Jason K. Chambers

Title: John and the Testimony about God’s Son: The Johannine Jesus in Light of the Divine Courtroom Drama

Topic, Argument, Purpose, and Objective:The specific topic of research in John's Gospel involves John and the Testimony about God's

Son.  I will attempt to flesh out the Johannine Jesus as he relates to John’s incorporation of the divine courtroom drama from the Old Testament and early Judaism.  My goal, however, is not to make this research merely an exercise in literary criticism, but a project that will result in the synthesis of historical, literary, and theological aspects of the Fourth Gospel.

John’s Gospel is intended to provide historical (signs and Jewish institutions), literary/rhetorical (disputes; testimonies; irony; misunderstanding and explanations for Jesus’ statements), and theological (Use of the Old Testament and the Gospel tradition; the implications) reasons for readers to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God and to believe that this Jesus can offer eternal life. Based on this, I will argue that one element of John’s account is his use of the divine courtroom drama of the Old Testament as a frame for the Testimony of Jesus as the Son of God and as a foundation for his understanding of the atonement provided by Jesus to save the world from its sins. In so doing, John offers a comprehensive argument for why readers should believe in Jesus as the Christ, so as to have eternal life.

The objective of this dissertation is to offer a synthetic presentation of Johannine Christology as shaped by the divine courtroom drama. What unique contribution does this project offer for New Testament studies? First, it offers the opportunity to build a cohesive theological argument that the trial motif of John is more than a literary device, but is based on the larger story (divine courtroom). Second, it will define Johannine Christology along the lines of a prior storyline as well as eyewitness testimony. Third, it will show that the Christian community in, perhaps, Ephesus was born through this theo-drama rather than involved only in redacting it because the courtroom drama is tied to the crucifixion of the Son of God, which makes the atonement effective through the Spirit.

Andrew Lincoln has provided the most insight on the trial imagery in John’s Gospel. However, Lincoln’s work focuses on literary analyses.1 Recently, Andrew Lincoln published a chapter in a work called, The Divine Courtroom in Comparative Perspective.  Lincoln's chapter described the Divine Courtroom imagery, extending from Isaiah 40-55, in John's literary sophistry.So, what is missing from Lincoln’s work is a comprehensive and synthetic presentation of John’s appropriation of the divine courtroom drama as a way of understanding the Johannine Jesus. In Truth on Trial, for example, Lincoln argues that the trial imagery of John shapes Johannine discourse, yet, he never clarifies how the trial motif (vis-à-vis the divine courtroom drama of the Hebrew Bible) could or should be an angle from which we understand Johannine Christology.

By offering a synthetic treatment of this topic, this dissertation will demonstrate that the trial imagery is actually a key element of a theo-drama that incorporates the divine courtroom drama of the Old Testament. And, therefore, the divine courtroom drama provides a powerful framework for understanding what he says about Jesus as the true identity of the Son of God and how he is able to provide the adoption, the atonement, eternal life, and the Spirit.

Proposed Research Outline of the Dissertation

1.) Chapter One: Introduction A. Framing the Issue within Johannine studies, Jesus studies, and biblical theology

History of Johannine research and InterpretationHistory of Jesus StudiesHistory of John in Biblical Theology

1There are numerous other sources for the forensic aspects of John’s Gospel, but Lincoln’s work represents the most up-to-date research in this field.

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B. Defining the Topic and Locating the argument in the larger field of studyDefining the three key elements of this project:

John and the Testimony about God’s Son: Forensic Aspects of John’s GospelThe Johannine Jesus: The Johannine Tradition Compared with the SynopticsThe Divine Courtroom Drama: Historical, Literary, and Theological Aspects

C. Research Methodology: The four most important questions to answer when approaching John’s Gospel are: (1) What is

John trying to accomplish with this written testimony? (2) How does he go about doing it? (3) What is the significance of the Johannine testimony for the world and God’s people? What are the implications for contemporary scholarship in Jesus and Johannine studies?

