System Studies, Atlas Corporation, for Solar Energy Research Institute

December, 1979.

12. Hughes, P.J., et ai, A TRNSYS-Comoatible Standardized Load Model for Residential System

Studies, Science Applications, I nc., for Solar Energy Research I nstitute, June, 1980.

13. The Royal Architectural I nstitute of Canada, Energy Conservation Design Resource Hand­

book, The Royal Architectural I nstitute of Canada, Ottawa, 1979.

14. Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Passive and Active Solar Heating Analysis in Support of Building

Energy Performance Standards Development, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),

Washington, D.C., August, 1979.

15. Real Estate Research Corporation (RERC), Marketing and Market Acceptance Data from the

Residential Solar Demonstration Program: 1979, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD), Washington, D.C., Autumn, 1979.

16. Shurcliff, William A., Superinsulated Houses and Double-Envelope Houses, Wm. A Shurcliff,

Cambridge, MA, March, 1980.

17. Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Comparison of the Assumptions, Methodologies and Con-

clusions of Three Residential Space Conditioning System Studies, U.S. Department of

Energy (DOE) (HCP/M1227-01) Washington, D.C., May, 1978.

18. Bonk, G., et ai, The Effect of Energy Scenarios on Photovoltaic System Worth, SAND 81-

7012, General Electric Co. for Sandia National Laboratories.

19. Gupta, Y.P. and Young S.K., Simplified Design Handbook for Photovoltaic Systems, Sandia

National Laboratories (SAND 80-7147), Albuquerque, NM.

20. Jones, G.J., "The Design of Photovoltaic Systems for Residential Applications," Proceedings

of the 15th lEE E Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1981, p. 805.

7-2

21. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Block V Solar Cell Module Design and Test Specification for

Residential Applications, JPL Document No. 5101-12, California Institute of Tech­

nology, Pasadena, CA, February 1981.

22. Pickrell, R.L. and O'Sullivan, G. and Merril, W.C., "An Inverter/Controller Subsystem Opti-

mized for Photovoltaic Applications," Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Photovoltaic

Specialists Conference, 1978.

23. Balcomb, J.D., et ai, Passive Solar Design Handbook VOL II, U.S. Department of Energy

(DOE/CS-C127/2), Washington, D.C., January, 1980.

24. McFarland, Robert D., PASOLE: A General Simulation Program for Passive Energy, Los

Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LA-7433-MS), Los Alamos, NM, October, 1978.

25. Weber, Dennis David, Similitude Modeling of Natural Convection Heat Transfer Through an

Aperture in Passive Solar Heated Buildings, (Thesis), Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

(LA-8385-T), Los Alamos NM, June, 1980.

26. Kingrey, W.M., "Modelling Passive Solar Buildings with a Small Computer System," Pro-

ceedings of the 4th National Passive Solar Conference, Vol. 4, P. 216, 1979.

27. Kusuda, Tamami, Review of Current Calculation Procedures for Building Energy Analysis,

National Bureau of Standards (NBSI R 80-2068), Washington, D.C., July, 1980.

28. Cohen, Joel S., Statistical Problems in Design Technique Validation, Solar Energy Research

Institute (SERI/PR-721-377), Golden, CO, April, 1980.

7-3

•

SECTION 8.0

APPENDIX

8.1 Summary

A computer code was developed to simulate the performance of utility interactive PV

systems with passive heating systems for Boston, Nashville and Phoenix. The cost is based on the

methods described in References (23) and (19).

Solar radiation input values are based on the Liu-Jordan correlation with KT. Temperature

and degree-day values were obtained from Reference 23. Passive system contribution is calculated

using the Solar Load Ratio (SLR) correlation (23). Heat pump loads are calculated using the per­

formance characteristics described in Section 4.3. PV system displacement of utility generated

electricity is calculated using the Demand Solar Ratio (DSR) correlation (19).

The code, written in BASIC, has been implemented on a Wang System 2200. Approximately

30k bytes is required for program operation. A listing of the code follows. A sample input

summary is illustrated in Figure 8-1. A sample output summary is illustrated in Figure 8-2.

8-1

lOREM ••••••••••••••••• ** •••••••••••••• **** ••••••••••••••• 20REM * AlA RESEARCH CORPORATION *

--36REfIt * PWPASSIVE RESIDENTIAL MODEL 1.0 * 40REM •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 REM THIS PROGRAM ESTIMATES THE PERFORMANCE A/'ID LIFE 60 REM CYCLE COST FOR A UTILITY INTERACTIVE PV SYSTEM WITHOUT 70 REM STORAGE IN A PASSIVE-SCLAR/ALL-ELECTRIC RESIDENCE. BO REM ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 90 DIM M(12),O(12),X(12),F(12),S(12),U(12),B(12) 100 DIM 01(12),G2(12),Dl(12),D2(12),Sl(12),Tl(12),T2(12) 110 DIM T3(12),Cl(12),C2(12),C3(12),Fl(12),F2(12),F3(12) 120 DIM G3(12),T4(12),TS(12),T6(12),C4(12),F4(12),FS(12) 130 DIM L1 (12), L2( 12) ,L3(12) ,H1 (12) ,H2( 12), L4( 12) ,LS( 12) 140 DIM D3(12),P1(12),P2(12),P3(12),P4(12),H3(12),H4(12)

--T50 -DIM P5(12),P6<12) ,M$( 12)3,-04f12'-~DS( 12f,D6( 12) .:.-=--::-=-='-'--------16OGOSUB 2930 170 PRINT HEX(03)

--ra0 FOR I'" 1 TO 12 190 G(I),X(I),F(I),S(I),U(I),B(I)=O

__ ?CO (U( I) ,G2( I) ,D!l!_bD2( I) ,51 (I), T1 (I) ,T2( H=O __________ _ 210 T3(I),C1(I),C2(I),C3(I),Fl(I),F2(I),F3(I)=0 220 G3(I),T4(I),T5(I),T6(I),C4(I),F4(I),FS(I)=0 230 Ll(I),L2(I),L3(I),Hl(I),H2(I),L4(I),LS(I)=0 240 D3(I),Pl(I),P2(I),P3(I),P4(I),H3(I),H4(I)=0 250 P5(I),P6(I),D4(I),DS(I),D6(I)=0 260 NEXT I 270 PR INT -.-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 111111.11.11 •• 11.· 2BO PRINT" PV SYSTEM PERFORMANCE/COST ESTIMATION· 290PRINT "ENTER CITY CODE FOR WEATHER DATA·

~OOPR INT • ( 1 ) BOSTON-310PRINT "(2)NASHVILLE" 320PRINT "(3)PHOENIX· 33OINPUT-Ca-------------

340 ON CB G0SU8 3350, 34BO, 3610 350STOP .&EATl-ER DATA LOADED--ENTER CONTI .... .JP -~ PRINT ·******111111 •••• 11**** ••••• 1111 •••• 11**1111 ••• 1111 •••••••••••• "

370 PRINT HEX(03) 380 PRINT • ••••• 11 •• 11 ••••••• 1111111111 •• 11 •••••••••••••• ****.111111111111.· 390-PRINT-" PV SYSTEM-PERFORMANCE/COST ESTIMATION" 400 PRINT HEX (OAOA) , "THIS PROGRAM CONTAINS TI-iREE MODLLES· 410 PRINT "l.PERFORMANCE" 420 PRINT "2.LIFE CYCLE COST" 430 PRINT "3.REPORTS" 440 PR INT • 4.1'EW MODEL" 450 PRINT -"5-:-"fERtwfINATE PROCESSING" 460 PRINT • •••••••• 11.11 ••••••• 11 •• 11 ••••• 1111.1111 ••• 11 ••• 1111 •••••••••• " 470 II\PUT ·ENTER OPERATION CODE FOR THE 5aECTED MODULE· ,K

-480 ON K GOSLB S1 0, 1820,2020, 170,2920 490 GOTO 370 500 REM *** ••• 11 •• *********MClDlA-E NUMBER 1******* ••••••• ** ••• 11. S10 PRINT HEX(O~); "If II IOflfi It lilfifififli-j(IIIi ••••••••••• ****************" 520 PRINT "THE CODES IN THE PERFORMANCE MODU..E ARE:· 530 PR INT .. 1. LOAD ItIPUTS"

-540 PRINT "2.SYSTEM INPUTS" 550 PRINT "3.SYSTEM ClJTPUT" 560 PRINT "4.RETURN TO MAIN PROGRAM"

8-2

•

-,

--570 PRINT "*lIlIllllllllllllllllllill(*************************************" 580 INPUT "WI--lICH CODE DO YOU WISH TO USE" ,Kl 590 ON Kl GOSUB 610,1450,1670,1810 60~0~G~O~T~O~5·10~~~~--~~~~~~~~~------------------

E.10REM ****************LOADS ROUT I NE*********************** E.20INPUT DENTER DAILY DHW LOAD" ,C3 630INPUT "ENTER DAILY BASE LOAO·,C2 640C4(12),C4(1),C4(2)=1.18*C2 6s0C4(3),C4(4),C4(s)=.94*C2

