Research Paper - ijerst | international journal of engineering …€¦ · · 2016-02-29This paper describes a review of the potential use of High Strength Incorporating Ground

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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2015 Vatsal Patel et al., 2015

HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE INCORPORATINGGROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG

AND STEEL FIBRES: A REVIEW

This paper describes a review of the potential use of High Strength Incorporating GroundGranulated Blast Furnace Slag and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete used in construction industryto improve the structural strength and reduce steel reinforcements requirements. Blast furnaceslag (GGBS) has been used as a supplementary material along with the cement. It helps inincreasing the durability and strength of the concrete. The experimental work done was reviewedwhich mainly deals with Mechanical and durability properties of high strength concrete reinforcedwith metallic (steel) fibres based upon normal curing.

Keywords: Ground granulated blast furnace slag, Steel fiber, Durability, High strength

INTRODUCTIONConcrete is the most widely used constructionmaterial due to its high and early compressivestrength and low cost. It is the backbone ofinfrastructural development of whole world. Butit is very brittle due to weak tension, flexure andimpact strength and has low resistance againstcracking. Concrete has capacity to enhance itsproperties with the help of other suitableconstituents. Today, the industrial andagricultural waste by products such as GroundGranulated Blast – furnace Slag (GGBS), fly ash,rice husk ash, silica fume, etc. are used asSupplementary Cementitious materials inconcrete. The incorporation of Supplementary1 M.E. Student, Department of Structural Engineering, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India.2 Assistant Professor, Department of Structural Engineering, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India.3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, A.D. Patel Institute of Technology, New Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India.

Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2015

ISSN 2319-5991 www.ijerst.comVol. 4, No. 2, May 2015

© 2015 IJERST. All Rights Reserved

Research Paper

Cementitious materials improve the mechanicaland durability properties of concrete and alsoreduce the cement consumption by replacingpart of cement with these pozzolanic material.To improve the brittle behavior of the concrete isthe addition of small fibers in concrete withrandomly distributed.

Concrete so reinforced is called FiberReinforced Concrete (FRC). The main reasonfor incorporating fibers into a cement matrix isto increase the tensile strength, the energyabsorption capacity, toughness, flexural strengthof concrete and also it improves the crackingdeformation characteristics of the concretecomposite.

Arvind Nakum1, Vishal Patel2 and Vatsal Patel3*

*Corresponding Author: Vatsal Patel [email protected]

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Ground Granulated Blast Furnace SlagThe American Society of Testing and Materials(C 125 Definition of Terms Relating to Concreteand Concrete Aggregate) defines blast furnaceslag as “the non-metallic product consistingessentially of silicates and alumino silicates ofcalcium and other bases, that is developed in amolten condition simultaneously with iron in ablast furnace.”

In the production of iron, the blast furnace asshown in Figure 1 is charged with iron ore, fluxstone (limestone and/or dolomite) and coke forfuel. Two products are obtained from the furnace:molten iron and slag. The slag consists primarilyof the silica and alumina from the original ironore combined with calcium and magnesiumoxides from the flux stone. It comes from thefurnace as a liquid at temperatures about 2700F, resembling molten lava. Dependent upon themanner in which the molten slag is cooled andsolidified, three distinct types of blast furnaceslag can be produced: air-cooled, expanded andgranulated.

Ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBFS): Hydraulic cement formed whengranulated blast-furnace slag is ground to asuitable fineness commonly referred to as slagcement, or GGBFS.In India, annual productionsof pig iron is 70-80 million tons and correspondingblast furnace slag are about 21-24 million tons.The blast furnace slag could be used for thecement raw material, the roadbed material, themineral admixture for concrete and aggregate forconcrete, etc.

Steel FibresSteel Fibre is a small piece of reinforcing materialused as secondary reinforcement. They can becircular or flat. The fibre is often described by aconvenient parameter called aspect ratio. Theaspect ratio of the fiber is the ratio of its length toits diameter. Steel fibres will reduce steelreinforcement requirements, improve ductility,structural strength, reduce crack widths andcontrol the crack widths tightly thus improvedurability, improve impact and abrasionresistance, and improve freeze-thaw resistance.There are different types of Steel Fibres used instructural applications. They are Straight, Hookedand Crimped as shown in Figure 2. Table 1 showsthe typical properties of steel fibres.

