December 2012December 2012

Symposium Report

Resilient Rural Housingin South West Bangladesh

AcknowledgementsThis project was funded by the Department for International Development under contract number 2210082. It was delivered in the village of Boro Kupot, Satkhira district, south west Bangladesh, with the help and support of the local community, in association with field partners Practical Action Bangladesh, DHARA, the Self-Help Promotion Network, Plastic Buddha/People's Voice Community Video and Risal Ahmed. RESET Development is very grateful to all partners and particularly the inhabitants of Boro Kupot for their involvement in this project.

CreditsAuthorRESET Development

Design & layoutMarianna Magklara

Cover ImageBefore the cyclone the land was green, Nikki Linsell

Published by RESET Development16 Hoxton Square, N1 6NT, Londonemail: info@reset-development.orgwebsite: www.reset-development.org

The Self-HelpPromotionNetwork

DHARACommunity based training & development

Table of contents

1 Introduction ............................................4

1.1 Research overview ..................................4

1.2 Symposium summary ...........................5

2 Day One ...................................................7

2.1 Post-Sidr Family Shelter Construction | Rumana Kabir ...............................................7

2.2 Overview of CDMP Phase 2 | Kabita Bose ....................................................................7

2.3 Communicating technologies at the Grass-Roots | Robert Hodgson ................8

2.4 Flood proofing homes on island Chars in NW Bangladesh | Ric Goodman ...............................................................................8

2.5 Housing and hazards: A regional perspective | Iftekhar Ahmed.....................9

3 Day Two .................................................10

3.1 Innovations in housing: Materials & technologies | Shabbir Ahmed ..............10

3.2 UNDPs core family shelter design | Steven Goldfinch .........................................10

3.3 Community driven family shelter | Iqbal Ahmed & Bikash Sarker .................10

3.4 Experience sharing on resettlement in NW Bangladesh | Azit Roy ...................11

3.5 Innovations in housing: Solidarities international | Moinul Islam Apu ...........11

3.6 Livelihood approach of transitional shelter | Kaiser Rejve & Humayun Tulukder ..........................................................12

3.7 Community participation: Looking through an “Outsiders Eyes” | Risal Ahmed .............................................................12

3.8 Shelter reconstruction : Cyclone Aila recovery programme | Sharifur Rahman .............................................................................12

3.9 Rammed earth construction | Abdun Nime .................................................................13

3.10 Innovations in housing: Care Bangladesh | Mizanur Rahman ...............13

4 Day Three ..............................................14

4.1 Experience sharing on resettlement in NW Bangladesh | Dipok Chandra Roy .............................................................................14

4.2 Cyclone resistant housing using pre-cast components | M A Wahed ......14

4.3 Workshop 1: Lessons learnt & missing gaps .................................................14

4.4 Workshop 2: Technical working groups .............................................................15

Appendix - List of attendants .................17

DHARACommunity based training & development

1.1 Research overview

With an aim to understand the damages in the housing and infrastructures for better rebuilding, a team of experts visited the cyclone Sidr and cyclone Aila affected areas of Satkhira and Bagerhat District from 12th December to 16th December, 2010, as part of a larger research project in which this symposium was organised to support (managed by RESET Development and Practical Action Bangladesh and funded by DFID).

Through 73 individual interviews and 9 focus group discussions a number of socio-economic issues where identified. The main problem of the people in these areas is safe drinking water and cyclone and flood resistant housing and shelter. There seems to be a lack of awareness about the building materials. Most of the local population are involved in shrimp farming, which has caused damage to the soil fertility and thus agricultural production due to excessive saline intrusion into the soil. In some villages, permanent migration of people took place due to lack of employment opportunities after Sidr and Aila.

Potential threats identified included:

Climate change

Sea water level raise

Deforestation

River erosion and embankment damage

Salination of water and soil

Possible measures for risk reduction include:

Stop embankment cutting

Stop shrimp culture

Rebuild embankment

River dredging

Forestation

Build drainage channels

The technical team evaluated 14 NGO built houses within the region and conducted Post Occupancy Evaluation. A common concern of the inhabitants was that these are not cyclone/ hazard resistant and are concerned whether they will actually withstand a strong storm.