~~8E~~§~~E~~I6,~e4~1i,~~~6§*c2 680Le.,L7=O 690 FOR I-lTD 12 700 L4(I)=M(I)*(C3) 710 Ls(I)=M(I)*C4(I) ~20 L2(I)-L4(I)fLSCI) 730 L3(I)=(.722*C3)+(.s2s*C4(I» 740 L6=L6+L4(I) 750 L7=L7+Ls(I) 760 NEXT I 770 PRINT "ENTER CODE FOR PASSIVE SYSTEM TYPE" 780PR-fN1------"-{-H{}ffiE€qT~6cAArTI-NNf"-I!-----------------~---- ~-- -- .--~-~-------- -7'30PRINT D (2)TROMBE WALL" 800PRINT "(3)SUNSPACE" 810INPUT C9 8200N C9GOSUB 2990,3070,3150 830INPUT uENTER BUILDING 'UA'(BTU/H-F)",CS 840E>4-=B----------------------------8s0FOR 1=1TO 12 860 D4=D4+Dl(I) 870 NEXT I 880C7=CS*24 890INPUT "ENTER SOUTH-FACING GLAZING AREA(FT2)",C6

-900C-=€-r,I1-'C~5:;-_ ---------------- -----------~~.------~- -----910K=1+(G/C) 920 FOR I=lTO 12 '330 Q( I) =Ql (I )*M( I )*A*T -940 B(I)=C7*Dl(I) 950 Q3(I)=Ql(I)*A*T 960 Ts(I)"T2(I) 151 (Q3(l)/G) 970 NEXT I 980 FOR I=lTO 12 990 IF 01 (I)<>OTHEN 1010 1000 01(1)=.1 1010 X(!)=(Q(I)/01(I»/(C*K) 1020 IF X('J)R TlIEN 1050 1030 ON C9GOSIJB 3020,3100,3180 1040 GOTO 1060 1050 ON C'3GOSUB 3040, 3120, 3200 1060 S(I)=l-(K*(l-F(I») 1070 U(I)=B(I)*(l-S(I» 1080 ------NEJ('XT'F-'f-I -------------- ----------- -109OFOR I=lTO 12 1100 H2(I)=0 1110 FOR-J=6TO 19 1120 IF C'3>lTHEN 1150

8-3

1130 1140

T8=TS( I) +TS( I )*(W1I2)*(SIN(2*#PI*(22-.J) 124» GOTB 1160

1150 1160

T8=TS(I)+TS(I)*(W1/2)*(SIN(2*#PI*(24-J)/24» T7=T2(I)+«T3(I)-T1(I»/2)*(SIN(2*#PI*(20-J)/24»

1170 IF (6S-TS)<OTHEN 1200 11S0 IF (TS-T7)(OTHEN 1200

--1-1-90 .. 2 ( 1) =112 <I) I CS* (T8 T7)~-----------1200 NEXT J 1210 NEXT I

-1220FDR I =H(f-ll--r2~-------1230 H4(I)=0 1240 H3(I)=CS*24*D2(I) 1250 FOR J-6TO 19 1260 T7=T2(I)+«T3(I)-T1(I»/2)*(SIN(2*#PI*(20-J)/24» 1270 IF <T7-6S)<OTHEN 12'30 1280 H4( I )=H4( I) +CS*H7-E·S) 12'30 NEXT J 1300 NEXT I

_1310FDR I=1TD 12 1320 T7=T2(I) 1330 IF T7:>68THEN 1360 1--340--- ------M3-2.---i2&*-H+ol 081 1350 GOTO 1370 1360 M3=M3+168S.S*T7t(-1.40S) 1-370-- ---F2( I) - (U( I) 1M3) 13413 1380 F3(I)=(H2(I)/M3)/3413 13'30 F4<I) = (H3( I) 1M3) 134l.3 1400 FS(I)=(H4(I)/M3)/3413 1410 L2(I)=L2(I)+F2(I)+F4(I) 1420 L3(I)=L3(I)+F3(I)+FS(I)

-1-4-30--- - -NE-X"-"fl'---1IF----1440 RETURN 1450REM **********PV SYSTEM INPUT ROUTINE*************** 1460 INPIJF-~IEN-TER- MOOULE-AREA" ,A2 1470 INPUT MENTER NUMBER OF MODIJLES", M1 14S0 INPUT "ENTER ENCAPSULATED CELL EFFICIENCY",E1

m 1-49O!NPUT U ENTER NOCT", T9 1500INPUT "ENTER REFERENCE TEMPERATURE",17 1510INPIJT "ENTER REFERENCE I NSOLATI ON ( IN KW)", 19 1520INPUT-----'lENTER-M88ULE-TEMp-fEFFICIENCY COEFFICIENT",N2 1530 INPUT "ENTER WIRING EFFICIENCY",E2 1540INPUT "ENTER CELL PACKING DENSITy u ,E3 1-550lNPUT "ENTER ARRAY PACIHNG DENSI'F'F--;-E"r-1560INPUT "ENTER INVERTER EFFICIENCY",IS 1570A1=A2*M1 15S0E5=(T9-17)/I9 1590 FOR I=lTO 12 1600 N1=E1*E2*E3*E4*I8

--1-6-1 0 EG"N2* H9 (<T2 (1) 32 ) /1. B) ) 1620 E7=-«.617)*N2*E5*G2(I)/S1(I» 1E.30 Nl=N1*(1+EE.+E7) 1640 P2(I)=A1*N1*G2(I)-1650 NEXT I 1E.60 RETURN

8-4

lE,70REM 1I1111********PV S¥STEM OUTPUT RBI::lT INE II II II II II 11**11 II 1111** 111111 lG80 FOR I=lTO 12 1G90 D3(I)=L3(I)/P2(I) 1700--- -- --HH 1)=01 (I )+(C2HJ*D3H» - (C3( I )*<D3( I H2» 1710 IF H1(I»OTHEN 1730 1720 Hl(I)=l

-+7'30 P3( I )-( 1 111 (I) )*P2( I) 1740 Pl(I)=L2(I)-«Hl(I)*P2(I»*M(I» 1750 L2(I)=L2(I)/1000 17GO --- -- ---- P4+I-)-tP1.- (-H+/-l000 ----1770 P5(I)=(P2(I)*M(I»/l000 1780 PG(I)=(P3(I)*M(I»/l000

- n1"7ge NEXT I 1800 RETURN 1810 GOTO 370 1820 REM·*************************MOOULE NUMBER 2************** 1830 PR I NT HEX (03) ; "*******************************************"

1840-PRf.NT uTilE CODES IN TIlE COST MElDULE AReJI ----- -----1850 PRINT "l.LoADS" 18E,O PRINT "2. INSOLATION"

-- 1870-PR-IN-T "3. ARRAY PERFORMANNCeEE-"-1I ---1880 PRINT "4.PoWER CONDITIONER AND STORAGE PERFORMANCE" 1890 PRINT "5.PoWER PURCHASE AND SELLBACK"

- -1900 PfHNF-"G.RETLJRN TO MAIN PROGRAM" 1910 PR I NT "***************************************************"

1'320 INPUT "WHICH CODE DO YOU WISH TO USE" ,Kl 1930 ON Kl GOSUB 1950,1%0,1970,1980,1990,2000 1'340 GoTo 1830 1950 RETURN l'3E,O RETURN 1970 RETURN

-1'380 ReTURN 1'3'30 RETURN 2000 GOTO 370

. 2011rREM IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMOOULE r"UMBFJt-31111 1I11111111111t 111111 II II 111111 -----

2020 PRINT HEX(03) 2030 PR INT "*********************************************" 2040 PRINT liTHE REPORT CODES FOR DATA EXAMINATION ARE" 2050 PRINT "1. INPUT VALUES FOR LOAD AND WEATHER DATA" 2OGO PRINT "2.INPUT VALUES FOR SYSTEM PERFORMANCE" 2O'70--PRINT II FE--eveU::--COSTIN~--

2080 PRINT "4.0UTPUT VALUES FOR SYSTEM PERFORMANCE" 20'30 PRINT "5.0UTPUT VALUES FDR LIFE CYCLE COSTING" 2100 PRINT "G. RETURN TO--MAIN-PROGRAM" 2110 PR INT "********************************** 11111111 II 11******" 2120 INPUT "YOUR CODE SELECTION-,K2

-21-3(T-INPUT -OUTPUT DEVICE 6Et.:ECTIDN:CRT-o;-PRINTER=1-,K3-2140 ON K2 GOSUB 2170,2520, 2670, 2730, 2850, 29l.0 2150 SELECT PRINT 005 21E,O GOTO--2020-2170 IF K3=0 THEN 2190 2180 SELECT PRINT 215(132) 21'90- PR-I~{)f:;) ; • II II II II 111111 II 111111 II 1I II 1I )01 1111 1111 II II II 1I 1I11 II II It * II 1I II II 1111 II If ***** **"

8-5

2200 PRINT HEX(OE);UINPUT VALUES FOR WEATHER DATA u

~2210 PRINT HEX(OE);·*****~~~~~~~~~~**************~~~~~~********* **u 2220PRINTUSING 223O,UMONTH", "HDD" , "CDD", "AVG_TEMP", "PASOLINu, upV