Figure 1: Ground Granulated Blast FurnaceSlag

Figure 2: Types of Fibres

Straight

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• Mine and tunnel supports and linings.

• Pipes, poles

• Machine foundations and structures resistinghigh impact load.

• Industrial flooring

• Rock slope stabilisation

• Wall panels

• Rapid dome construction

• Blast resistant structures

• Earthquake resistant structures

• Lining of steep incline of canals.

EXPERIMENTAL WORKDONE USING GGBS ANDSTEEL FIBRESThe investigation was carried out by Adams Joeand Maria Rajesh (2014) on characteristics of M40concrete with different parameters of GroundGranulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and 1%of steel fibre. The water binder ratio was 0.35 andsuper plasticizer CONPLAST SP-430 was useand cement was replaced with 0%, 10%, 20%,30%, 40% and 50% of GGBS and 1% steel fibre.The investigation showed that by replacing theGGBS upto 40%, compressive, split tensile,flexural, and pullout strengths are increased andthen it decreases. An experimental work was doneby Yun Yeau et al. (2005) on corrosion resistanceof concrete containing Ground Granulate Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) and ASTM Type I or ASTMType V cement. The concrete was tested for rapidchloride permeability test, accelerated chloride-ion diffusion test, accelerated steel corrosion testand half-cell potential tests. Results showed thatall concrete mixed with GGBS exhibited lowerdiffusion coefficient compared to GGBS free

Figure 2 (Cont.)

Hook ended

Crimped

Steel Fiber

Tensile strength (Mpa) 275-2758

Young’s modulus (103 Mpa) 200

Ultimate elongations (%) 0.5-35

Specific gravity 7.86

Table 1: Properties of Steel Fibers

Application of Steel Fiber ReinforcedConcrete (SFRC)The applications of SFRC are as follows forconstruction of different structural components:

• Refractories

• Pavements and overlays

• Manhole covers

• Patching and repair works

• Thin precast roofing and flooring and flooringelements

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concrete. GGBS with 40% and more performsbetter. Oner Akyuz (2007) investigated to find theoptimum level of optimum level of GroundGranulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) on thecompressive strength of concrete. Test concreteswere made by adding GGBS to concretes in anamount equivalent to approximately 0%, 15%,30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 110% of cementcontents of control concretes with 250, 300, 350and 400 kg/m3 dosages. All specimens were moistcured for 7, 14, 28, 63, 119, 180 and 365 days.The results indicated that the optimum level wasobtained at about 55 – 59% of total binder contentafter that it decreases. Escalante-Garcia et al.investigated the cementious performance ofcoarse ground granulated blast furnace slag inconcrete. First the cement was replaced by 30%,50% and 70% with slag, and results showed thatthe strength decreased as the amount of slagincreased. Second, the same amount of cementwas replaced with slag which was alkali activatedwith sodium silicate (moduli 1.7 and 2) at 4%,6% and 8% %Na2O, the strength increased withthe amount of slag in the concrete and developedfaster as %Na2O increased. Susanto Teng et al.(2013) investigated the mechanical and durabilityproperties of high strength concrete incorporatingultra fine GGBFS. Two concrete mixes with 450and 550 kg/m3 of ordinary Portland cement andtwo more mixes of equivalent total cementiousmaterial with 30% UFGGBS replacement wascast. The test performed were Compressivestrength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity,chloride migration, electrical resistivity and dryingtest. Results showed that the mechanical anddurability properties of UFGGBS blendedconcrete were improved significantly. Al-Otaibi(2008) had performed the durability tests onconcrete containing GGBS activated by water –