To answer these initial research questions, I approach the text three ways. First, I will set the Gospel of John in its biblical and Jewish roots. To do this, I utilize a worldview/storyline approach and a worldview analysis model (by means of research into relevant Second Temple and Early Jewish Literature). Second, I will establish the cohesive form of the Johannine text as based on a single eyewitness tradition. It will reflect rhetorical and literary analysis of the cohesive flow of John's narrative, with special reference to the descent-ascent motif as it relates to the book of signs and the book of glory. John’s Gospel is based on a cohesive biblical storyline and the text of the Johannine narrative is itself a cohesive narrative based on eyewitness testimony. Third, I will use these historical and literary evidences as paradigm through which to understand Johannine theo-drama. From there, I will explore how the Johannine theo-drama relates to the divine courtroom drama of the Old Testament as a primary frame of reference for John’s testimony about Jesus as the Son of God and as a primary frame of reference for his understanding of the atonement provided by Jesus to save the world from its sins.

Chapter Two: Who is Jesus in Light of John’s Divine Courtroom Drama?This chapter demonstrates how John's thought is shaped primarily by two influences: (1)

Jewish Scripture and Beliefs; (2) His eyewitness experiences with Jesus. On the first influence, an overarching, cosmic, drama from the Old Testament (Monotheism) actually drives Johannine discourse. On the second influence, the Gospel of John with regard to his testimony about Jesus in light of an on-going trial that extends back not only into the Hebrew Bible but his own experiences with Jesus. John is working off of memory but not a memory unaided by literary device and the anointing of the Spirit. John’s Gospel in its literary sophistry is a drama about God and can thus be called a theo-drama. John's Theo-Drama reflects a cosmic reality (Divine Court Proceedings and Sentencing extending from the Old Testament storyline and Second Temple Judaism).

Chapter Three: What is Jesus’ Goal in Light of the Divine Courtroom Drama? This chapter demonstrates how the climax of John's theo-drama is Jesus' exaltation on the

Cross (the resurrection provides final and conclusive proof of his signs and identity). Jesus as a mediator before God serves as both advocate and judge. This is the primary intention of identity as the Monogeneis and function as Son of God and Son of Man. Thus, the titles given to Jesus not only indicate a unique relationship to the Father but also a unique advocacy for the community of faith as well as a witness to the condemnation already abiding over the world. The most central aspect of the Johannine gospel tradition is that of the descent and descent of God's Son and that they beheld his transfigural glory as if standing in the Holy of Holies.

Chapter Four: How does Jesus Accomplish His Goal in Light of the Divine Courtroom Drama?This chapter demonstrates the eschatological relationship between eternal life and atonement

in John's theo-drama (my current understanding is that John allows for Ransom, Christus Victor, and Penal Substitution views of the atonement). Atonement for John is pre-ordained by the Father who

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uses the Pagan authorities as instruments through whom He laid on the Lamb the sins of the world (the Jewish authorities and Pilate, in this sense, serve as unwitting servants of God). Eternal Life is entering into union with God (new birth) by the Spirit through atonement.

Chapter Five: Conclusion-Implications: Jesus on Trial Before the Courts of Public and Scholarly Opinion

This chapter will synthesize the dissertation and offer implications for contemporary Jesus studies and/or the study of Christian Origins: John's Trial Drama provides a sure and legitimate foundation of proclamation and faith for early Christians suffering persecution or perhaps those in Ephesus. Consideration of elements perhaps related the John as eyewitness and the so-called Johannine Community.

The University of Aberdeen’s Resources: The University of Aberdeen has the necessary resources to complete this research project. I intend to study under Dr. Grant Macaskill. He has expertise in Johannine literature, Jesus and the Gospels, New Testament theology, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Second Temple Judaism, and the theological interpretation of Scripture. The university website reports that the library has over 1 million volumes. This includes ancient papyri and archives as well as thousands of books and millions of journal articles in electronic format.

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PROVISIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY2

Primary Sources

Nestle-Aland Greek Text of John’s Gospel

Hebrew Bible--Texts relevant to the Patriarchal covenants, Torah, Divine Courtroom, Divine Institutions (e.g., Temple) and Festivals (as each relates to John).