Following a survey of the occupant satisfaction levels in the two regions, two contrasting scenarios came to surface. It was observed that the locals in the Bagerhat region, which received substantial relief operations after the cyclone Sidr, became overly-dependent on aid and reluctant to enhance their local habitat themselves. On the other hand, in Satkhira where the effects of cyclones were more severe and less relief provided, the people here seemed more proactive and easily content with less help.

Full details and updates of the research will be posted up on www.raft-network.net

1 Introduction

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1.2 Symposium summary

Held at the Local Government Engineering Department, RDEC, Bhaban (level 12), Argargaon, Dhaka from the 24th-26th Januaray 2011, this symposium was organised by Practical Action Bangladesh and RESET Development and funded by DFID.

This expert working sysmposium on Technical Design for Community Adapted Affordable Housing hoped to address issues relating to rural housing in the S.W. of Bangladesh by bringing together technical experts, international, regional and community based organisations, and help develop recommendations on how to support householders make better informed choices when creating or adapting their home. Importantly this event included representatives from a wide range of backgrounds (from international NGO’s to local masons and headmasters from particulary vulnerable vilalges) to create the opportunity to develop greater cross-communication and cooperation with all actors invovled in the shelter sector for this region.

Specifically this event hoped to focus on low-cost community driven solutions to increasing housing resilience and the important and developing field of community participatory approaches and capacity building as part of the reconstruction process. to quote Professor Robert Hodgson, ‘Developing low cost housing for Bangladesh should not be seen as a project ot design a low cost house. It should be sees as a process which enables householders to make more informed choices and to share knoweldge and expertise within ttheir communities’.

The symposium was seperated into three parts: the inagural session, presentations from experts, and workshops. Country Director of Practical Action Bangladesh

delivered a welcome speech and provided a breif overview of the goals and objectives of the project. Special guest Dr.Aslam Alam, Secretary, Ministry of Disaster Management & Relief Division boldly commented that many current programmes perhaps should more honestly be called ‘Build Back Faster’ rather than better. Believing that community adaptation and affordability are very important issues, designs should be location specific and should take advantage of simple innovations to make homes more resilient.

Cheif guest Proffessor Jamilur Reza Chowdhury, former Vice President of BRAC University and advisor to the caretaker government followed by first commenting that lots of studies have been done but not many of these publications have been put into practice. Now the time has come to collate and make relevant all this research to the needs of the each location. Chowdhury discussed the increasing awareness of the importance of ecological construction, even within reconstruction settings and proposed that after this symposium he would like to see further training of technicians and greater material available in Bangladesh.

Over three days, presentations from a variety of different organisations and experts where delivered to support the sharing of field experiences, research findings, institutional philosophy and notions on rural housing approaches & designs. Some of the key discussions are summarised as follows:

A house is not just a unique solution but rather a solution integrated with associated facilities and livelihood activities

To build a resilient home, skilled construction expertise is needed, but is currently scarce in the locality

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After Aila and Sidr, it was found that beneficiaries where dissatisfied with benefficary selection & people have become expectant on pucca houses

Local government has played an important role & should be seen as a good opportunity for better implementation of future projects

There is a need to create awareness among house owners on appropriate construction & maintenance of their homes

Presentations can be watched and downloaded fromslideshare.net/RaftNetwork/presentations

Prior to the design of a new development, emphasis should be given on indigenous ideas, knowledge and experiences from the target community

More focus should be given on sustainable employment and livelihood activities during a reconstruction period

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2.1 Post-Sidr Family Shelter Construction | Rumana Kabir

Rumana Kabir from Abashon Development Practitioners presents the findings of Shelter Working Group, who, in the first two years after Cyclone Sidr hit Bangladesh, documented the works of all the organisations that were involved in providing shelter assistance with the aim of finding out the best practices which would help the agencies be better prepared for future disasters. Both the process and the product were examined within a shelter program and huge emphasis was placed on the beneficiaries’ point of view. The main concern was to see whether we are producing a house only, or combining it with other issues of water and sanitation and disaster risk reduction.

