Resech Design 2009

8/9/2019 Resech Design 2009

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Research Design

Presented by:-

Kuldeep singh 009

Amit Khanna 008


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Research DesignDefinition- Research design

provides a systematic plan of

procedure for the researcher

to follow. John W. Best.

Meaning

- a conceptual Structure

- a blueprint

- an outline of what the researcher will doResearch design is a set of advance decisions that make up

the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for

collecting and analyzing the needed information.


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All Research Designs should contain

answers to the following questions :

What the study is about ?

Why the study is undertaken ?

What are the types of data required ?

Where data can be found ?

What techniques of gathering data will be adopted ?

Where data can be found ?

In which areas, the study will be undertaken ?

When or what periods of time , the study will conclude ? How much resources (men ,money , and materials ) will berequired ?


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Aspects of Research Design

1. A clear statement of the research problem.

2. The purpose or objective of the research

3. The time period of research study

4. The sources of collecting data.

5. The procedures and techniques of collecting data.

6. The universe of research design.

7. The sample size of respondents , if any.

8. The area where research to be conducted.

9. The methods or techniques of data processing.

10. The resources required to conduct the research.


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Significance of Research Design

Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents blind search)

Yields maximum information (avoids collection of unnecessary data)

Costs least in terms of effort, time & money

Maximizes reliability of results

Provides firm foundation to the endeavor

Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless exercise

Helps organising ones ideas

Gives chance to foresee flaws & inadequacies (anticipates problems)

Incorporates by learning from others critical comments & evaluations

Like a successful journey,

Broadens your mind Gives fascinating & exciting experience

Gives insight into world around you

Provides opportunity to meet people

Gives fun and reward, but at times, very tedious


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Steps in Research Design

1. Define the research problem

2. Estimate the cost of informationIt is advisable

to find out the cost benefit ratio before proceeding

3. Select the source ofdata collection

4. Select the measurement techniques

5. Select the sample


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Steps in Research Design Cont..

6. Select the method of analysis Its depends upon

the selection of data sampling, measurement

technique, data collection, purpose of research

7. Find out time and cost needs

8. Prepare the research design


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Qualities of good Research Design

It is easy to suggest a problem but difficult to make

a good research design

Each problem/research work is unique & demands

unique research design & unique combination ofmethods and techniques

Comprehensive

Flexible


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Qualities of good Research Design Cont.

CHOOSES APPROPRIATE COMBINATION OF METHODS AND

TECHNIQUES :- This suggest that the design should be such that it

chooses appropriate combination of methods and techniques based on

objectives, possible implications of results and overall environment, current

knowledge etc.

SHOULD BE ACCEPTABLE:- This point suggests that the design should

be universally acceptable and understood by persons. It should be simple,

clear and easily understood by laymen.

Efficient, economical, maximum Reliability, minimum Biases & SmallestError:-


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Types of Research

Designs

Exploratory Descriptive Causal


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Exploratory Research

Explore- to find/ discover.

Purpose to find out causes behind a problem precisely, collect

required information and identify alternate courses of actionin order to deal with the problem

Uses of exploratory research include:

Gain background information.

To understand such problems.

Clarify problems and hypotheses.

Establish research priorities.


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Methods of Conducting Exploratory Research

1. Secondary data analysis

2. Experience (Expert) surveys

3. Case Analysis

4. Focus groups

Exploratory Research (Cont.)


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Descriptive Research

Researcher desires to know the characteristics of certaingroups such as age, sex, occupation income or

education.

Descriptive research

Cross sectional studies

Field studies surveys

Longitudinal studies

Panel methods


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Causal Research

As the name indicates ,casual design investigates the cause

and effect relationship between two or more variables.

Casual research is useful to show the impact of one variables

on the other. For example, Price and market demandrelationship or relationship between market competition and

sales performance.

Data collected:

Survey

Lab experiments


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SELECTING A STUDY

DESIGN


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The various designs have been classified by examining

them from different perspectives :

The number of contacts with the study population.

