A RESEARCH PROPSAL & RESEARCH REPORT

Course: Research Methodology

Presented by: Sidra Shafi

Presented to: Mam MAHJABEEN

Research is:

“…the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.”

What Research Is

Randomly selecting books from the library is not research, nor is surfing the Internet. On the contrary, research requires organization, resourcefulness, reflection, synthesis, and above all, time

what research is not?

Research Proposal is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background information for the research reported in the paper. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research so that reader can understand how it is related to the other research (Wilkinson, 1991).

DEFINATION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The issues involved and are able to provide more than a broad description of the topic which they are planning to research.

Writing a proposal on a topic forces you to do intensive research and critical thinking about your proposed research topic.

The proposal is not a fixed blueprint. the research will inevitably alter or even unseat one's initial expectations

Its Purpose

1-Title ◦ select a research area and the title of research

paper. ◦ Often, titles are stated in terms of a functional

relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables.

A good title should: ◦ Indicate the type of study you will conduct. ◦ Address the main problem you are planning to

investigate. ◦ Be concise, short, and descriptive. ◦

STEPS OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL

◦Convey to the reader the main focus of your research.

◦Use the correct terms in the title; it is very important to use the correct term so that your title becomes more meaningful.

◦Try to limit your title to a single sentence and exclude any words that are not essential to the overall understanding of the title.

Note: Write the title beginning each word with capital letter and center-align it.

Contd….

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem.

In an introduction, you should:

Create the reader interest in the topic. Lay the broad foundation for the problem that

leads to the study. Add necessary data to build on your research. Add a reliable footnote(s) that supports the

data..

. Introduction

The lead sentence: pay special attention to your first sentence

To avoid from: Long historical backgrounds, broadness

and subjective judgments/ researcher bias (it must be objective and neutral)

Contd....

Purpose of research in the quantitative research problem stated at the beginning to guide the research process. But in the qualitative research statement of purpose may be preceded by field work to learn context of the research, propose guide study.

Statement Of The Purpose Of The Study

Although their use in quantitative inquiry is becoming more prominent. When a researcher states hypothesis. The reader is entitled to have an ex position of the theory that lead to them.

Contd……..

A research question poses a relationship between two or more variables but phrase the relationship as a question. A hypothesis represent declarative statement of the relations between two or more variables (Kerlinger, 1979; Krathwohl, 1988).

HYPOTHESIS, QUESTION OF THE STUDY

The review of literature provides the background and context for the research problem. It should establish the need for research and indicate that writer is knowledge able about the area (Weiersma, 1995).

It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported (Fraenkel & Wallen, 1990).

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In quantitative research review conducted early in the study to identify related research , potential hypothesis and methodological approaches.

In qualitative research, review may lead to guide hypothesis. It links study to underline assumptions and theories; if not needed for a research plan, may be conducted after study onset.

Contd……

The methods/procedures section is really the heart of the research proposal. The activity should be described with as much details as possible., the continuity between them should be apparent” (Wersama, 1995).

All methodological steps would be indicated. \Research design may include both quantitative and qualitative methods; that two approaches are not totally independent of each other.

THE DESIGN, METHODS & PROCEDURES

Maintaining description of procedures being used is critical if other researchers are to judge process and results latter.

Contd…..

Outline the general plan for collecting the data. This may include survey administration procedures, interview or observation procedures. Include an explicit statement covering the field controls to be employed. If appropriate, discuss how you obtained your finding.

Provide a general outline of the time schedule you expect to follow.

DATA COLLECTION

In quantitative research data consists of results from tests, questionnaire and other paper, pencil instruments.

In the qualitative, data consists of notes from observations, interview, examination of artifacts.

Collection require substantial interaction between researcher and participant.

Contd….

Specify the procedures you will use and label them accurately) E.g., ANOVA, CHI, ethnography, case study, grounded theory.