The presentation touched on quite a number of issues and suggested possible ways of moving forward. A very important realisation that came up was the fact that only 5% of all the affected houses were built with external assistance, which means that no matter how the government or other organisations try, they can only contribute to the recovery of a very small portion of all the damaged houses and therefore, construction projects are probably not the only solution to people’s housing problems. The Government’s approach was scrutinised for its lack of transparency and accountability and failure to live up to promised standards.

The issue of equity is another challenge as the costs of individual houses from the concerned organisations ranged from Tk. 30,000 to 300,000. As the most vulnerable sector received the quickest response, and as a result, poor quality houses, their

vulnerabilities were in some cases re-instilled. It was disappointing to find out that despite land tenure being a burning issue; only two organisations took up advocacy campaigns for the landless. Among the recommendations based on the shortcomings were the need to work in conjunction with the manufacturers to ensure quality or create own production centre to provide livelihood opportunities, the need for effective contingency planning and the need to look into the possibilities of repairing and training rather than direct delivery. Finally, the need to disperse this knowledge gained to all the relevant organisations, from the government to CBO’s, was emphasised.

ABASHON DEVELOPMENTwww.abashon.co.uk

2.2 Overview of CDMP Phase 2 | Kabita Bose

Kabita Bose introduces and provides a very informative overview on the latest programmes being implemented by the CDMP (Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme). The presentation provides an initial summary of the context and current threats being faced by Bangladesh and the potential climate change impacts (increased frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, droughts, river bank & coastal erosion, water logging etc).

Following on from this, Bose describes the institutional and policy instruments that have been put in place to help support and strengthen the countries resilient capacity (which includes the CDMP), as well as the different organisational bodies involved in their implementation.

2 Day One

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The CDMP’s main objective, with it first vphase from 2004-2009 and now in its second phase (2010 – 2014), is to support people oriented disaster management & risk reduction partnerships. The current programme covers 40 districts and includes capacity building, DRR &CAA main streaming and an extensive knowledge management programme (of particular note in regards to shelter is their database of cyclone shelters that can be found on their website).

CYCLONE SHELTER INFORMATION DATABASEwww.dmic.org.bd/csdb

2.3 Communicating technologies at the Grass-Roots | Robert Hodgson

Dr. Robert Hodgson provides an invaluable overview of the experiences and lessons from the Housing & Hazards group, of which Hodgson was one of the founding members 15 years ago. The group was set-up to investigate what choices people had at designing and developing their homes and how support could help at increasing their options to respond to their needs and decrease their vulnerability. This was, and still is seen as a communication challenge, sharing construction knowledge across the whole of the country and developing networks to help in the dissemination at all levels.

The investigation by Housing & Hazards led to the belief that the current process was too top-down and what was needed was individual solutions for individual needs. A key approach was thus to look at better ways of communicating technologies to home owners themselves.

In this presentation Hodgson emphasises that communication is a two way process and that a better understanding of the complex relationship between external

and local actors is needed. Examples such as graphic construction representations must not assume an understanding of the symbols and innovations need to be translated for both organisation and beneficiary level. Hodgson proposes that these innovations must be Appropriate, Accessible, Available and Affordable for them to be of benefit and also goes on to discuss other social issues such as aspirations of modernity restricting uptake. The audience also highlighting the inter generational differences and challenges when it comes to home design.

HOUSING & HAZARDSwww.housingandhazards.org

2.4 Flood proofing homes on island Chars in NW Bangladesh | Ric Goodman Ric Goodman from the Chars Livelihood Programme (CLP) provides an introduction to the DFID funded work (and now also AUSaid) in the Northern Chor district of Bangladesh. The presentation offers a different approach to dealing with flooding in the northern context by looking at plinth raising and subsequent livelihood generation via a cash for work programme.

The CLP (which has now been running for about 5 years) was developed to support the reduction of vulnerability solely in the Island Chors which are permanently surrounded by water throughout the year. This leaves people very vulnerable both to nature, politics and very weak access to markets in terms of trade and services. This presentation identifies a number of key topical issues that have been identified via the CLP plinth raising approach.