Septuagint Texts relevant to the Divine Courtroom in the Old Testament and eschatology

Apocrypha--Texts relevant to the covenants, Torah, Divine Courtroom, Jewish institutions and feasts, early Jewish aristocracy, Messianic expectation, and Jewish eschatology

Old Testament Pseudepigrapha--Texts relevant to the covenants, Torah, Divine Courtroom, Jewish institutions and feasts, early Jewish aristocracy, Messianic expectation, and Jewish eschatology

Second Temple Apocalyptic Literature relevant to the covenants, Torah, Divine Courtroom and Prophetic Lawsuit of the Old Testament (e.g., 1 Enoch), Jewish institutions and feasts, Messianic expectation and Jewish eschatology.

Dead Sea Scrolls--texts relevant to the customs and institutions of various Jewish sects.

Greco-Roman sources relevant to Roman trial law and tribunal and the imperial cult.

Apostolic Fathers, Early Church Fathers, and Reformers on their interpretation of John's Gospel.

Modern New Testament Scholars on their interpretation of John's Gospel and their views on the historical Jesus (e.g., D.F. Strauss, William Wrede, Albert Schweitzer, Adolf Schlatter, Bart Ehrman)

Secondary Sources

Alexander, T. Desmond, Brian S. Rosner, D.A. Carson, and Graeme Goldsworthy, eds. New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2000.

Anderson, Paul D, Felix Just, and Tom Thatcher, eds. John, Jesus, and History, Volume 2: Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel. Atlanta: SBL, 2009.

Ashton, John. The Gospel of John and Christian Origins. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2014.

–––––––––––. Understanding the Fourth Gospel. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Baird, William. History of New Testament Research, Volume One: From Deism to Tübingen. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.

Bandy, Alan S. “The Prophetic Lawsuit in the Book of Revelation: An Analysis of the Lawsuit Motif in Revelation with Reference to the Use of the Old Testament.” Ph.D. diss., Southeastern Baptist

2Bibliography not included in word count.

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Theological Seminary, 2007.

Barr, James. The Semantics of Biblical Language. Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 1961.

Bauckham, Richard. The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple: Narrative, History, and Theology in the Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.

Beale, G.K. A New Testament Biblical Theology: The Unfolding of the Old Testament in the New. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011.

Beasley-Murray, George R. John. WBC 36–2nd Edition. Nashville: Nelson, 1999.

Beutler, Johannes. Martyria. Frankfurt: J. Knecht, 1972.

Blank, Josef. Krisis: Untersuchungen zur johanneischen Christologie und Eschatologie. Freiburg: Lambertus, 1964.

Bockmuehl, Markus. Seeing the Word: Refocusing New Testament Studies. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006.

Boice, James Montgomery. Witness and Revelation in the Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970.

Bovatic, Pietro. Re-Establishing Justice: Legal Terms, Concepts and Procedures in the Hebrew Bible. JSOTSS 105. Translated by Michael J. Smith. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.

Brown, R.E. The Community of the Beloved Disciple. New York: Paulist, 1979.

Childs, Brevard S. Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments: Theological Reflection on the Christian Bible. First Paperback Edition. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2011.

Craigie, Peter C. The Book of Deuteronomy. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.

Culpepper, R.A. Anatomy of the Fourth Gospel. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983.

Fleming, David Marron. “The Divine Council as Type Scene in the Hebrew Bible.” Ph.D. diss., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1989.

Frei, Hans W. The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteen and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.

Gentry, Peter J. and Stephen J. Wellum. Kingdom through Covenant: A Biblical-Theological Understanding of the Covenants. Wheaton: Crossway, 2012.

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Hahn, Scott W. Kinship by Covenant: A Canonical Approach to the Fulfillment of God’s Saving Promises. The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library, edited by John J. Collins. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

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Hamilton, Jr., James M. God’s Glory in Salvation through Judgment: A Biblical Theology. Wheaton: Crossway, 2010.

Harvey, A.E. Jesus on Trial. London: SPCK, 1976.

Hasel, Gerhard. New Testament Theology: Basic Issues in Current Debate. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978.

––––––––––––. Old Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate. 4th ed., rev., updated, and enl. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.

Hayes, John H. and Frederick Prussner. Old Testament Theology: Its History and Development. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1985.

Heiser, Michael S. “The Divine Council in Late Canonical and Non-Canonical Second Temple Jewish Literature.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004.

Hengel, Martin. The Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ: An Investigation of the Collection and Origin of the Canonical Gospels. Translated by John Bowden. London: SCM, 2000.