glass. Two types of water glass with differentsilicate modulus were used. One in solution form(Ms = 1.65) and other in a solid granular form(Ms = 1). All the mixes had the same bindercontent and w/b = 0.48. Results showed that AlkaliActivated Slag (AAS) concrete with higher dosageof Na2O gives higher strength and with highersilicates modulus of activator resulting in higherstrength. Moreover the durability of AAS concretewas good compared to OPC concrete. Theresearch was carried out by Arribas et al. (2014)on the durability of Electric – Arc Furnace slag(EAF) aggregate as a substitute for theconventional aggregate and their resistance toboth physical (freeze – thaw, high temperatureand relative humidity) and chemical degradation(sulfate attack, alkali aggregate reaction andmarine environment) and as well as theirresistance to the corrosion of steel reinforcementbars embedded in the concrete matrix. Resultsfound that concrete with EAF slag performedbetter to freeze/thaw effect, to high temperatureand relative humidity and resistance to sulphateattack compared to normal concrete. Topcu etal. (2007) had performed experiments to studythe effect of replacement of cement with differentpercentage of flyash and effects of addition ofsteel and polypropylene fibres. The resultsshowed that by adding fibres, workabilitydecreases but with flyash addition it is maintained.Thus adding flyash and fibres to concrete itsperformance increases and cost decreases.Kaikea et al. (2014) investigated the mechanicalproperties of high performance fibre reinforcedconcrete. The main parameters that varied werethe fiber volume content and the types of mineraladdition. Results showed that by adding steelfibres and blast furnace slag the compressive,flexural, toughness and shrinkage properties can

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environmental more friendly and still valuablealternative binder affects positively. Higgins (2003)had done experiment to study the increasedsulphate resistance of GGBS in presence ofcarbonate. Three test methods were employed.First cubes were immersed in magnesium andsodium sulphate solutions and monitored forcorner-loss and strength-loss, over six years.Second mortar was sieved from fresh concreteand used to make prisms. These prisms wereimmersed in magnesium and sodium sulphatesolutions and their expansions monitored for upto six years. Third in accordance with a draft of aEuropean Standard for sulphate resistance,mortar prisms were prepared and monitored forexpansion for one year. The experimental studywas done by addition of small percentages ofeither calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate andGGBS concrete improved the resistance tosulphate attack. Qiang et al. (2013) investigatedthe influence of steel slag on the compressivestrength, drying shrinkage, permeability tochloride, and carbonation resistance of concreteunder two different conditions: constant W/B andconstant 28 days’ compressive strength. Theeffects were (1) Under the condition of constantW/B, increasing the steel slag content tends todecrease the compressive strength especially theearly strength of the concrete. At high W/B (0.50),the late compressive strength of the concrete withmore than 30% steel slag is significantly lowerthan that of the pure cement concrete. But at lowW/B (0.35), the late compressive strength of thehigh volume steel slag concrete is much closerto that of the pure cement concrete. The negativeeffect of steel slag on the strength of concrete isless obvious at lower W/B. (2) At high W/B, thedrying shrinkage of the concrete with steel slagdevelops faster at the early ages than that of thepure cement concrete, but their ultimate

be improved significantly. Holschemacher et al.(2010) investigated influence of steel fibre typesand amounts on flexural tensile strength, fracturebehaviour and workability of steel bar reinforcedhigh-strength concrete beams. Different barreinforcements (2 x 6 mm and 2 x 12 mm) andthree types of fibres configurations (two straightwith end hooks with different ultimate tensilestrength and one corrugated) were used. Theresults showed that strength and geometry offibres have a direct influence on the load bearingcapacity of HSSFRC beams without barreinforcement. High strength fibres showed betterductile behaviour and higher load levels in the postcracking range. Bernal et al. (2012) studied theeffects of activation conditions on the engineeringproperties of alkali-activated slag/metakaolinblends. Results showed that at high activatorconcentration, compressive strengths at earlyage was enhanced by the inclusion of metakaolinin the binder. A similar effect was observed in theflexural strength of the concretes, as dissolutionand reaction of metakaolin was favoured underhigher-alkalinity activation conditions. Increasedmetakaolin contents and higher activatorconcentrations also lead in most cases toreduced water sorptivity and lower chloridepermeability. Vejmelkova et al. (2009) investigateda wide set of parameters of concrete containing10% of ground granulated blast furnace slag asPortland cement replacement involving basicmaterial characteristics, mechanical and fracture-mechanical properties, durability characteristics,hydric and thermal properties and chloride bindingcharacteristics was determined and comparedwith the parameters of reference Portland cementconcrete with otherwise the same composition.The results showed that the replacement ofPortland cement by even such a low amount ofground granulated blast furnace slag as