These include; gender disparities with cash for work contracts, cost-benefit analysis of raised homestead plinths (currently

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estimated at 2.5% annual depreciation), opportunities for enhancing local green infrastructure, infrastructure; land tenure issues (even localised resettlement became an issue).

www.clp-bangladesh.org

2.5 Housing and hazards: A regional perspective | Iftekhar Ahmed

Dr. Iftekhar Ahmed, from the Climate Change Adaptation Programme, Global Cities Research Institute RMIT University, provides an essential overview of his professional and research experiences with post-disaster reconstruction within the Asian context over the past decade.

Ahmed gives a wealth of examples, including Vietnam 2006, Jogja 2006, Indonesia 2007, Pakistan 2007, Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh. The evaluation of these different reconstruction projects exemplifies some of the key issues around the process of housing provision and the importance of local capacity building and knowledge sharing. Many of the case studies discussed centre around understanding local contexts, cultural acceptability and the importance of community participatory approaches and construction training to achieve sustainable, resilient homes over a longer period of time. These processes of coming to a community engaged consensus is often much more effective than international donors providing a one-off house. This product driven approach rarely links with other issues such as infrastructure, energy and water supplies and local livelihood development.

An essential study conducted in Aceh post-tsunami 2007, compared the ecological foot print and carbon dioxide emission of four reconstructed houses using Life Cycle Assessments. The findings

indicated that the traditional house typology, although producing very little green house gas emissions over its life cycle, has a significant ecological footprint due to requirements of land and water. However compared to most reconstruction housing by humanitarian agencies, the footprint of a traditional house is still much less.

Dr. Ahmed, further goes onto explain through projects in Pakistan and then Bangladesh, that if one embeds the notion that a house is not just a product through increasing local knowledge and capacity (via community construction training), then the results will become more sustainable and relevant to each local context. Giving people the opportunity and knowledge allows them to make their own choices and reduces common aid-driven programmes.

www.global-cities.info

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3.1 Innovations in housing: Materials & technologies | Shabbir Ahmed

Dr. Ahmed, Professor at the department of architecture at BUET, shares lessons from an academic exercise conducted in Sharankhola of Bagerhat in the aftermath of cyclone Sidr. Through the homestead analysis of the region, many interesting observations were made about different materials and methods of construction. According to him, it is important to look beyond innovative joinery details and understand the big picture.

He touched on quite a number of issues such as affordability, defensive landscaping, government planning, etc. Ahmed thinks what is immediately needed is the integration of rural housing guidelines into the national building codes of Bangladesh. He welcomes the government’s initiative to ensure home for everyone by the year 2015, and hopes they would be disaster resilient ones. He asks specialists to contribute to knowledge building so that we do not keep on reinventing the wheel.

GrACe at BUEThttp://gracebuet.wordpress.com

3.2 UNDPs core family shelter design | Steven Goldfinch

Steven Goldfinch, project manager at the UNDP, clearly describes the reasons, processes and experiences of the UNDP’s involvement in shelter support within Bangladesh in recent years. It was whilst working with the IFRC on the emergency shelter cluster, and the early recovery phase, the UNDP identified an opportunity to work with the government to look at

rural housing. Further research showed that there wasn’t a wealth of information on rural policy and guidelines, so the first thing they did was to document best practices with the ADPC.

Then in collaboration with DFID and by utilising their own resources, UNDP developed the ‘core family shelter’ programme, and which Goldfinch goes onto describe it’s 2 stage approach. This presentation includes not only analysis of some of the design details but also the constraints and opportunities encountered through the complex, contractor driven approach to its delivery.

UNDP - www.undp.org

3.3 Community driven family shelter | Iqbal Ahmed & Bikash Sarker

Iqbal Ahmed (Emergency Programme) and Bikash Sarker (Shelter Coordinator) presented on behalf of Muslim Aid their experience of taking up a community driven approach in their shelter assistance after cyclone Sidr. The initial dilemma over the process of construction was a big one but MA took a risk on taking up a community driven approach on such a large scale. The involvement of beneficiaries was present at every stage of the construction, from design to implementation, with MA providing money in 7 installments. The lessons from similar projects in Sri Lanka after the Indian Ocean tsunami came in handy where 40% of the houses were incomplete because of the money being handed out at one go. Also, they created groups of 10 households so that the members could help the most vulnerable ones in the group.