-SOLIN" ---------22307.##### ### ### ######## ####### ####### 2240FoR I=lTo 12 2250 PRINTIJSING 2280,M$(l) ,Dl (I), D2( I), T2( I) ,Gl (I), G2( I) 2260 NEXT I 2270PRINT HEX(OAOA)

--22807.### #### #### ###. ## ####. ## ~.~ ___ ~_nn ____ n ___ ~~

2290PR INT HEX (OE) ; "********************************************* **u 2300PRINT HEX(OE);"INPUT VALUES FDR PASSIVE SYSTEM" 2310PRINT HEX(OE);u*~~~~~*************************************** **" 2-32OPR-INT---"-PASSIVE SYSTEM TYPE-·, ~r--~. 2330PRINT "(l)oIRECT GAIN" 2340PRINT "(2)TRoM8E WALL" 2350PRINT "( 3)SUNSPACEIL-~~----.------2360PRINT 2370PRINT "BUILDING 'UA'(8TU/H-F)=",C5 ~~~------------------------

23'3OPRINT "SOUTH-FACING GLAZING AREA(FT2) =" ,Ce. 2400PRINT HEX(OAOA) 2410PRINT HEX(OAOA) 2420PR I NT HEX (OE) ; "********************************************* **"

--2430PRINT HEX (OE); "OUTPUT VALUES FOR-RES I DENT I AI.:: LOADS" -2440PRINT HEX(OE);"********************************************* **" 24SOPRINTUSING 2460, 11 MONTH" , "HTG.LD. ","SOLSAV. ", "AUX.LDu,·CLG.LD .M,MH-HVAC","C-HVAC","BASE LD.","DHW LD.","ToT.LD." 24607.##### ####### ####### ###### ####### ###### ######

######## ####### ####### -----~-----~~ ~----- -~-~--~ --- -- ---2470FOR I=lTo 12 2480 PRINTUSING 2500,M$( I), B (I) /lOtE" S( I) ,U( I) 110tE.,H3( I) /10 t6, F2( I ) / 10t3,F4( I) I l-ot3, L5( I ) I 10'1'3, L4 ( I ) / 10.,.3, L2i I ) 2490 NEXT I 25007.### ####.## ####.## ####.## ####.## ####.## ####.##

####.## ####.## ####.## 2510 RETURN 2520 IF K3=0 THEN 2540 2S30~ SEl£C+-PR-l-N-T 215 ( 132) ~--- - -2540 PR INT HEX (OE) ; • ******************************************** **"

. -2S50--PR-J-NT I lEX (DE); U INPUT VALUES FORS¥STEM-PERFORMANCE"~--~ ~.-

2560 PRINT HEX(OE);"******************************************** **" 2S7OPRINT "MODULE AREA=",A2 2S80PRINT "NUMBER OF MODULES=",Ml 25'3OPRINT "ENCAPSULATED CELL EFFICIENCY=" ,El

~ -26B0PRR+INNT+-'Y" Wn-I:HR~IH'~IIE./G~E'FF'FF':tI€C+IEEtN.teE"V«= .... '''-:' ,;-fE;;o,;;2~----

2E,lOPRINT "NoeT=", T9 2620PRINT "MODULE TEMP/EFFICIENCY COEFFICIENT=",N2

8-6

2630PR IN"F-ILF\:Jl;.;I:;;---RA:rEBP€U l:;8AD~ IN- KVA) = U ,1'112 2640PRINT "CELL PACKING DENSITY=",E3 26S0PRINT "ARRAY PACKING DENSITY=",E4

-- 2E.E.O RETURN 2670 IF K3=0 THEN 2630 2680 SELECT PRINT 215(132)

-26-90-- PR-INT u ~~~**~~~*-IHI-~*~~~~O!!~****~**~********-IHI-*******"

2700 PRINT It INPUT VALUES FOR LIFE CYCLE COSTING" 2710 PR INT "***1111 1111 II II iI~***~~**************~*******U 2720 RETURN-------------2730 IF K3=0 THEN 27S0 2740 SELECT PRINT 215(132) 27S0 PR INT -HEX (OE) ; u ******************************************** **" 2760 PRINT HEX(OE);"OUTPUT VALUES FOR SYSTEM PERFORMANCP

-----2TIOPR INT I lEX (OE) ; "'* 111111111111111111 ~****~IIIIII ~**-**********-IHI-******* -**,. 2780 PRINTUSING 2790,"MONTH U

, "H-HVAC/D" , "C-HVAC/D", "BASE/D", "DHW ID", "TOTAL/D","OUTPT/MO", "BUY/MO","SELL/MO" 2730 y.##### ######## ######## ###### ##### ####### ##### ### ###### #######

---c8De-FOR I"lTO 12 -----------------2810 PRINTUSING 2830,M$(I),F3(I),FS(I),.525*C4(I),.722*C3,L 3(I),P5(I),P4(I),P6(I) 2820 NEXT I 2830 7.### ####.## ####.## ####.## ####.## ####.## # ####.## ####.##

-2-840---RE-ruIRRNN~-----------·

2850 IF K3=0 THEN 2870 2860 SELECT PRINT 21S(132)

####.#

2870 PR INT-II -IHI-*-IHI-~*****************************************" 2880 PRINT "OUTPUT VALUES FOR LIFE CYCLE COSTING" 2830 PR INT "11111111 11*******************************************" 2'900---RET-tlRN ------ --2'310 GOTO 370 2320 END 2330 M$(1--) =" JAW': M$-(2) ="FEB-u -: M$( 3) =uMAR u : M$( 4) =" APR" 2940 M$(S)="MAY":M$(6)="JUN":M$(7)="JUL":M$(8)="AUG" 2350 M$(3)="SEP u:M$(10)="OCT":M$(11)=uNOV":M$(12)=uDEC" 236OM-H ) "3~. : M ( 2) =28!-M ( 3) -31 : M (4) .. 3O:Mt-5-7-=3-P.M(€r}=80--------- --2370M(7)=31:M(8)=31:M(9)=30:M(10)=31:M(11)=30:M(12)=31 2380RETURN

- 23'9OREM ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~**~~**DI REG'F-GAI N********************* 3000 A=0.8:T=0.747:R=0.7:G=2.4:W1=.74 3010RETURN

---3020-3030 3040

F(I) .. 0.S42D~X(I) RETURN F ( I ) =0. 3866-1. 147'3*EXP (-. 9097*X ( I ) ) RETURN

*********~**********DIRECT GAIN********************* ******************TROMBE WALL**********************

A=0.8:T=0.747:R=1.0:G=0.5:W1=.65

3OS0 3060REM 3070REM 3080 3090RETURN 3100 3110

F (l ) =0. 45SE.*X ( I ) RETURN

8-7

3120 F(I)=0.9769-1.2159*EXP(-.8469*X(I» 3130 RETURN 914eREM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMTROMBE WALLMM"M"M"""""""""""""""" 3150REM *************""")("**SUNSPACE********************** 3160 A=0.8:T=0.747:R=1.2:G=0.7:W1=.39 3170RETURN --------------3180 F(I)=0.4846*X(I) 3190 RETURN -~O F(I)-O.9799 1.849S"EXP( 1.279S"X(I» 3210 RETURN 3220REM ********************SUNSPACE**********************

-3230--REM--**1t It It" It II II II It It l()(WEATHER-DA-TA-- MAP TABLE II )()()( It lilt It)()( 111111" 1111--

3240 REM G1(J)=TOTAL DAILY VERTICAL INSOLATION (BTU/FT2) 32SOREM G2(J)=ToTAL DAILY INSOLATION AT (LAT-10)OEG (KWH/M2)

---3-2b-eREM-S 1 ( J) ...:AVG. MeNTHLY SUNSET HOUR 3270REM Cl(J)=MONTHLY DIRECT FRACTION COEFFICIENT CO 3280REM C2(J)=MONTHLY DIRECT FRACTION COEFFICIENT C1 329OREMC3(J)=MONTHLY DIRECT-FRACTION COEFFICIENT C2 3300REM 01 (J)=MONTHLY HEATING OEGREE OAYS(E.5F) 3310REM 02(J)=MONTHLY COOLING DEGREE DAY8(65F)

--332e--ftEM T1 (J) -DAILY MIt4IMUl'll TEMP (FOE:G) 3330 REM T2(J)=OAILY MEAN TEMP(FDEG) 3340 REM T3(J)=DAILY MAXIMUM TEMP(FDEG) 3350 REM """ltlll"*")(III"ltI1l1lltB08TON WEATHER DATA***"l1l1ll1l1l1)(ltl 336001 (1) =878: G1 (2) = 1052: G1 (3) =1127: G1 (4) =1030: G1 (5) =944: G1 (6) =.~ 27:G1(7)=940:G1(8)=1009:Gl(9)=1212:G1(10)=1192:G1(11)=874:Gl(12) -788 3370G2( 1 ) =2. E.9: G2( 2) =3. 25: G2( 3) =3. 75: Q2( 4) =4. 02: G2( 5) =4.47: G2( b)