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shrinkages at 90 days are very close to eachother. At low W/B, steel slag has little influenceon the drying shrinkage of the concrete. (3) Underthe condition of constant W/B, increasing the steelslag content tends to increase the permeabilityto chloride ion of the concrete at 28 days. At highW/B, the permeability of the high volume steelslag concrete is obviously higher than that of thepure cement concrete at the late ages. But atlow W/B, the high volume steel slag concrete canget permeability close to the pure cementconcrete at the late ages.

The negative effect of steel slag on thepermeability of concrete is weaker at lower W/B.(4) Under the condition of constant W/B, a smallsteel slag replacement has little influence on thecarbonation resistance of the concrete. A largesteel slag replacement tends to significantlyweaken the carbonation resistance of theconcrete. The negative effect of steel slag on thecarbonation resistance of the concrete is weakerat lower W/B and with longer initial standardcuring period. (5) Under the condition of constant28 days’ compressive strength, the concrete withsteel slag exhibits lower early strength but higherlate strength than the pure cement concrete. Theultimate drying shrinkage at 90 days of theconcrete with steel slag is close to that of thepure cement concrete. The concrete with steelslag can get permeability to chloride ion andcarbonation resistance similar to the pure cementconcrete. Johari Megat et al. (2011) had studiedthe influence of Supplementary CementitiousMaterials (SCMs), namely silica fume,metakaolin, fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, on the engineering properties of HighStrength Concrete (HSC). Workability,compressive strength, elastic modulus, porosityand pore size distribution were assessed in order

to quantify the effects of the different materials.The observations were: 1. The use of SF at areplacement level of up to 10% tends to improvethe workability of HSC. From the literature, thisscenario has been observed only in concreteproduced with low water/binder ratio inconjunction with the use of superplasticiser. Theeffect of MK is to reduce the workability of HSCwith greater reducing effects at higherreplacement levels. The influence of FA and GGBSon the workability of HSC is the same as thatobserved in normal strength concrete, which isto improve the workability. Greater effects wereobserved at higher replacement levels. 2. Theinclusion of the different SCMs significantlyinfluences the compressive strength of the HSCmixes. The effect of SF is to enhance thecompressive strength of the concretes at all ages,particularly between the ages of 28 and 90 days.Similarly, the general effect of MK is to enhancethe strength of the HSC, except for the MK15,concrete at the age of 1 day. At a replacementlevel of 5%, the maximum contribution of MK tothe HSC strength occurs at the age of 1 day, whileat higher replacement levels of 10% and 15%,the maximum contribution to strength takes placebetween the ages of 14 and 28 days. Due to theslower reactivity of FA and GGBS, as well as thedilution effect, their inclusion reduces the earlystrength of the concrete, particularly at higherreplacement levels. While the FA enhances thelater age strength of the HSC, the GGBS givesmaximum strength between the ages of 28 and90 days. For each mineral admixture, SF, MK, FAand GGBS, maximum long-term strength wasobtained at replacement levels of 15%, 10%, 30%and 20%, respectively. 3. The general effect ofthe different SCMs on elastic modulus of HSC isnominal compared to their effect on strength. Thestatic modulus of elasticity of the HSC at the age