3 Day Two

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One of the difficulties faced was the land ownership issue which was evaluated by MA’s legal adviser. Micro-credit support was lent to helpless families to enable them to buy a piece of land collectively. Some families started building larger plinths in the hope of a larger house without realising the financial consequences and MA had to discourage them. When MA realized that few families ran into debts in order to complete the houses, they started to integrate livelihood programmes to support them. They also believe it was easier to involve the community in projects that were not funded by external donors.

MUSLIM AIDwww.muslimaid.org

3.4 Experience sharing on resettlement in NW Bangladesh | Azit Roy

Azit Roy, a social housing researcher from Nirapad Bangladesh (SAFE), who also happens to be a poet and a singer, shared his experiences of community participation from working with people in three different projects. In the hands-on workshop in Dinajpur, where local and international students worked with the village people on local construction techniques, the students were required to stay in those villages for months to get themselves accustomed to the local context and gain a wider perspective. Azit’s point is that one needs to establish a connection of hearts before going on with any project.

It is important to get one’s hands dirty to be able to grasp what is written in the papers. Whatever one plans or suggests, one needs to do it himself first. The inclusion of local masons in the building process and the interchange of skills in different projects are also essential for effective knowledge building.

In the school project built in Noakhali after Sidr, the children were consulted at every stage of the process, who came up with practical solutions such as the provision of a mezzanine floor which they can use for recreation even if the structure is flooded. Each child participated in painting the school which is important to develop a sense of belonging in the community. In another plantation project, the people were inspired to participate as trees would provide shade in the event of the popular annual football match. A great way of disseminating knowledge is through songs, which if taught to children can get the message across to the elders. It is also a good idea to organize exhibitions at the end of any project. The presentation ended with a wonderful song rendered by Azit when everyone joined the chorus to truly uplift the spirit of participation.

3.5 Innovations in housing: Solidarities international | Moinul Islam Apu

Mr. Apu from Solidarities International discusses their shelter experiences post-Sidr, in particular discussing the importance of community orientated, context specific approaches to shelter response. By analysing and evaluating the local vernacular construction Solidarities produced designs based on local tradition to ensure better acceptance from the communities.

Apu also provides some very valuable recommendations to both the coordination approach (including increased reporting and dissemination) and technical designs (including supporting the self-reconstruction with improved training).

SOLIDARITIES INTERNATIONALwww.solidarites.org

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3.6 Livelihood approach of transitional shelter | Kaiser Rejve & Humayun Tulukder

This presentation looks at post-disaster shelter assistance in the light of social science and how such projects can be integrated with livelihood opportunities. Oxfam has mainly been involved in emergency and transitional shelter programmes in Bangladesh as well as other parts of South Asia. Their response to Sidr was through emergency shelter, while they took up a limited number of transitional shelters for Aila affected people. Within the allocated budget for one family home, Oxfam provided CGI sheets and pillars and gave the rest to the concerned family which allowed them some freedom with the choice of other materials and labour. These were supplemented by other livelihood supports such as CFW (Cash for Work) programmes.

Many interesting findings came up from the follow-up work after Sidr, of which a great number is related to gender issues. As NGO’s often target women as beneficiaries, this has led to early marriages and polygamy. Also designing a house unit for a nuclear family is not particularly helpful in a culture where living together as joint families is the practice. These issues are very sensitive and Oxfam invited every organization who works in the humanitarian sector to pay attention to them and share similar findings.

OXFAMwww.oxfam.org

3.7 Community participation: Looking through an “Outsiders Eyes” | Risal Ahmed

Risal Ahmed, a fresh graduate from the department of Architecture of Brac

University, gives an interesting insight into the community participation process in Disaster Resilient Habitat project in Shatkhira. According to him, trust is the essential component in any form of participatory programme and he, along with his partners, worked on building trust over a long period of time.

A workshop was held in the region where people were asked to build models of their dream houses and later, another workshop was organised with the same people in Dhaka where they worked towards a more rational solution. With the result a demonstration house is built in Shatkhira, not with radical structural innovations but simple changes in methods, where the ‘outsiders’ are staying and working with people on building the rest of the houses.

