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RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK

RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

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Page 1: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY

VIOLENCE Chapter 3

DR GINNA BABCOCK

Page 2: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Research Methods

• Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering and analysis—a theory is meaningless until tested in the empirical world. Data are useless until analyzed and explained with theory

• Common goals: advancement of general knowledge, to predict, explain, and to solve problems (latter usually left to the practitioners)

• Quantitative Research (general to specific; deductive); closed-ended questions

• Qualitative Research (specific to general; inductive); open-ended questions

• Sample: part of the population used in data-gathering (different kinds—random, representative, stratified, etc)

Page 3: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Family Violence Theory

• Social scientists acknowledge social interactions are not random acts

• Patterns of behavior are learned through socialization and passed from generation to generation

• Most family abuse theories developed from inductive, qualitative studies at the micro level in an ecological model

Page 4: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

The Classical School

• Individuals choose to engage in crime

• Cesare Beccaria = “father of classical criminology”

• People possess a free will and therefore have the ability to reason

• Laws must be written specifically to define criminal behavior as well as the punishment

• Dominant perspective for about 100 years

Page 5: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Rational Choice

• Criminal behavior is more than just a response to social pressures – is also a choice

• Determine the effectiveness of interventions in order to decide how best to reduce benefits of crime and increase the cost of criminal action

Page 6: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Deterrence Theory

• Punishment must be swift and certain in order to deter crime

• Deterrent effect of punishment can be specific or general in nature

• How effective deterrence is, and why it works or fails is not well understood

• Through deterrence, recidivism is reduced in some cases of family violence

Page 7: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

The Positive School-- Biological Theories

• Most controversial and have limited application to family violence

• Under this model violent or criminal behavior is beyond the control of the individual and caused by the person’s biology, genetics, etc

Page 8: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

The Positive School -- Sociological Theories

• Social Structure and Cultural Theories

• Culture of Violence Theory

• Social Disorganization Theory

• Strain Theory

• Gender-Role Theory

Page 9: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

The Positive School -- Psychological Theories

• Social Learning Theories

• People not born with violent tendencies

• Deviance learned through environment and life experiences (e.g., peers, media)

• Behavior Modeling Theory

• Intergenerational Transmission Theory (socialization)

Page 10: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Social Control Theories

• Attachment Theory

• Relationship develops between infant and primary caregiver affects relationships later in life

• Children secure in their attachments are easily comforted and move freely from caregiver to stranger

Page 11: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Individual Pathology and Male Batterers

• Small number of domestic violence perpetrators exhibit behaviors similar to a person suffering with personality disorders

• Highly resistant to counseling and other forms of intervention, suggesting psychopathological sickness

Page 12: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

The Conflict School

• Law is the means by which ruling class maintains control

• Lawmakers legitimize positions of superiority by dominating minorities and lower classes

• Poverty, minority status (including women) and unemployment important independent variables to conflict theorists

Page 13: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Patriarchal Theory

• Most widely used perspective on woman battering, also referred to as feminist approach

• Major tenets are:

• Gender relationships are a fundamental component of social life

• Power of men by virtue of their privileged status is the means by which women are controlled

• Ending the subordination of women by means of changing the social structure remains the major goal.

• Equal access and protection through law

Page 14: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Gender Inequality

• Female criminality has been ignored

• Female offenders seen as inferior and their crimes insignificant

• Chivalry hypothesis: women likely to be protected by the criminal justice system and given more lenient treatment

• In communities where mandatory arrest policies on domestic violence have been rigorously applied, number of female offenders has risen dramatically

• Experts argue that female offenders are self-defending against male aggression

Page 15: RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3RESEARCH & THEORY ON FAMILY VIOLENCE Chapter 3 DR GINNA BABCOCK Research Methods • Research involves two-pronged process of data-gathering

Multidimensional Theory

• Researchers are turning to this theory to understand the complexities of family violence

• “Ecological model” identified by U S Department of Health and Human Services as the best framework to address causes, consequences, and treatment formulations for abused children