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Resilient and Sustainable Infrastructure Systems: Post-Disaster Reconstruction Process and Stakeholder Networks
Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Maya Fohrman (URA): Aaron Opdyke (GRA); Amy Javernick-Will (PI)
Introduction
Research Questions
Stakeholders Current Focus
Points of Departure
1. How is post-‐disaster infrastructure planned, structured, and coordinated a6er a disaster? 2. How, and when, do different types of par5cipa5on (decision-‐making, implementa5on, benefit, and evalua5on), in combina5on or isola5on, affect resilience and sustainability? 3. What types of training are used in design, construc5on, and opera5ons & maintenance? and How do types of training in different project phases affect project outcomes? 4. What combina5ons of coordina5on, par5cipa5on and training in different projects lead to sustainable and resilient infrastructure?
In this early phase of the research process, the informa5on gathered during graduate student Aaron Opdyke’s first trip to the Philippine this past summer of 2014 is being analyzed using the coding soPware Nvivo. The current focus is on 16 interviews that were conducted with the members of local governments, businesses, and NGOs linked with reconstruc5on in the municipali5es of Santa Fe and Bantayan in the Philippines. As can be seen on the OCHA map in the methods sec5on, these municipali5es were directly hit typhoon and suffered some of the worst damage. Since the event, there has been a diverse influx of aid to the area.
Humans have been confronted with the need to respond to infrastructure devasta5on due to natural disasters since the start of civiliza5on. Just in the last 3 decades, the infrastructural and social systems of 75% of people of Earth have been affected by natural disasters. Despite the cri5cal natural of this issue, there has been liale comprehensive inves5ga5on into how best governments, NGOs and communi5es can jointly respond most effec5vely to these disasters. In many cases, the current coordina5on and prac5ces of governmental and NGO stakeholders has not been sufficient to respond the the overwhelming needs of the affected communi5es.
Backgrou
nd
This research dis5nguishes itself from past disaster research with the inten5on of inves5ga5ng how coordina5on, stakeholder par5cipa5on, and training relate to resilience and sustainability. Resilience and sustainability are defined dis5nctly from one another though there is some over lap in their constructs. • Resilience is defined in terms of adap5ve capaci5es the support system
func5onality in 5mes of crisis or stress. • In contrast, sustainability is described by capaci5es that prevent system
degrada5on and maintain system equilibrium.
Past research has documented that coordina5on does indeed help recovery efforts, but it has not drawn conclusions about how planning and structuring occurs.
fsQCA (fuzzy set qualita5ve compara5ve analysis)
This research aims to develop a theory of post-‐disaster process and network pathways that enable resilient and sustainable infrastructure systems to develop aPer a disaster.
It aims to do this by: • linking recovery processes in different stages aPer the disaster including
planning, design, and construc5on • using fsQCA to evaluate the recovery processes longitudinally through
the planning, design, and construc5on stages rather than simply retrospec5vely
This research aaempts to take into account as many economic, social, technological, environmental, and organiza5onal factors as possible at each stage of the recovery process. This is necessary in order to make develop theories that will be prac5cally applicable to disaster recovery in the future. With a greater understand of how most effec5vely carry out post-‐disaster recovery as well as take preventa5ve measures , communi5es will be less devastate when a disaster occurs.
Coordina5o
n Stakeh
olde
r Par5cipa5o
n Training
-‐Communica5on ➡ Conflict___Frequency___Mechanisms -‐Goals & Objec5ves ➡ Individual Goals___Organiza5onal Goals___Partnering Goals -‐Structuring ➡ Geographic___Roles__Sector
-‐Decision Making ➡ Ini5al___Ongoing___Opera5onal -‐Evalua5on ➡ Direct___Indirect -‐Implementa5on ➡ Enlistment___Financing___Resource
-‐Knowledge Transfer ➡ Procedures -‐Materials ➡ Intended Purpose___Tacitness -‐Mo5va5ons ➡ Incen5ves___Solicita5on
-‐Authority -‐Preparedness -‐Lessons -‐Public Percep5on -‐Colonialism -‐Foreign/Local Staff -‐Norms -‐Resources -‐Damage -‐Pre-‐Exis5ng Conflict -‐Leadership -‐Terminology
Economic Social
Technical Organiza5onal
Sustainability
Resilience
Economic Social
Environmental
Impact of Research
Masters, J.(2013). “Super Typhoon Haiyan: Strongest Landfalling Tropical Cyclone on Record.” Dr. Jeff Masters’ WunderBlog UNDP. (2004). Reducing disaster risk: a challenge for development. United Na5ons Development Programme, Bureau for Crisis Preven5on and Recovery, New York. Bocchini P., Frangopol, D.M. Ummenhofer, T. and Zinke T. (2013).”Resilience and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure: Toward a Unified Approach.” Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 04014004.
References
Methods Over a two month period in summer 2014, 26 one-‐on-‐one interviews were conducted as well as 6 focus groups of 2-‐3 par5cipants, totaling accounts from 39 individuals. Interviews lasted approximately 45 minutes on average. Par5cipants were selected using snowball sampling techniques to iden5ty key stakeholders involved in shelter reconstruc5on projects in three regions: Northern Cebu (Bantayan Island), Leyte, and Eastern Samar. All three regions experienced severe damage from the typhoon, however the response from NGOs and the Filipino government saw different coordina5on prac5ces implemented in each region.
In 2011, Typhoon Haiyan, the strongest cyclone ever to make landfall, hit the Philippines. Over 16 million people were affected by the disaster and over a million homes were either destroyed or heavily damaged. The government was confronted with the need to provide shelter, food, and sanita5on for about 4 million displaced people as well as begin a massive infrastructural rebuilding process. It is the objec5ve of this research to work to understand the roles of different stakeholders in the recovery process in diverse Barangays (districts) in the Philippines in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan and what factors lead to the most posi5ve recovery outcomes. Image of damage in Tacloban City ,the urban area
on the island of Leyte most affected by Typhoon Haiyan
Typhoon Haiyan (called Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines) at its peak intensity
Overview of area affected by Typhoon Haiyan (red line indicates storm path) Map from OCHA (Office for the coordinaPon of Humanitarian Affairs)
In later phases of this research, the informa5on gathered from coding interviews and other documents will be evaluated with fuzzy set qualita5ve analysis. QCA is an analy5c technique that was developed by Charles Ragan of UC Irvine that uses Boolean algebra to understand rela5onships between social factors. It is intended to be used in the qualita5ve studies of macro social phenomena. QCA makes it possible to bring the logic and empirical intensity to qualita5ve research in order to understand rela5onships that
could not be determined by qualita5ve or quan5ta5ve research in isola5on. Fuzzy set QCA, in contrast to conven5onal QCA, does not simply take a binary approach to evalua5ng the weight of different factors in a study. This research is taking a unique approach to using QCA. Rather that simply evalua5ng outcomes retrospec5vely, it is collec5ng and analyzing data from through the post-‐disaster planning, design, and construc5on
stages in order to draw conclusions about what rela5onships are characteris5c in each of these stages.
Even in these early stages, it is evident that coopera5on between different organiza5ons ul5mately trying to achieve the same goal of aiding the vic5ms of Typhoon Haiyan is oPen not well established or even present.