=4.b2:G2(7)=4.S5:G2(8)=4.28:G2(9)=4.33:G2(10)=3.79:G2(11)=2.€o4:G 2( 12)=2.42 338081(1)=4.€o2:81(2)=5.15:81(3)=5.83:81(4)=€o.58:81(5)=7.2:81(€o)= 7.55:81(7)=7.4:81(8)=€o.87:81(9)=6.13:81(10)=5.42:81(11)=4.77:81(

----12-r=4.4,c;S--------------------------339OC1. (1) =. 041: Cl (2) =. 011 :Cl (3)=. 023:Cl (4)=.021 :Cl (5) =. 017: C1 (b)

=.011:Cl(7)=.013:Cl(8)=.022:Cl(9)=.020:C1(10)=.008:C1(11)=.041:C 1( 12)=.039 340OC2( 1 ) =.55: C2(2) =. 677: C2( 3) =.647: C2( 4) =. 757: C2( 5) =.81.9: C2(E.) = .861: C2(7) =.843: C2( 8) =. 773: C2(9) =.6'37: C2( 10) =. 706: C2 ( 11) =.572: C2

--(--f2) -. 530 ----341OC3( 1 ) =. 086: C3(2) =.134: C3( 3) =.121: C3(4) =.167: C3( 5) =. 1'~3: C3( 6) =.211: C3(7) =.203: C3(8) =.174: C3('3) =.145: C3( 10) =. 1.45: C3( 11) =. 093: C 3(12)=.080--- --- ----------------3420D1(1)=1110:01(2)=969:01(3)=834:01(4)=492:o1(5)=218:01(6)=27: 01(7)=0:01(8)=8:01(9)=76:01(10)=301:01(11)=594:01(12)=992

---::ttF-30D2 ( 1 ) -0: D2 (2) 0: D2 (:3) -0: D2 (4)- -0: D2 (5) -2O!i)2ii:.)=1t7-:-f.T2t-"T)-=-2ee--­:D2(8)=203:02(9)=E.1:02( 10)=0:02( 11 )=0:D2( 12)=0 3440 T1(1)=22.5:Tl(2)=23.3:Tl(3)=31.5:Tl(4)=40.8:T1(5)=50.1:T1(6 )=-59.3:T1 (7)=65.1:T1t8)-=63. 3:-T1(9)=SE .• 7:T1 (10) =47.5: T1 (11 )=38.7: T1( 12) =26. 6 3450 T2(1)=29.2:T2(2)=30.4:T2(3)=38.1:T2(4)=48.6:T2(5)=58.6:T2(6 r=€i8:--'f2-t-7) -7:3. :3. T2 (8} -71. :3.72 (9) -€;4-;.--5:----T2-t1-0-)-=55.4: T2( 11-)=45. 2:--T2-(12)=33 3460 T3(1)=35.9:T3(2)=37.5:T3(3)=44.6:T3(4)=S6.3:T3(5)=67.1:T3(6 ) =7E .• E.: T3(7)=8t.4:-'f-3-(8-)-=79. 3:T3(9) =72.2: T3( 10) =63. 2: T3( 11 ) =51. 7: T3(12)=39.3 3470 RETURN

8-8

•

3480 REM KKKwKwwKKKKKWWWWNASHVILLE WEATHER DATAwWWWMMMMMMwMMM 34'30 G1 (1) ='300: G1 (2) =1027: G1 (3) =1047: G1 (4) =989: G1 (5) =885: G1 (6) =8 53:G1(7)=856:G1(8)=973:G1(9)=1116:G1(10)=1253:G1(11)=1039:G1(12) =854 -3500G2(1)=2.49:G2(2)=3.44:G2(3)=4.32:G2(4)=5.44:G2(5)=5.86:G2(6) =6.24:G2(7)=6.16:G2(8)=5.81:G2(9)=5.49:G2(10)=4.67:G2(11)=3.37:G 2( 12)=2. 57 351081 (1 )=4. 95: 81 (2) =5. 35:81 (3)=5.87:81 (4) =6.45: 81 (5) =6.'32:81 (6) =7.17:81(7)=7.07:81(8)=6.67:81(9)=6.1:81(10)=5.55:81(11)=5.07:81 -+12>=4.83--- m

-- ----------------------

352OC1(1)=.010:C1(2)=.006:C1(3)=.022:C1(4)=.019:C1(5)=.02O:C1(6) =.019:C1(7)=.020:C1(8)=.019:Cl(9)=.017:C1(10)=.018:C1(11)=.OO8:C 1-(-1;-2) -.011 353OC2( 1 ) =.671: C2(2) =. 727: C2( 3) =. E.S6: C2( 4) =. 743: C2( 5) =.775: C2 (S) =.796: C2(7) =. 786: C2( 8) =. 754: C2( 9) =.707: C2( 10) =. E.30: C2 ( 11 ) =. S90: C 2(12)=.654 3540C3( 1 )=.130:C3(2)=.lSO:C3(3)=.12E.:C3(4)=.160:C3(5)=.171:C3(E.) =.178:C3(7)=.175:C3(8)=.164:C3(9)=.147:C3(10)=.114:C3(11)=.137:C

-:3-tt--2 ) -. 124 355001 (1) =828: D1 (2) =E.72: 01 (3) =524: 01 (4) = 176: 01 (5) =45: 01 (6) =0: 01 ( 7)=0:01(8)=0:01(9)=10:01(10)=180:01(11)=498:01(12)=7S3 356OD2( l-)-=O-:02T2-)=O:-f.>2(-3t=1'9:-D2( 4)=2'3: 02 (5) =153: 02 (6) =348: 02 (7)-=-453:02(8)=419:02(9)=220:02(10)=53:02(11)=0:02(12)=0 3570 T1 (1)=29:T1 (2)=31:T1 (3)=38.1:T1 (4)=48.8:T1 (5)=57. 3:T1 (S)=65 .-7:-T1 (7) -€.9. T1 (g}-57. 7. T1 (9) 60. S:T1 (10) -~1 (11) -3-r.-?: T1 (1~ =31.1 3580 T2(1)=38.3:T2(2)=41:T2(3)=48.7:T2(4)=60.1:T2(5)=S8.5:T2(6)= 76. 6:-T2t-7) -79. 6: T2t-s-)-?8.-5:-"'f-2i--s-)-=72-:-T2(10) =60. '3:T2( 11) =48. 4: T2t 1-2)=40.4 3590 T3(1)=47.S:T3(2)=50.9:T3(3)=59.2:T3(4)=71.3:T3(5)=79.8:T3(S

-)=87. S. T:3 (7) - 90. 2. T3 (g) -89. 2. T3 ( 9) -g3-;-S:--T-3-t-tOt=r-3-;-2!--T-3Ttt-)=59~r-3-­(12)=49.S 3600RETURN 3610 REM II II IIW 111111 II It II II II IIwWIIPHDENIX WEATHER DATAIIIlItIlIlIlIlIl~********

3E20 Gl(1)=1472:G1(2)=1589:G1(3)=1552:Gl(4)=1388:Gl(5)=1211:Gl(6 )=1128:Gl(7)=1059:Gl(8)=1186:G1(9)=1482:G1(10)=lS43:G1(11)=1561: &1+12>-1419 3S30G2(1)=4.85:G2(2)=6.13:G2(3)=7.01:G2(4)=7.78:G2(5)=8.1:G2(S)= 7.99:G2(7)=7.17:G2(8)=7.14:G2(9)=7.32:G2(10)=S.57:G2(11)=5.47:G2 (12)=-4.73 3EA081 (1) =5:81 (2)=5.38: 81 (3) =5. 88:81 (4) =6. 42: 81 (5) =6. 97: 81(6) =7.

8-9

1:Sl(7)=7:S1(8)=6.62:S1(9)=6.1:S1(10)=5.57:S1(11)=5.12:Sl(12)=4. -~--------------------------------------

3E,50Cl (1) =. 007: Cl (2)=. 005:Cl (3) =. 011: Cl (4) =.016: C1 (5)=.013: Cl (E,) =.009: C1 (7)=.011: Cl (8) =. 015: Cl ('3) =. 013: C1 (10) =. 007: Cl (11) =. 007: C 1(12)=-.008 366OC2( 1) =.682: C2(2) =. 727: C2( 3) =. 6'38: C2 (4) =.755: C2( 5) =. 812: C2 (6) =. 84e.:C2(7) =. 831: C2(8) =.779: C2(9) =.722: C2( 10) =. 662: C2( 11) =. 6'35: C

