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Research Terminology
A presentation for participants in
Student Support ServicesTroy University (Main Campus)
Troy AL 36082
Objective To help students gain understanding of
terms related to academic research
To help enhance studentsrsquo ability to readunderstand research compiled by other writers
To help prepare students to engage in the academic research research writing process
First what is Research ldquothe orderly investigation of a subject
matter for the purpose of adding to knowledgerdquo(Unesco)
ldquoinvestigating a new problem or phenomenonrdquo (Unesco)
Studying a subject or question that has already been studied in order to add knowledge or increase available data or information (Unesco)
Purpose of Most Research Observe and Describe (adjectives)
Predict (outcomes results) = applied statistics concepts
Determine Causes (Causality)
Explain results findings effects or issues (Analysis)
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Some Classes amp Types of Academic Research
Historical (Study of historical documents primary source material for the purpose of analysis for comparability and inconsistencies)
Review of Literature (summary and synthesis of research information
available on a topic)
Descriptive (requires observation of a situation without interference can be similar to a case study of a psychology or social science nature requires collection of information from various source types can lead to new discoveries)
Correlational (purpose is to show relationship between two or more situationsconditions or to see how one situationcondition impacts or provokes another condition ndash Topic Example Impact of hypertension on kidney health)
Causal comparative (seeks to establish causeeffect relationship or discourse)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
Classes amp Types (contrsquod)
Experimental (based on hypothesis or hypotheses that anticipate a relationship between at least two variables)
Case Study (study an actual situation to determine the application of a proposed idea or design)
Research and Development Research (marketingproduct design to create interests in something new or a foundation for an innovative product)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
The Fundamental of Any type of ResearchThe Hypothesis
After the problem is determined the hypothesis follows
Provides response(s) to the research questions before performing specific research to answer the particular question
Should be ldquotestablerdquondashprovable or not provable
Offers a simple explanation for an occurrence or natural phenomena
Should be realistic and reflective of critical thought about resources available to produce the anticipated result or situation
Often based on earlier research (a synthesis-based assertion)
Becomes the foundation on which to establish a proof
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
Objective To help students gain understanding of
terms related to academic research
To help enhance studentsrsquo ability to readunderstand research compiled by other writers
To help prepare students to engage in the academic research research writing process
First what is Research ldquothe orderly investigation of a subject
matter for the purpose of adding to knowledgerdquo(Unesco)
ldquoinvestigating a new problem or phenomenonrdquo (Unesco)
Studying a subject or question that has already been studied in order to add knowledge or increase available data or information (Unesco)
Purpose of Most Research Observe and Describe (adjectives)
Predict (outcomes results) = applied statistics concepts
Determine Causes (Causality)
Explain results findings effects or issues (Analysis)
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Some Classes amp Types of Academic Research
Historical (Study of historical documents primary source material for the purpose of analysis for comparability and inconsistencies)
Review of Literature (summary and synthesis of research information
available on a topic)
Descriptive (requires observation of a situation without interference can be similar to a case study of a psychology or social science nature requires collection of information from various source types can lead to new discoveries)
Correlational (purpose is to show relationship between two or more situationsconditions or to see how one situationcondition impacts or provokes another condition ndash Topic Example Impact of hypertension on kidney health)
Causal comparative (seeks to establish causeeffect relationship or discourse)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
Classes amp Types (contrsquod)
Experimental (based on hypothesis or hypotheses that anticipate a relationship between at least two variables)
Case Study (study an actual situation to determine the application of a proposed idea or design)
Research and Development Research (marketingproduct design to create interests in something new or a foundation for an innovative product)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
The Fundamental of Any type of ResearchThe Hypothesis
After the problem is determined the hypothesis follows
Provides response(s) to the research questions before performing specific research to answer the particular question
Should be ldquotestablerdquondashprovable or not provable
Offers a simple explanation for an occurrence or natural phenomena
Should be realistic and reflective of critical thought about resources available to produce the anticipated result or situation
Often based on earlier research (a synthesis-based assertion)
Becomes the foundation on which to establish a proof
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
First what is Research ldquothe orderly investigation of a subject
matter for the purpose of adding to knowledgerdquo(Unesco)
ldquoinvestigating a new problem or phenomenonrdquo (Unesco)
Studying a subject or question that has already been studied in order to add knowledge or increase available data or information (Unesco)
Purpose of Most Research Observe and Describe (adjectives)
Predict (outcomes results) = applied statistics concepts
Determine Causes (Causality)
Explain results findings effects or issues (Analysis)
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Some Classes amp Types of Academic Research
Historical (Study of historical documents primary source material for the purpose of analysis for comparability and inconsistencies)
Review of Literature (summary and synthesis of research information
available on a topic)
Descriptive (requires observation of a situation without interference can be similar to a case study of a psychology or social science nature requires collection of information from various source types can lead to new discoveries)
Correlational (purpose is to show relationship between two or more situationsconditions or to see how one situationcondition impacts or provokes another condition ndash Topic Example Impact of hypertension on kidney health)
Causal comparative (seeks to establish causeeffect relationship or discourse)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