3.8 Shelter reconstruction : Cyclone Aila recovery programme | Sharifur Rahman

Sharifur Rahman shares the process of shelter construction of British Red Cross’s cyclone Aila recovery programme. Shelter and water and sanitation came out as the major problems from the initial needs assessment. Through focused group discussions with the community, a draft design was developed which was checked for wind resistance using computer software by the technical experts.

For better wind resistance, hipped roof was suggested instead of gabled roof, which is also popular with the local practice. A proto-type of the house is now being built by British Red Cross which would determine the changes that need to be done before going out for larger scale construction.

BRITISH RED CROSSwww.redcross.org.uk

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3.9 Rammed earth construction | Abdun Nime

Abdun Nime, basically a landscape specialist, shares his story of how he was introduced to rammed earth construction and what he has learnt from his recent works. Some of his major feats have been working with Anna Herringer and Khandoker Hasibul Kabir in the Aga Khan Award winning METI school at Dinajpur, with Architect Nahas Khalil at Housing and Building Research Institute (HBRI), with Martin Rauch at Lintz University of Austria and with Robert Hodgson at Dinajpur.

He discusses the benefits of utilising local materials and points out some of the innovative construction methods with rammed earth, such as mixing a certain amount of cement or using milk for floor finishes. He is currently working on promoting rammed earth as a local and environment friendly material for modern architectural projects in Dhaka.

3.10 Innovations in housing: Care Bangladesh | Mizanur Rahman

Mizanur Rahman shared experiences from CARE Bangladesh’s shelter program after Sidr, focusing mainly on the family core shelter and school-cum cyclone shelters. CARE’s response was different from that of Muslim Aid both in their choice of materials and implementation process, which was direct delivery, although the involvement of community was ensured in the construction monitoring phase.

The inclusion of rainwater harvesting plant with each house was a major step to ensure safe drinking water for the beneficiaries. In case of cyclone shelters, attention was given to the provision of ramps rather than stairs and the paving up of surrounding roads for better accessibility.

Although CARE’s initial strategy was to build through contractors, discarding the idea was beneficial at the end as it ensured transparency and the quality of materials. Another challenge faced by CARE and other organizations alike was the lack of coordination between different government bodies and also the lack of a standard implementation strategy and material specification from the Shelter Working Group at that time. However, these have helped in the learning process and as a result, CARE is confident that their shelter response after cyclone Aila have been largely improved.

CARE BANGLADESHwww.carebd.org

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4.1 Experience sharing on resettlement in NW Bangladesh | Dipok Chandra Roy Mr Dipok Chandra Roy provides an overview of Practical Actions work on cluster village resettlements in the Gaibandha region of Bangladesh, an area heavily effected by river erosion and disappearing lands.

Practical Actions approach was a horizontal level, cross-sectoral, hat addressed both health, education, infrastructure and housing. Roy acknowledges some of the major challenges faced; beneficiary selection, transportation and access as well as issues with land tenure and purchasing, along with discussing the social, economic and environmental impacts of such schemes.

PRACTICAL ACTIONwww.practicalaction.org

4.2 Cyclone resistant housing using pre-cast components | M A Wahed Mr. Wahed from the Housing and Buildings Research Institute, Bangladesh, provides a wealth of technical information around their current developments with pre-cast concrete and stilt housing designs. This presentation includes full costings and construction detailing and discusses some of the opportunities that ferro-cement can bring to this sector.

HOUSING BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTEwww.hbri.gov.bd

4.3 Workshop 1lessons learnt & missing gaps

The first workshop consisted of 36 delegates being split into 6 groups and asked to discuss and present their opioninos on what they have learnt, and what they felt was missing from current discourse on the subject.

Issues that were discussed:

Greater awareness of ecological construction

Awareness of different organisations involvement in housing resettlement

Various concepts and approaches towards affordable housing

Additional services need to be incorporated into design process

Assess community needs, material avaialbiliyt, cultural diversity

Consider livelihood support along with housing

Interlinking of modern and indigenous technologies

Concept of 3 w’s: Who, What, Where

Vernacular awareness

4 Day Three

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Issues still to be discussed:

Affordability, in whose point of view?