--2-t12) -.669--------------3e.70C3(1)=.135:C3(2)=.151:C3(3)=.134:C3(4)=.155:C3(5)=.177:C3(6) =.191:C3(7)=.185:C3(8)=.163:C3(9)=.142:C3(10)=.122:C3(11)=.140:C 3(12)=-.-1-31-- --- --------368001(1)=428:01(2)=292:01(3)=185:01(4)=60:01(S)=0:01(6)=0:01(7) =0:01(8)=0:01(9)=0:01(10)=17:01(11)=182:D1(12)=388 3E<90D2 (1) -0. D2 (2) -14. 02( 3) -21. D2 (4) -141-:f.)2TS)-=-35S:-D2-{E·)=-588:D2t7 ) =812: 02(8) =747: 02( '3) =564: D2( 10> =240: D2( 11 ) =2e.: 02( 12) =0 3700 Tl (1) =37. 6: T1 (2)=40. 8: T1 (3)=44. 8:T1 (4)=51. 8: T1 (5)=S9.E.: Tl (6 )=67. 7:-T1t7-)-=-TT.5~T1(8)-76:--"fH9) =69.1: T1 ( 10) =SE .• 8: T1 ( 11 ) =44. 8: T1 (12)=38.5 3710 T2( 1) =51.2:T2(2) =55.1: T2( 3) =59.7: T2( 4) =67.7: T2( 5) =7E .• 3: T2(6

--)-=84.6. T2 (7) -91. 2. T2 (8) -89. 1: T2 ('3) -8:3-;;8-:---'f2-{-ffit=7-2-.u2-:---T2~11)-=5·3. 8:­T2(12)=52.5 3720 T3( 1) =64. 8:T3(2)=69. 3: T3(3)=74. 5: T3(4)=83. 6: T3( 5) ='32. '3: T3(E. )=1-01. 5: T3(7) -104. 8: T3( 8) -102. 2: T3 (97='98.4: T3( 1.0) =87-. 6: T3( 11 ) =74 .7:T3(12)=66.4 3730RETURN

8-10

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FIGURE 8-I.SAMPLE INPUT SUMMARY

8-11

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

OUTPUT VALUES FOR RESIDENTIAL LOADS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MONTH HTG.LO. SOLSAV. AUX.LD CLG.LD. H-HVAC C-HIJAC BASE LO. DHW LD. TOT.LD. JAN 5.9G 0.30 4.16 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.73 0.37 1.49 FEB 4.83 0.38 2. '35 0.00 0.27 0.00 O. E.G 0.33 1.26 MAR 3.77 0.57 1.E,O 0.13 0.14 0.01 0.58 0.37 1..11 APR 1. 26 0.95 0.06 0.20 0.00 0.01 0.5S 0.36 0.94 MAY 0.32 O. '37 0.00 1. 10 0.00 0.04 0.58 0.37 0.99 JUN 0.00 0.97 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.06 0.51 0.36 0.93 JUL 0.00 O. '37 0.00 3.26 0.00 0.06 0.53 0.37 0.9G AUG 0.00 0.97 0.00 3.01 0.00 0.04 0.53 0.37 0.95 SEP 0.07 0.97 0.00 1.58 0.00 0.02 O.Gl 0.36 0.99 OCT 1.29 O. '37 0.03 0.38 0.00 0.03 0.63 O. 37 1. 04 NOV 3.58 0.58 1.50 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.61 0.36 1.11 DEC 5.49 0.31 3.78 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.73 0.37 1.45 ~~~"*~~~~~~*",,"'*~**,*"~-'i:f-.~~~~~~~""""""~~~~-:::t-"""~~~~~~~~ OUTPUT VALUES FOR SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ~*~~~~~~~~~~~.."..~~~~~.."..~~~.."..~~~~~~~~~~.."..~~.."...."...."...."..~

~~TH H2~~~C/D C6~eC/D ~~~'3~D ~~~,g T~~~l3aD DUo~~aMO BUr:1:Jg SEbl:~~O FEB 2.12 0.00 12.3'3 8.S6 23.17 0.83 0.86 0.43 MAR 0.77 0.00 9.87 8.66 19.30 1. 13 0.72 0.75 APR 0.00 1.04 9.87 8.66 19.57 1.33 0.52 O. '31 MAY 0.00 1.61 9.87 8.66 20.15 1.46 0.52 0.99 JUN 0.00 1.92 '3.03 8.E,6 19.62 1.47 0.48 1.02 JUL 0.00 1. E/) '3.03 8.S6 19.39 1.4'3 0.50 1.03 AUG 0.00 1.30 9.03 8.E,G 18.9'3 1.41 0.52 0.98 SEP 0.00 0.74 10.81 8.66 20.22 1.30 0.58 0.8'3 OCT 0.00 1.47 10.81 8.6G 20.95 1. 18 0.E,5 0.7'3 NOV 0.77 0.00 10.81 8.66 20.24 0.86 0.74 0.49 DEC 2.15 0.00 12.3'3 8.66 23.21 0.69 1.06 0.31

•

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Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall Attn: Walter ~Isen 3250 WilShire BI vd.

Los Angeles, CA 90010

David Francis Costa Jr. & Associates IIttn: David Francis Costa, Jr., AlA 210 Ellsworth Street Albeny, OR 97321

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Davl d Jay Fe I nberg Arch Itect Attn: David FeInberg, AlA Suite 302 10700 C&rlbbean Blvd. Miami. FL 33189

Davl d L. Sml th Arch Itect Attn: David L. Smith 505 Hamilton Street Schenectady, NY 12305

David Wong & AssocIates Attn: David Wbng. P.E. AmerIcan Security Bank Bl dg. 1314 S. King St., Suite 1461 Honolulu, HI 96814

Dayton Power & LI ght Co. Attn: Bruce Curt Is P.O. Box 1247 Dayton, OH 45401

Denny Long Route 1 Ebx 158 Woodland, CA 95695

Design DirectIon Attn: Dennis John Becker, AlA 1588 Tangl ebr I ar Fayetteville, AR 72701

Dick Jenkins, Vice PresIdent Product Development 10221 Wlncopln Circle ColumbIa, Me 21044

01 ck Lamar Arch Itect Attn: Dick Lamar, AlA 201 Woodrow Street Co I umbl a, SC 29205

Donald F. Monell ArchItect Attn: Donald F. M:mell, AlA 11 Pleasant Street Gloucester, MA 01930

Donald M. Watts ArchItect Attn: Oonal d M. Watts 1649 HuntIngton DrIve South Pasadena, CA 91030

Downing Leach & Associates Attn: J 1m Leach 3985 Wonderland HI II Avenue Boulder, CO 80302

Dr. Stephen K. Young (2) SAl 1710 Goodridge Drive McLean, VA 22102

Dubin Bloome Associates IIttn: H. Ibbert Sparkes, P.E. 312 Park Road West Hartford, CT 06107

Dyer and Watson ArchItects IIttn: James Watson 24100 ChagrIn Blvd. Cleveland, OH 44122

EAI Inc. Attn: Dr. Jerry AI cone 13300 Hugh Graham Rd. NE Albuquerque, f'.I.1 87111

Earth Dynaml cs Attn: Peter Slack P.O. Box 1175 Boul der, CO 80002

Earthworks IIttn: Steven E. GolubskI 20 West 9th Street Kansas CIty, Me 64105

Edwards & DanIels Associates Attn: A. Brett Bullock 525 E. 300 S Salt Lake City, UT 84102

Ekosea IIttn: Lee Porter Butler 573 Mission Street Sen FrancIsco, CA 94105

Ellerbe AssocIates, Inc. Attn: Jim Gal fer Manager of Professional ServIces ElectrIcal DesIgn Department One Appletree Square Blooml ngton, MN 55420

Ellmore/Tltus/Archltectsllnc. IIttn: S. A. TItus, AlA 736 Chestnut Street Santa Cruz, CA 95060

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Ener!1f Arch Itects Inc. Attn: Ski Milburn 885 Arepehoe Boulder, CO 80302

Ener!1f Convers I on Devl ces Attn: Mr. Lionel Robbins 1675 West Maple Road Troy, MI 48064

Ener!1f Design & Anelysls Co. Attn: Oevld Schwartz, AlA 1001 Con[lect I OJt Ave., NW Suite 632 Wash I ngton, OC 20036

Energy Design AsSOCiates Attn: Steve Naarhoof 114 E. Diamond Street &tler, PA 16001

Ener!1f Planning & Investment Corp. Attn: RI cherd llIrry t.'ed I I nA I A 833 North Fourth Avenue Tucson, AZ 85705

Ener!1f Services Organization of The Georgi a Power Co. Attn: Edward Nay 7 Solar Clrc I e Shenandoh, GA 30265

Engineers-Architects P.C. Attn: "'nol d Hanson, AlA 1407 24th Avenue South Grand Forks, NO 56201

Englneers-Archltects p.C. Attn: Gord Rosey 408 First Avenue Building Minot, ND 58701

Envl ronmenta I Concern Attn: Bruce Mauser, AlA Box 2126 Spokane, WA 92210

Environmental Design Alternatives Attn: Doug las G. Ful I er 1951 Brookvlew Drive Kent, OH 44240

EnvIronmental Institute of Mlchlgen Att n: Reed Maes P.O. Box 616 Ionn Arbor, MI 48107

Environmental Research Laboratory Attn: Helen Kessler Tucson International Airport Tucson, AZ 85706

Envl ronoml c Des Ign Attn: Dennis N. Young, AlA lI.--905 RI vers I de Spokane, WA 99201