The reference period of study. The nature of investigation.

Others-some commonly used study designs which

are based on certain philosophy or methodology.


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Study Design Based on Number of

Contacts

Classified in Three groups :

Cross-sectional studies

Before and after studies

Longitudinal studies


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Also Known as one-shot or status studies

Commonly used design in social sciences

It is best suited to studies aimed at finding out

prevalence of a phenomenon, situation,

problem, attitude or issue, by taking a cross-section of population


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Steps involved are :- What you want to find out Identify the study population

Select a population

Select a sample

Contact your respondent to find out

information u need


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For example:-

Extent of unemployment in city Consumer satisfaction with a product.

Health needs of a community.

Reason for homelessness among youngpeople.

Relationship between home environment and

academic performance of student. Quality assurance of a service provided by

organisation.


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Advantages:- Only one contact with study population. Comparatively cheap.

Easy to analyze.

Disadvantages:-

They cannot measure change.


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Before And After Study Design

Most appropriate design for measuring the

impact or effectiveness of a program.

Described as two sets of cross-sectional

data collection points on the same

population to find out change in

phenomenon or variables. Change is measured by comparing the

differences in phenomenon or variables.


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Most commonly used for evaluation studies.

For example:- Effect of advertisement on sales of product.

Effect of random breath testing on roadaccidents.

Impact of incentives on productivity ofemployees in an organisation.

Impact of increased funding on quality ofteaching in universities.


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Advantages:- Measuring the impact or effectiveness of aprogram.

Disadvantages:-

Two sets of data being collected, so its quite

expensive, difficult to implement, takes longer time to

complete.

Time lapse between two contacts may results in

attrition in study population.

Maturation effect (studying young children).


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Reactive Effect (awareness).

The expression of an attitude in response to aquestionnaire or interview has cause them to

think about and alter their attitude at the time

of post-test. This type of effect is known as

Regression Effect (shift in attitude).


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Longitudinal Study Design Mainly used to determine pattern of change inrelation to time.

Useful for collecting factual information on a

continuing basis.

Ascertains trends in demand for labor, immigration,

changes in the incidence of disease or in the

mortality, morbidity, and fertility pattern of a

population. Basically the population is visited a number of times

at regular intervals to collect information.


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Time period can be as short as a week or as

long as a year. It can be seen as a series of repetitive cross-

sectional studies.

Advantages:-

It allows the researcher to measure the pattern

of change and obtain factual information,

requiring collection on a regular or continuing

basis, hence increase its accuracy.


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Disadvantages :-

Same as before and after study. Conditioning effect.


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Study Designs Based on Reference

Period

Time frame for exploring phenomenon,

situation, event or problem.

Categorization of studies :-

Retrospective;

Prospective;

Retrospective- Prospective.


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Retrospective study Design Investigates a phenomenon, situation, problemor issue happened in past.

Conducted on basis of past data available or

respondent recall of situation. For example :-

A historical analysis of migratory movements

in Eastern Europe between 1915 & 1945.


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Relation between levels of unemployment and

street crime. Utilization of land before world war 2 in

australia.

Prospective Study Design

An attempt to establish the outcome of an event

or what is likely to happen.


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Refer to likely prevalence of phenomenon,

situation, problem, attitude or outcome infuture.

Researcher must wait for an intervention toregister its effect on study population.

For example :- To determine the effect of random breath

testing on prevention of road accidents.

To find out effect of parental involvement onlevel of academic achievement of theirchildren.


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Retrospective- Prospective It focus on past trends in a phenomenon and

study it into future.

It measures the impact an intervention without

having a control group. A part of data is collected from records before

intervention is introduced and then study

population is followed to ascertain the impactof intervention.


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For example :-

Effect of advertisement on sale of product.

Effect of random breath testing on road

accidents.

Impact of incentives on productivity of the

employees of an organisation.


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THANK YOU

Documents

Resech Design 2009