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of 28 days can be expressed as a function ofcompressive strength. The EC 2 and ACI 209models give good estimates of static modulus ofelasticity. The equation given in BS8110 tends toslightly underestimate the static modulus ofelasticity, while the ACI 363 tends tounderestimate static modulus of elasticity withhigher error coefficient. 4. The dynamic modulusof elasticity of the HSC can be expressed as afunction of the cube compressive strength raisedto the power of 0.5. The general relation betweenstatic and dynamic moduli of elasticity, as givenin BS 8110, could be applicable to the HSC, withor without SCMs. 5. The effect of SCM is to reducethe porosity of mortar measured using the MIPapparatus, while the mean and average poresizes are significantly reduced for all mortarscontaining SCMs. SF and MK seem to havegreater influences in reducing the porosity andpore size of mortar. 6. The effect of the SCMs isto increase the volume of mesopores in theranges of <15 nm and 15-30 nm, but tosignificantly reduce the percentage ofmacropores. The mortars containing SF and MK,as well as the GGBS60 mortar, show significantincrease in the percentage of mesopores in therange of <15 nm, with the MK15 mortar exhibitingthe greatest increase. Kumar et al. (2008) usedmechanically activated Granulated Blast FurnaceSlag (GBFS) in the range of 50–95% to replaceclinker in Portland Slag Cement (PSC). The slagand clinker were activated separately using anattrition mill and mixed to prepare cementformulations. The strength of the samplecontaining 80-85% slag was comparable to thecommercial cement used as a reference. Thehydrated cement samples were characterisedusing powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scanningelectron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis(SEM-EDS) and simultaneous thermogravimetry

and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). Theeffects were: 1. Mechanical activation of the slaghad a beneficial effect on the early strengthdevelopment. Low early strength developmenthas been a major handicap in increasing theproportion of slag in conventional portland slagcement. 2. In the PSC prepared usingmechanically activated clinker and slag, it wasfound that up to 85% replacement of clinker byslag is possible without impairing the strength vis-a-vis a commercial cement containing 40% slagof the same origin. 3. Unlike the ball milled slag,where strength decreases at early ages, both 1-day and 28-day strength increased with increasingamount of activated slag up to 70% 4. Thefineness of the slag was found to be more criticalthan that of the clinker from the point of view ofstrength development. 5. Mechanical activationresults in following changes in the evolution ofmicrostructure during the hydration (a) increasedhydration of C3S in clinker and hydration of slagdue to the increase in its reactivity. Elahi et al.(2010) investigated the mechanical and durabilityproperties of high performance concretescontaining supplementary cementitious materialsin both binary and ternary systems. Themechanical properties were assessed from thecompressive strength, whilst the durabilitycharacteristics were investigated in terms ofchloride diffusion, electrical resistivity, airpermeability and water absorption. The testvariables included the type and the amount ofsupplementary cementitious materials (silicafume, fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnaceslag). Portland cement was replaced with fly ashup to 40%, silica fume up to 15% and GGBS upto a level of 70%. The observations were (1) Withthe w/b kept constant at 0.3, the compressivestrength was detrimentally affected by thereplacement of PC with both FA and GGBS at all

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ages up to 91 days. However, the compressivestrength increased at all ages due to the use ofSF at 7.5% replacement levels. There was adecrease in compressive strength at early ageswhen the SF content was increased from 7.5%to 15%. It was possible to enhance the long-termcompressive strength of both FA and GGBS mixeswith the addition of 7.5% of SF, but there was adecrease in compressive strength at early ages.(2) The results of the tests carried out on the HPCconcretes containing SF, FA and GGBS in largevolumes clearly illustrated that some mixcombinations are superior to others for differentproperties presented in this paper. Clearly thiswould mean that HPCs for different exposureconditions could be designed and produced witha combination of different cementitious materialsand the exact choice of these combinationsshould be based on the physical propertiesrelevant to the durability and performanceexpected from the HPC. (3) There was adecrease in air permeability with age for all themixes. No advantage was observed in adding SFto both the control mix (PC only) and binary mixesfrom the point of view of the air impermeability,except mixes SF15 and SF + FA20. The binarymixes with 40% FA showed a dramatic reductionin air permeability at 44 days, followed by 20% FAmix at 44 days. The control mix exhibited thelowest air permeability values at later ages,marginally above the mix with 40% FA at the sameage. This means that HPCs with low airpermeability could be obtained without the additionof any supplementary cementitious materials.However, these mixes may perform adequatelyonly where air permeability is the criterionaffecting its durability. (4) There was a decreasein sorptivity (water absorption) with age for all themixes. SF was less pronounced in improving thesorptivity at 44 as well as 91 days. The 50%