Communicate your precise intentions and reasons for these intentions to the reader. This helps you and reader evaluate the choices you made and procedures you followed.

Indicate briefly any analytic tools available and expected to use (e.g. SPSS)

DATA ANALYSIS

A limitation identifies potential weaknesses of the study. Think about the analysis, nature of self report, instruments and sample. Threats to internal validity that may have been impossible to avoid/minimize-explain.

LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION

A delimitation addresses how a study will be narrowed in scope, that is how it is bounded. This is the place to explain the things that you are not doing and why you have chosen not to do population you are not studying.

Contd……

It indicates how the present research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the area under investigation.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The need for the proposed activity is clearly established, preferably with data.

The most important ideas are highlighted and repeated in several places.

The objectives of the project are given in detail.

There is a detailed schedule of activities for the project, or at least sample portions of such a complete project schedule.

.

Characteristics of a Good Proposal

The budget and the proposal narrative are consistent.

The uses of money are clearly indicated in the proposal narrative as well as in the budget.

All of the major matters indicated in the proposal guidelines are clearly addressed in the proposal.

The agreement of all project staff and consultants to participate in the project was acquired and is so indicated in the proposal.

Contd….

Appendices have been used appropriately for detailed and lengthy materials which the reviewers may not want to read but are useful as evidence of careful planning, previous experience, etc.

Collaboration with all interested groups in planning of the proposed project is evident in the proposal

Contd…..

The writing style is clear and concise. It speaks to the reader, helping the reader understand the problems and proposal. Summarizing statements and headings are used to lead the reader.

Contd….

The research report is the written product that results from researching a topic

A research report is a typed report of 6 to 12 pages in length dealing with a topic covered as part of the course content. Your research report consists of research that you do on the topic as well as your interpretation of this information.

What is a research report?

Step 1: Choose a topic Step 2: Formulate a thesis statement

(main idea) Step 3: Research for your paper Step 4: Record your sources Step 5: Create an outline Step 6: Write the introduction Step 7: Write your body paragraphs Step 8: Write the conclusion Step 9: Finalize your documentation

THE PARTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT

Step 10: TitleDon't forget to proofread

Step 11: Revision Step 12: Final draft

Contd…..

1. Thesis 2. Journal article or paper 3. Dissertation

Abstract Preliminary page Preparation of Manuscript Main body of the report Results Appendices

Types Of Research Report

COMPARISON

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

RESEARCH REPORT

Research Proposal is intended to convince others that you have worthwhile research project.

A Research proposal is the out line of proposed research which is going to be conduct

Research Report is detailed information about already conducted research.

The general purpose of a report is to identify a specific problem, explain it and recommend action that will lead to a solution.

COMPARISON

RESEARCH PROPOSAL RESEARCH REPORT

Research proposal is prepared before the actual research begins.

The general purpose of a proposal is the identify a particular need, explain it and recommend how this need can best be met.

research report can be considered the culmination of research proposal

The experimental results and methodology assume significance in this case.

Research proposal indicates how research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the area under investigation. It reflects a clear statement of commitment to continue the project after external findings ends.

A research report is the culmination of all the effort, sweat and toiling that a research student undergoes during actual research process. Once the research has been completed, a formal submission is required which takes place in the form of a research report.

CONCLUSION

This is a document that reflects the potential of the researcher and should contain all the information and facts in a standardized format that enables any casual onlooker to get

It contains the title, abstract, introduction, experimental details, results, discussion, conclusions, and finally references used by the researcher. everything easily out of the report.

Contd…

http://members.tripod.com/~lklivingston/essay/ http://www.geocities.com/soho/Atrium/1437/ http://

www.english.bham.ac.uk/staff/tom/teaching/howto/essay.htm

http://www.aresearchguide.com/styleguides.html

www.adelaide.edu.au/writingcentre. www.disweb.rmit.edu.au Educational Research, 4th Edition. L.R GAY,

Maxwell Macmillian International Edition.

REFERENCES

THANKS