ERG, Inc. Attn: o.uck Sherne n

1650 W. Alaneda Drive Suite 140 Tell'4le, AZ 85262

Erwin and Akers Assocletes Attn: Charles QeLlslo

-Benedum-Trees BI dg. Pittsburgh, PA 15222

Everett Zelgel Tumpes and Hand Attn: R. J. Martin, AlA 1215 Spruce Street Boul der, CO 80302

Ezra D. Ehrenkrantz & Associates Attn: William Meyer 19 West 44th Street New York, NY 10036

Fando Martin and Milstead J&tn: Hank Walker 608 Tennessee Avenue Charleston, WV 25302

Fischer Stein Assocletes Attn: Hans J. Fischer, AlA Route 51 South Carbondele, IL 62901

Fisk Rinehart Keltch Meyer Inc. Attn: Har ley B. FI sk, A I A 100 Kentucky Exec. Building 2055 Dixie Highway .Ft. Mitchell, KY 41011

frank H. WI tchey Corbett Assoc I etes Box 1009 86 East Broedolay Jackson, WI' 83001

fred Meyer, AlA 3611 5th Avenue Sen Diego, CA 92103

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Fred W. Forbes & Associates, Inc.

h"ch Itects AlA and Engl neers NSPE

P.O. Box 443 Xenia, OH 45385

Gel Ilher Schoenhardt & Baler .'Ittn: P.obert P. I-brcarsky

The Courtyard No. 10 Simsbury, CT 06070

Gary Copeland 31-81 Poplal Avenue Menphls, TN 38111

Gary Marciniak 6582 N. 90th Milwaukee, WI 53224

Geiger Berger & Associates .'Ittn: Karl Beltlln, PE

500 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10036

. Genera I E I ectr I c Co. !lttn: E. M. ~ha II ck Advanced Energy Programs

P.O. Box 8661 Philadelphia, PA 19101

Gensler Architects, Inc. .'Ittn: James L. Gensler, AlA 819 N. Marshall Street Milwaukee, WI 53202

George A. Roman & Associates, Inc. .'Ittn: George A. Roman, AlA One Gateway Center Newton, MA 02158

Georgia Institute of Technology .'Ittn: Richard Williams College of Engineering !ltlanta, GA 30332

Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Exp. Statton Attn: Joan Wood 225 North Avenue, t>IW

Atlanta, GA 30332

Georgi a Power Corrp any .'Ittn: Gary Birdwell P.O. Box 4545 Atlanta, GA 30303

Gerken & Upham h"ch Itects, Inc.

Attn: Mr. Car I Gerken

P.O. Box 155 ~rmond Beach, FL 32074

GI( Associates

.'Ittn: Drew Gillette 319 Holbrook Road Bedford, NH 03102

Glass Energy Electronics AtTn: Ron Wilson

-4463 Woodland Park Avenue North Seattle, WA .98103

Grahm Hubenthal • . .Box 777 ·:SOap lake, WA 98851

GreenleslReese Associates, ltd. .'Ittn: Frank l. Reese, AlA 6400 Flying Cloud Drive

Silte 210

Eden Pralre, MN 55344

Grlmball/GorrondonafSavoye Ai-tn: Ml chae I O. Cortner 2352 Metarle Road ltItar I e, LA 70001

Gunnar, Blrkerts & Associates .'Ittn: OIar I es E I eckenste In

292 Harmon Street Birmingham, MI 48009

Hahn Jackson lloyd Thresher Arch. & Eng. Attn: Timothy A. Henning, AlA Top Hat Road

Princeton, IN 47670

Hankins & Anderson, Inc. Attn: H. C. Yu 1680 Santa Rosa Richmond, VA 23288

Harthorne Hagen Gross AlA & Assoc. .'Ittn: Cliff Gross, AlA

220 Marina Mart 1500 Westlake N. Seattle. WA 98109

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Harvard Un Ivers Ity

IIttn: John Mert In 204 Pierce HIli I ~brldge, MA 02138

Heery Energy ConsultanTs Inc. lIttn: Mervin Wiley, P.E. :880 W. Peechtree StreeT, ~ Atlanta, SA 30309

Heery & Heery, ArchiTects & Engineers, Inc. Attn: ~r. RI chard Ye I vi ng"ton 880 WeST PeachTree STreeT, NW

Atlanta, SA 30309

Helen McEntl re 4160 S. 1785 W.

Herltege Bank Building Slite 200 Salt Lake City, UT 84119

Herbert Sands -2013 S. Me I borne CT. Me I balrne, FL. 23901

Hood Miller Associates Attn: Bobble Sue Hood, AlA 2051 LeavenworTh ST. Sen Francisco, CA 94133

InteracTive Resources, Inc. IIttn: carl Bouville 117 Park Piece

Point Richmond, CA 94801

lOla State UnlYerslty (2) IIttn: David Block, AlA ATtn: Laurent Hodges

Physics Department 290 College of Design

_Ames. IA SOO.11

J. L. Harter Associates Attn: Jemes L. Harter, Sr., AlA 41 S. Tenth Street "llentOln, PA 18102

Jeckson Labs Irttn: Tom Hyde otter Creek Roed

Bar Harbor. ME 04609

James Sudler Assocletes IIttn: Joel Cronewett, AlA

200 Cable Building Denver, CO 80202

James Sudler, FAIA 1201 18th Street Suite 200 Denver, CO 80202

Jemes T. Barretta Architect Attn: James T. BarretTa, AlA 1832 ~ 2nd Avenue Boce Rzlton, FL 33432

Jammel Finn & Associates Attn: Arnold Finn • 1516 E. Hillcrest Street P.O. Box 8963 Orlendo, FL 32856

Jim Dennison Water Street Ellseworth, ME 04605

Joe Melendez 444 Executive OenTer Blvd. Suite 130

EI Paso, TX 79902

John D. SweTlsh No. 7 WI I dwood Tra II Bettendorf, IA 52722

John Martin AssociaTes Architects Attn: John T. Martin, AlA 506 He 1 ghts BI vd.

Houston, TX 77007

John R. Teylor·Archltect Attn: John R. Taylor, AlA 815 Shady Bluff Drive Oler I ott e, ~ 26211

John Yellott Engl neerlng Association Attn: John Ye II ott 901 West EI Camlnlto Phoen I X. AI· 85021

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Johnstown ArchItects, Inc. /lttn: BenjamIn J. Pollclcchlo, AlA GKI BuIldIng 777 Goucher Street Johnstown, PA 15905

Jones & Mayer /Itt n: Olar I es Mayer 13100 Manchester Road St. louIs, MO 63131

Jones &. Strenge-Boston Ross BuIldIng /lttn: Oonald l. Strange-Boston, AlA, PE Main Street at 8th Richmond, VA 23219

Joseph J. Del Clotto, Jr., ArchItect /lttn: Joseph Del Clotto, AlA 201 Church Road lansda I e, PA 19446

JSR Associ ates /lttn: Or. John S. Rauyl 2280 Hanover Street Palo Alto. CA 94306

Kamllllraad Stroop van der leek Attn: Pau I van der Leek 355 Settlers Road tblland, MI 49423

KeIth Vaughan Associates /lttn: KeIth Vau9han 3136 E. MadIson Street Seattl e. WA 98112

Kelbaugh and Lee ArchItects Attn: Douglas Kelbaugh, AlA 240 Nassau PrInceton, NJ 08540

KItchen & AssocIates Attn: Deborah K. Gawthrop Off I ce Manager Box 935 Phlledelphla, PA 19105

Knoe II/~ I dort Arch Itects Attn: Hugh Knoell, Jr. AlA 1131 East Highland Phoen I X. AI. 85014

Korsunsky Krenk ErIckson ArchItects /lttn: Deryl P. fortIer, AlA DIrector of DesIgn 570 Galaxy BuIldIng 330 Second Avenue South .annesote, MN 55401

Kruger Kruger AI ben berg Attn: Kenneth Kruger 2 Central Square Cllllbridge, MA 02139

lancaster and lancaster ArchItects Attn: Earl M. Lancaster AlA P.O. Box 10 Auburn, Al 36830

lene & AssocI ates Arch Itects Attn: John E. lane, AlA 1318 North B Street P.O. Box 3929 Fort SmIth, AR 72913

Laplckl/Smlth AssocIates Attn: Carol A. Mbore 617 Park Avenue Baltimore, Me 21201

lee R. Conne II Arch Itect, Inc. /lttn: lee R. Connell, Jr., AlA 2500 Joseph Street New Orleans, LA 70115

leo A. Daly /lttn: Arturo Bantog 1025 Connecticut Ave., NW &lIte 712 Washington, DC 20036

Leon Deller 911 22nd Street Santa MonIca, CA 90403

Leonard Wrlnberg, AlA 160 Hillalr CIrcle White plaIns, NY 10605

LivIng Systems Attn: Johathan Hammond Route 1 Box 170 WI ntars, CA 95616

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Londe Parker MIchels Consultants Attn: TImothy I. MI che I s