Classes amp Types (contrsquod)
Experimental (based on hypothesis or hypotheses that anticipate a relationship between at least two variables)
Case Study (study an actual situation to determine the application of a proposed idea or design)
Research and Development Research (marketingproduct design to create interests in something new or a foundation for an innovative product)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
The Fundamental of Any type of ResearchThe Hypothesis
After the problem is determined the hypothesis follows
Provides response(s) to the research questions before performing specific research to answer the particular question
Should be ldquotestablerdquondashprovable or not provable
Offers a simple explanation for an occurrence or natural phenomena
Should be realistic and reflective of critical thought about resources available to produce the anticipated result or situation
Often based on earlier research (a synthesis-based assertion)
Becomes the foundation on which to establish a proof
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
Purpose of Most Research Observe and Describe (adjectives)
Predict (outcomes results) = applied statistics concepts
Determine Causes (Causality)
Explain results findings effects or issues (Analysis)
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Some Classes amp Types of Academic Research
Historical (Study of historical documents primary source material for the purpose of analysis for comparability and inconsistencies)
Review of Literature (summary and synthesis of research information
available on a topic)
Descriptive (requires observation of a situation without interference can be similar to a case study of a psychology or social science nature requires collection of information from various source types can lead to new discoveries)
Correlational (purpose is to show relationship between two or more situationsconditions or to see how one situationcondition impacts or provokes another condition ndash Topic Example Impact of hypertension on kidney health)
Causal comparative (seeks to establish causeeffect relationship or discourse)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
Classes amp Types (contrsquod)
Experimental (based on hypothesis or hypotheses that anticipate a relationship between at least two variables)
Case Study (study an actual situation to determine the application of a proposed idea or design)
Research and Development Research (marketingproduct design to create interests in something new or a foundation for an innovative product)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
The Fundamental of Any type of ResearchThe Hypothesis
After the problem is determined the hypothesis follows
Provides response(s) to the research questions before performing specific research to answer the particular question
Should be ldquotestablerdquondashprovable or not provable
Offers a simple explanation for an occurrence or natural phenomena
Should be realistic and reflective of critical thought about resources available to produce the anticipated result or situation
Often based on earlier research (a synthesis-based assertion)
Becomes the foundation on which to establish a proof
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
Some Classes amp Types of Academic Research
Historical (Study of historical documents primary source material for the purpose of analysis for comparability and inconsistencies)
Review of Literature (summary and synthesis of research information
available on a topic)
Descriptive (requires observation of a situation without interference can be similar to a case study of a psychology or social science nature requires collection of information from various source types can lead to new discoveries)
Correlational (purpose is to show relationship between two or more situationsconditions or to see how one situationcondition impacts or provokes another condition ndash Topic Example Impact of hypertension on kidney health)
Causal comparative (seeks to establish causeeffect relationship or discourse)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
Classes amp Types (contrsquod)
Experimental (based on hypothesis or hypotheses that anticipate a relationship between at least two variables)
Case Study (study an actual situation to determine the application of a proposed idea or design)
Research and Development Research (marketingproduct design to create interests in something new or a foundation for an innovative product)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
The Fundamental of Any type of ResearchThe Hypothesis
After the problem is determined the hypothesis follows
Provides response(s) to the research questions before performing specific research to answer the particular question
Should be ldquotestablerdquondashprovable or not provable
Offers a simple explanation for an occurrence or natural phenomena
Should be realistic and reflective of critical thought about resources available to produce the anticipated result or situation
Often based on earlier research (a synthesis-based assertion)
Becomes the foundation on which to establish a proof
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
Classes amp Types (contrsquod)
Experimental (based on hypothesis or hypotheses that anticipate a relationship between at least two variables)
Case Study (study an actual situation to determine the application of a proposed idea or design)
Research and Development Research (marketingproduct design to create interests in something new or a foundation for an innovative product)
Source Kravitz L (n d) IAFC conference report reading and interpreting research Understanding and Enjoying Research httpwwwunmedu~lkravitzArticle20folderunderstandreshtml
The Fundamental of Any type of ResearchThe Hypothesis
After the problem is determined the hypothesis follows
Provides response(s) to the research questions before performing specific research to answer the particular question
Should be ldquotestablerdquondashprovable or not provable
Offers a simple explanation for an occurrence or natural phenomena
Should be realistic and reflective of critical thought about resources available to produce the anticipated result or situation
Often based on earlier research (a synthesis-based assertion)
Becomes the foundation on which to establish a proof
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
The Fundamental of Any type of ResearchThe Hypothesis
After the problem is determined the hypothesis follows
Provides response(s) to the research questions before performing specific research to answer the particular question
Should be ldquotestablerdquondashprovable or not provable
Offers a simple explanation for an occurrence or natural phenomena
Should be realistic and reflective of critical thought about resources available to produce the anticipated result or situation
Often based on earlier research (a synthesis-based assertion)
Becomes the foundation on which to establish a proof
Source httpwwwexperiment-resourcescomresearch-methodologyhtml
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