Hirsch, Jr., E.D. Validity in Interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.

Holtz, Shalom E. and Ari Mermelstein, eds. The Divine Courtroom in Comparative Perspective (Biblical Interpretation). Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 2015.

Horton, Michael S. A Christian Faith: Systematic Theology for Pilgrims on the Way. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2011.

Hoskins, Paul M. Jesus as the Fulfillment of the Temple in the Gospel of John. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2006.

House, Paul R. Old Testament Theology. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 1998.

Isaac, E. 1 (Ethiopic Apocalypse of) Enoch. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Volume 1, ed. James H. Charlesworth. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1983.

Jung, Seokgyu. “The Judicial System in Ancient Israel: A Synchronic and Diachronic Reading of Exodus 18:1-27, Deuteronomy 16:18-17:20, and 2 Chronicles 19:1-11.” Ph.D. diss., Claremont Graduate University, 2001.

Keener, Craig S. The Gospel of John: A Commentary–Volume One. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2003.

–––––––––––––. The Gospel of John: A Commentary–Volume Two. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2003.

Kensky, Meira Z. “Trying Man, Trying God: The Divine Courtroom in Early Jewish and Christian Literature.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2009.

Kline, Meredith G. Treaty of the Great King–The Covenant Structure of Deuteronomy: Studies and Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963.

Klink III, Edward W. and Darian R. Lockett. Understanding Biblical Theology: A Comparison of Theory and Practice. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2012.

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Köstenberger, Andreas J. A Theology of John’s Gospel and Letters: Biblical Theology of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009.

Köstenberger, Andreas J. and Richard D. Patterson. Invitation to Biblical Interpretation: Exploring the Hermeneutical Triad of History, Literature, and Theology. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2011.

–––––––––––––––––––. John. BECNT. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008.

–––––––––––––––––––. “John.” In Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament, edited by G.K. Beale and D.A. Carson, 415-512. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.

–––––––––––––––––––. “John’s Transposition Theology: Retelling the Story of Jesus in a Different Key.” Pages 191-226 in Earliest Christian History: History, Literary, and Theology. Essays from the Tyndale Fellowship in Honor of Martin Hengel. Edited by Michael F. Bird and Jason Maston. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.

Köstenberger, Andreas J., L. Scott Kellum, and Charles L. Quarles. The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament. Nashville: B & H, 2009.

Kümmel, W.G. The New Testament: The History of the Investigation of Its Problems. Translated by S. McLean Gilmour and Howard C. Kee. London: SCM Press LTD, 1978.

Leithard, Peter J. Deep Exegesis: The Mystery of Reading Scripture. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2009.

Lincoln, Andrew T. Truth on Trial: The Lawsuit Motif in the Fourth Gospel. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2000.

Longman III, Tremper and Raymond B. Dillard. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006.

Lopez, Kathryn Muller. “The Divine Council Scene in Second Temple Literature.” Ph.D. diss., Emory University, 1983.

Maccini, R.G. Her Testimony Is True: Women as Witnesses according to John. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.

Martyn, J. Louis. History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel. 3d ed. Louisville: WJK, 2003.

––––––––––––. The Gospel of John in Christian History: Essays for Interpreters. Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2004.

McMahon, Catherine Patricia. “The Fourth Gospel: Son of Man – Son of God.” PhD diss., Gonzaga University, 1982.

Minear, Paul. John: The Martyr’s Gospel. New York: Pilgrim, 1984.

Nicklesburg, George, W.E. and James C. Vanderkam. 1 Enoch 2: A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch Chapters 37-82. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012.

Nickelsburg, George, W.E. and James C. Vanderkam, 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012.

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Nielsen, Kirsten. Yahweh as Prosecutor and Judge: An Investigation of the Prophetic Lawsuit (rib-Pattern). JSOTSS 9. Translated by Frederick Cryer. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1978.

O’Keefe, John and R.R. Reno. Sanctified Vision: An Introduction to Early Christian Interpretation of the Bible. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.

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Pancaro, Severino. The Law in the Fourth Gospel. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975.

Porter, Stanley E. and Jason C. Robinson. Hermeneutics: An Introduction to Interpretive Theory. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011.