7438 Forsyth

&.lIte 202 St. louIs. MO 63105

Long Hoeft Arch Itects Attn: Mr. Gary Long, AlA 1228 Fifteenth Street, SuIte 401

Denver, CO 80202

LouIsIana InstItute of BuIldIng Sciences

Attn: RI chard C. Thevenot

830 North Street .,Bllton Rouge, LA 70802

LydIa Straus-Edwards Arch. Oeslgner Attn: Lydl a Straus-Edwards

331 MaIn Street South ~dbury, CT 06798

M. DavId Egan, PE

P.O. Box 365 Anderson, SC 29621

Manuel Perez 1056 HuntIng Lodge DrIve MIamI SprIngs, FL 33166

Marcel E. Sammut Arch. & Struct. Eng. Attn: Mercel E. Sammut, AlA

30 Anthony CI rcle Newton vI I I e. lolA 02160

Mark Beck Assoc I ate5 Attn: Peter Powel I, AlA

762 FaIrmount Avenue Towson, "I) 21204

Marlin H. Andersen Homes Attn: Merlin Grant, President

8901 Lynda Ie Avenue South

Bloomington, loiN 55420

Martin Marietta Corp. Attn: M. S. Imamura

P.O. Box 179 Denver, CO 80201

. Mass Des I gn Attn: Gordon Tully 138 MT. Auburn St. Combrldge, lolA 02138

Massachusetts InstItute of Technologf Attn: TIm Johnson Department of ArchItecture

Canbrldge. MA 02139

MatrIx Inc. ··Attn: Edward Mazr I a 400 San Fe If pe NW

&.lIte 6 P.O. Box 4883 AI buquerque, />M 87106

Mayh III Homes Corp. Attn: John Ode guard

P.O. Box 1778 GaInesvIlle, GA 30501

McCleer Arch Itect Attn: MIke McCleer

.2249 FI rst NatIonal BI dg.

~trolt, loll 48226

MCM Attn: Ml chae I C. t-tlrchant

P.O. Box 7707 Stanford, CA 94305

Merriam, Deasy & Whisenant, Inc. Attn: Bruce D. Fraser, AlA

979 Osos Street

&.lIte C San luIs ObIspo, CA 93401

Metcalf and AssocIates Attn: &.Isan Shaw

3222 N St reet NW WashIngton, DC 20007

""Iaml University of OhIo Attn: Fuller MOore Department of Arch.

Oxford, OH 45056

loll chael AI banes 2368 Cherry Street Denver, CO 80207

Miller Hanser Westerbeck Be II Arch Itects, Inc.

Attn: Jay Johnson SuIte 300 Butler Square

100 N 6th Street MInneapolis, MN 55403

OJSt-l0

Miller Wegner Coenen, Inc. Attn: Ibbert M. Mill er, A I A 250 N. Green Bey Roed P.O. Box 396 Neenah, WI 54956

fobgavero & Unruh Attn: Davl d J. Iobgavero 811 J Street Secranento. CA 95814

fobore, Grover & Harper Attn: Robert L. Harper, ,0.1,0. Me I ne Street o.nter brook, CT 06049

fobre, Combs, Burch Arch. & Eng. Attn: Doneld H. Iobre, AlA 3911 E. Exposition Avenue Denver, CO 80209

Morton, Wolfberg, Alvarez, Teracldl & Assocletes 9400 S. Oedeland Blvd. "'I ami, FL 3" 56

fobtorola, Inc. ,0.110 /lttn: Bob Hammond P.O. Box 2953 Phoen I X. AZ 85062

Mr. J. Mershell Meuney, AlA DIvision of Plant Operetlon 306 Education Building RaleIgh, N:: 27611

Mr. Wllilem Dorsett 930 Thurston Manhattan, KS 66502

Mueller AsSoci etes /lttn: Bob Hedden 1900 Sulphur Spring Road SDIt lmore, Me 21227

N.C. Solar Energy Assoc. /lttn: Bruce Johnson, AlA P.O. Box 12235 Alsearch Trlengle Park, N:: 27709

Nat I one I Hones Corp. /lttn: Stell8n J. Wilson Director of Research & Technology P.O. Box 7660 Lefeyette, IN 47903

Neils O. Brown Oeve lopment Compeny /lttn: Neils O. Brown, President 366 Sunway Lene RRII Creve Coeur, Me 63141

Nixon Brown BrokllW Bowen Attn: Peul G. Flehmer AlA 1800 Commerce Street Boulder, CO 80301

Northeast Design Distribution Attn: Oavl dCampbe I I 727 - 11th Ave. New York, NY 10019

Northeast So I ar Energy Center Attn: Drew A. Glilett 470 Altentlc Avenue Boston, MA 02110

Oceanside Solar Consultents !lttn: Ra Iph L. Sherlll:)Od 10 East Meln Street HyanniS, MA 02601

Office of Frenz Peter Scheuermann !lttn: Frenz P. Scheuermann, AlA Park Street P.O. Box 1008 Stowe, VT 05672

Office of Glen H. Mortensen, Inc. Attn: Glen H. Iobrtensen, AlA Suite 201 1036 W. Rbblnhood Dr. Stockton, CA 95207

Orner Mlthun, FAIA 2000 112th Avenue, I'ItI Belevur, WA 98004

Optical Sciences Group, Inc. !lttn: Dieter W. Grebls 24 Tiburon Street Sen Rafae I, CA 94901

PacH I c Power & LI ght Company !lttn: Bill McTaviSh Box 720 Cesper, 'rtf 82602

Parker Croston Associates /lttn: M. E. Croston, Jr., A I A P.O. Box 1927 3108 W. 6th Street Fort Worth, TX 76101

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P.rc & ~rtado Arch I teet's. Inc:.

IIttn: Jess F. Perez 850 E. Chapman Avenue

SuIte A Orange, CA 92666

PerkIns & WI I I -Attn: 81 I I Ibbenheusen -445 HamIlTon Avenue lhlte Plains, NY 10601

PeTer O. Paul, AlA P.O. Box 271 50 GIIlesl DrIve Wayne, NJ 07 .. 70

PeTer Dobrovolny, AlA Sox 133 Old Snowmass, CO 81654

PeTer Van Deesser 63-4 GarcIa Street SanTa Fe, NM 87501

PeTerson ConsTrucTIon ColllJany mn: RoberT Peterson, PreSident 6100 S. 14th Street

LIncoln, NE 68512

PeTtit & Bul I Inger Archlf"ec1"s /ltTn: Hel I C. PetTIt, AlA P.O. Box 2726 1202 East FIrst WIchIta, KS 6720t

Phil Ip West, Donald Bergs1'rOlll & Assoe. /ltTn: EdWZlrd J. Io8reyn, AlA 33 East FIrst Street +Unsdale, IL 60521

PhIneas AI pers Arch Itects, Ine" /ltTn: PhIneas Alpers, AlA ,.. .. Newbury Street Boston, MA 02115

PotOllllc Energy Group mn: DavId Johnston 401 Wythe ~treet "Iexandrl a, VA 2231 ..

PrIce and Partners 7301 BIrch Avenue

Tekoll'lll Park, Kl 20012

PrIce Roth & Muse ArchItects

Attn: WI I I I am Prl ee P.O. Box 1014 Tr I -CI ty AI rpor t BlountvIlle, TN 37617

Princeton Energy Group Attn: H!lrrlson Fraker, AlA 729 Alexander Road PrInceton, NJ 08540

RA Solar Consultants, Ine. mn: Harry E. Burns, Jr., A I A Park 20 West Blountstown HIghway Ta I I ahassee, FL 32304

Ralph E. Kiene & Associates mn: Ralph E. KIene, AlA

1006 Grand Avenue Kansas CIty, Me 64106

Ralph Jefferson, AlA Architect 497 SprIngfIeld Avenue Summit, NJ 07901

Ramon Zambrano & AssocIates Attn: Dan Ho I I and

10 15 Batt ery St reet San Franc I sca. CA 94111

Rasmussen Hobbs Architects/Planners mn: D. L. Hobbs, AlA 19 Saint Helens

The Henry Drum House Tacona, WA 98402

Raymond E. Ph I III ps, Arch Itect Attn: Raymond E. Ph II I Ips, AlA 703 SW MeKI n ley

Des Mblnes, IA 50315

Raymond J. Bahm 2513 KImberley Ct. NW "I buquerque, NM 87120

Reyn Hendrickson 4480 Grand River Street Novl, MI 48050

RI chard Schwarz/Nell Weber Attn: Nell 'feber, AlA 3601 Park Center Boulevard MInneapolIs, MN 55416

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Riddick EngIneerIng COrporation,

Consultants Attn: James R. BaIley, P.E. 2310 First Netlonal BuIldIng

Little Rock, ~ 72201

Robb Axton, A I A 4741 Laurel Canyon Blvd. North Hollywood, CA 91607

Robert 01 ncecco Arch Iteet Attn: Robert Dlncecco 326 W. ,Lawrence Lane

Phoen I X. p;z 85021

Robert G. Werden & AssocI ates, Inc. Attn: WIllIam F. MIlburn P.O. Box 414 Jenkl ntown, PA 20736

Robert J. Johnson, Arch Itects 1220 Santa EBrbara St.