Hypothesis (Examples)May be posed as a question
statement or IfThen assertion
Question Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic
Statement Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod
IfThen Assertion If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod reducing the amount of trawlers will increase cod stocks
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
Key Concepts in Most ResearchTOPIC 1048774 QUESTION 1048774 DESIGN 1048774 OBJECT 1048774
SITE 1048774 METHOD
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is a Research Topic The research topic is the general subject
of your research -- what it is about
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is a Research Question A research question is the key element in
any serious research What is the specific question or problem that needs a response
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is the Research Design
There are different research designs (refer back to slides 5 amp 6) that generally fall under two types of design categories
Two Design types
Qualitative (requires subjective interpretation of various types of data including literature and visual rhetoric and it is not ldquopreemptiverdquo
Preemptivendashpre-planned
Researcher engaged in fieldwork and processes information gained through field experience)
NOTE The hypothesis or hypotheses come at the end of the process
Quantitative (requires gaining a large sample size and is carefully designed and reflects a more objective analysis of the sample)
Goal Numberial data and statistical information that yields OBJECTIVE Evidence
Source Neill J (28 Feb 2007) httpwilderdomcomresearchQualitativeVersus QuantitativeResearchhtml
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is the Research Object
Research objectives require responses to these questionsWhat is the purpose of the research What are the hypotheses
Research objectives can be general or specific
How should you state your objectives
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence
Are clearly phrased in operational terms specifying exactly what you are going to do where and for what purpose
Are realistic considering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated Examples of action verbs are to determine to compare to verify to calculate to describe and to establishAvoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as to appreciate to understand or to study
Source httpwwwidrccaenev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIChtml
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is a Research SiteThe research site is the place where one conducts investigations A researcher usually chooses a site based on the research question
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is the Research Method
Research method comes last
Research method depends on all of the other elements especially on research objects
Various fields have research
methodologies (methods) typically used to conduct research
Source httpwwwmcguire-spickardcomFieldingSix20Key20Concepts20in20Social20Researchpdf
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is the Population The group of subjects
selected for a study
The group is selected based on the likelihood that the study might impact that group or a group possessing characteristics comparable to the population
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
Population sample ndash Target vs Study population
TARGET POPULATION ndash the larger group to which we want IDEALLY to apply the study though at the time of the study that is most likely a group too large to study It consists of all of the people animals or other subjects in the world or a nation that researchers ant to apply results
STUDY POPULATION ndash the group to which we can actually or realistically apply the study results
Sample ndash The subset of the study population (specific group of individual subjects) that the researcher studies tests or analyzes for the purpose of data collection Based on the census information collected the sample may be selected
Researchers may take a Census (collect numerical or informational data on each member) of the population study population or sample
Source httpwwwajronlineorgcgicontentfull1775993
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is reliability repeatability or consistencyldquo of a measure Measures are
categorized as reliable if the measures give the same result(s) each time they are tested
There are various types of reliability Two often referenced types of reliability are
Test-retest reliability (measures consistency of test results over a period of time)-- Subjects are retested to see if they consistently respond the same way or at the same level
Internal Consistency Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of results that items in a test yield (Do the items of the tests tend to garner or motivate the same responses or reactions from different subjects)
Is control group too controlled to yield a useful resultSource httpwwwsocialresearchmethodsnetkbreliabltphp
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is validity Two kinds Internal validity ndash impact that changing cause
or criterion variables (independent variables) has on the result (dependent variable)
External validityApplicability of the results of the study are to groups outside the controlled experimentalresearch site or population (Is the study to limited to be truly useful and has wide-ranging usability)
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is correlation In quantitative research the correlation
coefficient is between 0 and 1 and helps measure trends
A 10 correlation coefficient is the ideal and reflects a strong relationship between the predicted and the actual situation
The closer to 1 the coefficient the greater the ability to forecast outcomes
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is a variableA characteristic or factor of a particular
subject is a variable
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is a variable -- Two categories1 Dependent variable (y)
The dependent variable is often referred to as the outcome (effect) or criterion variable
It is the change or difference in thisvariable that the researcher studies
Sample Topic How teenrsquos attitudes change as a result of peer-peer mentoring
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
What is a variable -- Two categories
2 Independent variable (x)The independent variable is also referred to as the cause or experimental variable
An independent variable ldquo stands alone and isnt changed by the other variables you are trying to measure For example someones age might be an independent variablerdquo (ncesedu)
It can cause dependent variables to change
Source httpncesedgovnceskidshelpuser_guidegraphvariablesasp
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University
THE END Please complete the
academic seminar evaluation form and submit to the SSS staff
Feel free to suggest workshop titles to the SSS staff
Have a great learning experience here at Troy University