Environment Impact Assessment?

Full community participation, including financial, self-help, ownership etc.

Long term degredation of soil

Awareness raising for sustainable forestry

Transparency & Accountancy

Improved mechanisms for coordination

Ecological landscaping

Disability issues

Salinity issues

Landless issues

4.4 Workshop 2Technical working groups

The second workshop sperated the delegates into three working groups: Policy, Social & Technical. Over the afternoon the groups discusses the issues they would like to develop as a part of future discussions.

Policy

Existing Policy Review National House Building Policy, National House Building Code, Bangladesh House Building Finance Cooperation, Integrated Coastal Management Policy (BCCSAP-2009)

New Policy Design for South West Coastal Region through participatory processes

Financial Issues

Working GroupNational, district, sub-district, union and community

Land Selection ProcessAgriculture, water body, khash land

Environmental IssuesClimate change risks, vulnerability, scarce resources, EIA’s

PartnershipsGOB and NGO collaboration, local partnership development

ImplementationMonitoring comittee, feedback

Social

Beneficiary Selection

Land Arrangement

Knowledge Sharing

Livelihood Selection

Health, Education, IGA

CommunityInvolvement/Empowerment

Special issues Gender, Disability, Religion

Technical

PlinthHeight 3.5ft to 4ft, Material either mud, fero-cement, mud mixed with wood-dust, must also have a suitable slope

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Post StructureRCC post 6inch x 6inch at corners, wooden posts in middle

Cross Bracing

WallsMud wall reinforced with wood, bamboo mat, CI sheet at base

Roof MaterialCI sheet with a thickness of 0.35mm, Golpata, fero-cemenet corrugated sheet

Roof StructureWood, bamboo, metal, 4 x pitch

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Humayun KabirMuhammad IbrahimTamzidul IslamDulal HossenVeena KhalequeIqbal KarimDipok Chandra RoyAhmed AliSazzad Hosain MiahTahmina RahmanM.A QuanyumM.A MartinAnisujjaman UjjalW BabarAnayet Hossain TopadarS.M AlauddinAnisur Rahman ChowdhuryUttam Kumar ShahaAbdullah Al MamunFarul Ul IslamHaseeb IrfanullahKazi NasimaAbdur RobGiah UddinFarid UzzamanAfsari BegumDelwar HossainAshek ElahiEliusSharifur RahmanRobert HodgsonNikki LinsellIftekhar AhmedHasnal AlamProdip K SarkarAzit RoyJohn ArnoldKazi Enayet HossainPatrick PalmaDash LitonMoinul Islam ApuAbdun NimeShikh AsadRasiqual IslamSteven GoldfinchWassim AkhterMostaque AhmedMozharul HuqMonir UzzamanN Goodman

OxfamPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPractical Action BangladeshPROGOTIRadioRed CrossREDR / Housing & HazardsRESET DevelopmentRMITRRFRRFSAFESAFESCOPESelf Help Promotion NetworkShushilonSolidarities InternationalTriiUdayan BangladeshUN BangladeshUNDPUNDP - UPPRUNDP DhakaUNDP DhakaW S D

ArchitectGIS ExpertSupport staffCountry DirectorInfrastructure ServicesProject Co-ordinatorTechnology Promotion OfficerProgramme ManagerDisaster Management SpecialistIT Co-ordinatorConsultantCommunication OfficerHead FAPITAgro Processing SpecialistCo-ordinatorSenior Project ManagerProject ManagerProject ManagerHead ODUTLConsultantTLHR Co-ordinatorResearch OfficerCo-ordinatorAssitant EngineerSecretary

Founding MemberDirector & TrusteeResearch FellowAssistant Director, Development ProgrammeDocumentation OfficerCEOEngineerExecutive DirectorCo-ordinatorReporting & Documentation OfficerWash & Shelter Programme ManagerCEOExecutive DirectorStaff WriterProgramme Specialist (DM)Urban Plannign ExpertCivil EngineerSenior Advisor, Early RecoveryCo-ordinatorConsultant, Urban

Name Organisation Designation

Appendix - List of attendants

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DHARACommunity based training & development