Powell, Mark Allan. “Narrative Criticism: The Emergence of a Prominent Reading Strategy. ” Pages 19-43 in Mark as Story: Retrospect and Prospect. Edited by Kelly R. Iverson and Christopher W. Skinner. Atlanta: SBL, 2011.

Rensberger, David. Johannine Faith and Liberating Community. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1988.

Ricoeur, Paul. Conflict in Interpretation: Essays in Hermeneutics. Edited by Don Ihde. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974.

–––––––––––. Essays on Biblical Interpretation. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980.

–––––––––––. Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Edited and Translated by John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Rosner, Brian S. “Biblical Theology.” Pages 3–11 in New Dictionary of Biblical Theology: Exploring the Unity and Diversity of Scripture. Edited by T. Desmond Alexander, Brian S. Rosner, D.A. Carson, and Graeme Goldsworthy. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2000.

Routledge, Robin. Old Testament Theology: A Thematic Approach. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2008.

Schreiner, Thomas R. The King in His Beauty: A Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013.

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Smith, D. Moody. “The Contribution of J. Louis Martyn to the Understanding of the Gospel of John.” Pages 1-23 in History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel. J. Louis Martyn. 3d ed. Louisville: WJK, 2003.

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Sumner, Paul B. “Visions of the Divine Council in the Hebrew Bible.” Master’s thesis, Pepperdine University, 1991.

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–––––––––––––––. Is There Meaning in this Text? The Bible, the Reader, and the Morality of Literary Knowledge. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998.

–––––––––––––––. The Drama of Doctrine: A Canonical-Linguistic Approach to Christian Theology. Louisville: WJK Press, 2005.

Waltke, Bruce K. with Charles Yu. An Old Testament Theology: An Exegetical, Canonical, and Thematic Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2007.

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Wright, N.T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996.

––––––––––. Paul and the Faithfulness of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2014.

––––––––––. The New Testament and the People of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.

––––––––––. The Resurrection of the Son of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997.

Periodicals

Berry, Everett. “Speech–Act Theory as a Corollary for Describing the Communicative Dynamics of Biblical Revelation: Some Recommendations and Reservations.” Criswell Theological Review n.s. 7/1, (September 1, 2009): 81–100.

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Buss, Martin J. “Potential and Actual Interactions Between Speech Act Theory and Biblical Studies.” Semeia no. 41 (Jan. 1, 1988): 125–134.

Carson, D.A. “Theological Interpretation of Scripture: Yes, But . . .” Online: http://thegospelcoalition.org/resources/a/theological_interpretation_of_scripture_yes_but _._._ : 187–207. (No bibliographic information found)

Cirafesi, Wally V. “The Johannine Community Hypothesis (1968-Present): Past and Present Approaches and a New Way Forward.” CBR 12.2 (2014):173-93.

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Davidson, Richard M. “The Divine Covenant Lawsuit Motif in Canonical Perspective.” JATS 21/1-2 (2010): 45-84.

De Roche, Michael. “Yahweh’s rib Against Israel: A Reassessment of the So-Called ‘Prophetic Lawsuit’ in the Pre-exilic Prophets.” JBL 102/4 (1983): 563-74.

Kee, Min Suc. “The Heavenly Council and Its Type-scene.” JSOT 31.3 (2007): 259-273.

Klancher, Nancy. “A Genealogy for Reception History,” Biblical Interpretation 21.1 (2013): 99-129.

Köstenberger, Andreas J. “The Present and Future of Biblical Theology.” Themelios 37.3 (Nov. 2012): 445-64.

Laney, J. Carl. “The Role of the Prophets in God’s Case against Israel.” Bibliotheca Sacra 138 (Oct-Dec 1981): 313-325.

Limburg, James. “The Root יב V Wר and the Prophetic Lawsuit Speeches.” JBL 88 (1969): 291-304.

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Reynolds, Benjamin E. “The Johannine Son of Man and the Historical Jesus: Shall Ever the Twain Meet? John 9.35 as a Test Case.” Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 9 (2011): 230-242.

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Sidebottom, E.M. “The Ascent and Descent of the Son of Man in the Gospel of St. John.” Anglican Theological Review 39 n. 2 (April 1957): 115-122.

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