P.O. Box 2673 Santa EBrbara, CA 93101

Roche Dlnkeloo AssocIates Attn: Ms. CurtaIn 20 Oavl s Street H5I1den, CT 06517

Rogers~agel & Langhart, Inc. Attn: Mr. Roger Crosby 1576 Sherman Street Denver, CO 80203

Ron Plotras Northeast Carry Bu II ding

110 Water Street Hallowell, ME 04347

Ron Yeo, FA IAAreh Iteet, Inc. Attn: Ron Yeo, FAIA 500 Jasmine Avenue

(hrona Del Mar, CA 92625

Ronald R. C!!"l'bell & AssociaTes Attn: Jan Kafranlc 2150 North 107Th Street Seattle, WA 98133

Rotz Engl neers, Inc. Attn: Thomas OIl p 11 s 2828 North High School Ro!!d P.O. Box 24357 IndIanapolis, IN 46224

Rowe Ho I rres AssOCo Arch. Inc.

Attn: Dave Fronccok 215 S. Adams Street Tallahassee, FL 3230 1

RRI Attn: Kurt Johnson 157 Church Street New Haven, CT 06670

Sad I ron Deck Attn: Bruce Browne I I Alternative Energy

c/o Brownell Lumber Route 4 £denburgh, NJ 12134

Sam Cravotta {loe Des Ign MountaIn Fall RTE Winchester, VA 22601

Sargent, Webster, Crenshaw, Folley Attn: Donald Skowron 2112 ErIe Blvd. East Syracuse, NY 13224

Schaffer Bonavolonta Arch., Inc. Attn: M:lrt I n Schaffer 24 West ErIe Street

OIlcago, IL 60610

Sch I ppore It Inc. Attn: David Urschel One AmerIcan Plaza Evanston, I L 60201

SEl'<3roup Attn: DavId Wright AlA 418 Broad

Nevada City, CA 95959

Slerr!! EngIneerIng Attn: Tom Carver 1129 Tudor StreeT Lod I, CA 95240

Skoler & Lee ArchItects, p.C. Attn: KermIt J. Lee, Jr., AlA 1004 UniversIty Building Syracuse, NY 13202

SMALC/XRE Attn: JIm Pest I I 10

McClellan AFB Sacramento, CA 95652

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Smith, HInchman, and Gtylls Attn: Fenda I E. Swel ch

455 West Fort Street

Detroit, MI 48226·

Sol Tec Attn: J 1m Crouch

2160 CI ay Street Denver, CO 80211

Solar Building Corp. Attn: John Newnan 1004 Allen St. Lou I 5, I«l 63104

So I ar Des I gn Assoc I ates /lttn: Steven J. Strong

Conant Road LIncoln, MA 01713

Solar Environmental Engineering Attn: Dave Gunther

2524 East Vine Drive Fort Ooillns, CO 80524

Solar Processes Inc. Attn: Gordon PreIss 11 Ve I vet Lane

Mystic. CT 06355

Solar Technology Systems Att n: Char I es Orr 81A Upper St. Giles St. Norwl ch, ENGLAND NR21AB

Solarex COrporatIon Attn: MIrth Bozman .1335 PI ccard Dr I ve

Rocky I I Ie, Me 20850

South Street Des I gn Attn: Oon Prowl er 2233 Grays Ferry Avenue Phi L.delph I a, PA 19146

Southern Solar Energy Center !Itt n: S.C. Ne I son 61 Perimeter Park

!ltlanta, G'. 30341

Steelcraft COrporation

Attn: Gary Ford Box 12408 Menphls, TN 38112

Sunrise Bu II ders ,/lttn: RI ch Schwa I sky

1'.0. Box 125 Gratton, VT 05146

Sverdrup and Parcel Eng & Arch Attn: Frank Kessler 1650 W. Alameda Drive

:rell1le, AZ 85282

Tackett Way Lodholz /lttn: George Way 3121 Buffalo Speedway -Slite 400 Houston, TX 77098

Talbot & Associates /lttn: Thomas L. Alnscough, AlA

,P.O. Box 2224

VI rgl n I a Beach, VA 23452

Texas Tech University /lttn: Professor 'Car I Ch II ders

Division of Architecture Box 4140 Lubbock, TX 79409

The ArchItects COllaborative /lttn: Ms. Ga I I Flynn

46 Brattle Street ClI1Ibrldge, MA 02138

The Arch I tects Taos /lttn: William Mlngenbach Box 1884

Taos, NM 87571

The Architectural Alliance Attn: Peter Pfister, AlA 400 Clifton Avenue Minneapolis, M'J 55403

The Burns/Peters Group /lttn: William L. Burns, AlA ~OOO Pennsylvania Circle NE Albuquerque, NM 87110

D15t-14

)

The Burr AssociaTes, Archl~ecture & Planning

AtTn: Donald F. Burr, FAIA P.O. Box 99885, Lakewood CenTer Tacoma, WA 98499

The Clark Enerson ParTnership AtTn: Dlar I es L. Thorrsen 600 NBC Center LI nco I n, NE 6850B

The Hawkeed Group Ltd. Attn: Rodney Wright, AlA 4643 N. C I ark St reet 011 cage, I L 60640

The OrcutT/Winslow Partnership Attn: Paul Winslow AlA 1109 North Second StreeT

-Phoen I X. AZ 85004

The Royal Arch. InstituTe of Canada (RIACl AtTn: Robbins ElliotT lSI Slater Ottawa canada KIP 5H3

Th e Wo I f Pa rTnersh I p Ar ch I ~cts Attn: William G. Schlmeneck. AlA ATtn: Paul J. Schmitz, AlA 7 South 7th Street AllentOln, PA 18101

Thoms Russe II 80 Shield StreeT Wes~ Hartford, CT 06110

Thoms Vonler Associates Attn: Peter H. Smeal II e Suite 413 2000 P Street, NW Wash I ngton, CC 20036

Thoms W. Merr II r Arch I Tects AtTn: Thomas W. Mlrrlll 321 SW SIxth Albany, OR 97321

Total Design Four Attn: carter Howard P.O. Drawer 3947 Corpus Dlr I st I, 1X 78404

Total EnvironmenTal ACTion Attn: Peter Temple Church HI II Harrisville, NH 03450

Trel11s & Watkins 6565 Pennacook Court COlumbia, M:l 21045

Trynor Hermnson & Hahn Architects Attn: Gilbert F. Hahn, AlA 311 Medical Arts Building Box 156 St. Cloud, """ 56301

University of Arizona Attn: Mlr I e Jensen Environmental Research Laboratory Tucson, AZ 85706

UniversIty of Arkansas Attn: James Lambeth, AlA 1591 CI ark FayetTevll Ie, AR 72701

University of North Carolina Attn: Dean Dlarles Hight College of Architecture UI'CC Stat I on CharlotTe, NC 28223

University of PuerTo Rico AtTn: Angel Lopez Ctr for Energy and EnvironmenTal Research College Stat I on Mayaquez, P.R. 00708

UniversiTY of Southern California AtTn: Ralph Knowles School of Architecture and Fine Arts Los Angeles, CA 90007

USDA Forest Service Engineering Attn: Robert Leca I n P.O. Box 7669 Missoula, MT 59807

VanOerRyn Calthorpe & Partners AtTn: Peter calthorpe Drawer 7 Inverness, CA 94937

Walter S. Withers Architect Attn: WeI Iter S. WI thers, AlA 1250 Chambers Road Co I umbus, OH 43212

Dlst-1S

Warehouse SpeclaHS't. Inc. mn: M!lrk van Deyeelat

655 BrIghton Beach Road Mlnasha, WI ~95Z

Warner Burns Toan lunde mnl FrItz Lunde 330 W. 42nd St rae"," New York, NY 10016

WED EnterprIses mn: MIke McCulfough 1401 FIOIIers Street·

Glendale. CA 9120t

Wendell H. Lowtt Arch Iteet mn: W3ndell H. lovett. FAt.A

·2134 ThIrd Avenue Seattle, WA 981Zr

WIllIam Drevo Arch:l't8Ct mn: WIlliam Drevo. AlA 6125 29th Street. NW IiI!Ishlngton, tc 20015

WIlli am J. Bates Arch I teet mn: WIllI am J. Bates, AlA 57 MarlIn DrIve West Pittsburgh. PA 15216

WIllIam Morgan ArchItect Attn: Thol!lls A. McCrary. A I A

220 East Forsyth Street Jacksonvll Ie, FL 32202

William Tao & AssocIates Attn: RIchard Janus 2357 59th Street

St. Lou I s. MO 63110

WillIam Tholllls Meyer. AlA Attn: WIllIam T. Meyer 353 East 72nd Street New York. NY 10021

WrIght. PIerce. Eng. & Arch. Attn: Oouglas WIlkIe

38 Roosevelt Avenue Glen Head. NY 11545

Wr I ght-P I erce AssocI ates & Eng. mn: &lr~rZl Freeman 99 lola I n Street Topsham, ME' 04086

ZOEworks mn: Garth CollIer. AlA 70 Zoe Street San FrancIsco, CA 94107

lomeworks Inc. mn: Steve &ler P.O. Box 712 Albuquerque. NM 87103

Dist-16

-tr u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1982-0-576-021/533

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