GGBS, both with and without SF, improved thewater absorption at 44 and 91 days. Similarly, the20% FA with and without SF improved the waterabsorption at 91 days. SF improved the GGBSconcrete more than FA concrete. That is, in thecase of sorptivity (water absorption), there wasbenefit with the addition of 20% FA and 50%GGBS compared to the control concrete.However, the improvement to sorptivity with theaddition of SF was marginal. (5) All the mixes withcement replacement materials showed at leastthree times greater resistance to chloride diffusionthan the control mix. Amongst all the binary mixes,SF mixes showed the best performance inimproving the chloride resistance. Even theternary mixes, achieved by the inclusion of SF inFA and GGBS concretes, exhibited increase inthe resistance to chloride diffusion. (6) The typeand content of binders had almost the same effecton penetration parameter and bulk resistivity astheir effect on the resistance to chloride diffusion.Amongst the SCM blends, the highest resistivitywas obtained for SF15 and the lowest for BS50.Generally the addition of SF increased theresistivity of FA and GGBS mixes. Song P S andHwang S (2004) investigated the mechanicalproperties of high-strength steel fiber-reinforcedconcrete. The properties included compressiveand splitting tensile strengths, modulus of rupture,and toughness index. The steel fibers were addedat the volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and2.0%. The effects were 1. The compressivestrength of HSC improved with additions of steelfibers at various volume fractions. The strengthshowed a maximum at 1.5% fraction but a slightdecrease at 2% fraction compared to 1.5%, stillremaining 12.9% higher than before the fiberaddition. 2. The splitting tensile strength andmodulus of rupture of HSFRC both improved withincreasing fiber volume fraction. The splitting

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tensile strength ranged from 19.0% to 98.3%higher for the fractions from 0.5% to 2.0%. Andthe modulus of rupture ranged from 28.1% to126.6% higher for the fraction from 0.5% to 2.0%.3. The strength-effectiveness showed at eachvolume fraction a maximum for modulus ofrupture, followed by splitting tensile strength, andcompressive strength. 4. The strength modelsdeveloped for HSFRC predicts the compressiveand splitting tensile strengths and modulus ofrupture accurately. Bernal (2010) investigatedmechanical and permeability properties at earlyages of an Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete (AASC)reinforced with steel fibers. The compressive,splitting tensile and flexural strengths, flexuralnotch sensitivity, pull-out and water absorptionproperties were evaluated. The results obtainedwere:

• The developed AASC present highercompressive strengths than the OPCreference concretes. A higher reduction of thecompression strength in OPC concretes withthe addition of fibers could be identified. TheAASC exhibit better retention of this property.

• Splitting tensile strengths increase in bothOPCC and the AASC concretes with theincorporation of fibers at 28 curing days;however, these increments were higher inAASC reinforced with steel fibers. The effectof steel fibers on flexural behaviour wasnotable. The deflection corresponding to theultimate load was enhanced with the increaseof fiber volume. Additionally, the modulus ofrupture, of the fiber reinforced mixtures, werehigher for AASC. A substantial improvementin load capacity as well as flexural toughness(understood as absorption of energy untilfailure slip) with increasing fiber volume wasidentified.

• The AASC reinforced with steel fibers presenta three-fold increase in flexural toughnesscompared to OPCC at early ages of curing,both in continuous and in notched samples,being more significant in samples withnotches.

CONCLUSIONGround Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and steelfiber can be used in concrete as a suitablereplacement of cement to make the concretestronger in compression and tension, to makeconcrete more economical, and Proper utilizationof industrial waste to reduce the impact onenvironment.

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Research Paper - ijerst | international journal of engineering …€¦ · · 2016-02-29This paper describes a review of the potential use of High Strength Incorporating Ground