Research MethodologyMGT - 3063

TYPES OF RESEARCH

MR. I. MAYURRAN

»Definition – Research.»Natural Science

»Social Science

»Types of Research.»Application

»Objective

»Inquiry Mode

»Research

Classification

»Question Time

CONTENTS.

Business research can be defined as the systematic and objective process of gathering , recording and analyzing data for aid in making business decisions.

Putting some light in the unknown areas of knowledge for your enlightenment to that particular area of knowledge

The purpose of research is to find a solution to a particular type of

problem. Showing the problem a direction towards

solution or to understand our reality more clearly.

Research - Definition

“Research is a systematized effort to

gain new knowledge”. -Redman and Mory.

Natural Science

Pure

Research

BOTANY

ZOLOGY

ANIMAL

SCIENCE

Applied Research

ANIMAL CARE

DENTAL CAREMEDI CARE

Social Science

Pure

Research

HUMAN

RESOURCE

Applied Research

MARKETING

HRM

Types of Research

1Application 2Objective

3Inquiry Mode

Application of the Research Study11

Pure Research

Applied Research

Goal: Expand man’s knowledge (Eg :- which genes control social behavior of human beings? )

Pure Research is also known as basic or Fundamental research.

It is undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any intention to apply it in practice.

Pure research offers solutions to many practical problemsEx: Maslow’s theory of motivation

Pure research develops many alternative solutions and thus enables us to choose the best solution.

Pure Research or Fundamental Research

Applied Research or Action Research Applied Research or Action Research is

carried out to find solution to a real life problem requiring an action or policy decision a society or business faces.

The researcher attempts to solve a known problem and find answers to specific questions.

Aims at solving specific problems & establishing policy programs that will help to improve social life.

Goal: To improve human condition (i.e., improve the world) (e.g., how to care cancers?)

High impact examples: computers, transistors,

vaccinations

Example for Applied Research

A trucking company that is interested in predicting the tonnage of material shipped in the next quarter.

Example

Predicting the tonnage & determining which variables are good predictors of tonnage for the next quarter.

Problem

2Objectives in

Undertaking the Research22 Descriptive

Research

Explanatory Research

Exploratory Research

Causal Research

Descriptive Research

Usually it forms preliminary study of a research project. It aims at describe social events, relations and events

It provides background information about an event in question

It is deal with collecting data and answering questions or interviews or by observation (Survey type research).

Exam

ple

for D

escr

iptiv

e Re

sear

ch

Descriptive Research

To describe characteristics of relevant groups

To estimate the % of units in a specified

population exhibiting a certain behavior

To determine the degree to which the marketing variables are associated

To determine the perceptions of product

characteristics

To make specific predictions

Explanatory Research or Analytical Research

Analytical Research is primarily concerned with testing hypothesis and specifying and interpreting relationships, by analyzing the facts or information already available. (Cause-Effect).

It aims at explaining social relations and events.

To build, test or revise a theory.

Exploratory Research or Formulative Research

It aims at gaining information about an issue in hand.

Objective: to gather preliminary information that will help define problems and suggest hypotheses.

Typical techniques used in exploratory research include Case studies, Observation Historical analysis In-depth interviews Focus Group.

Causal ResearchIt aims at establishing cause and effect relationship among .

The objective of causal research is to test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships..

It is appropriate for the following purposes: To understand which variables are the cause

(independent variables) and which variables are the effect (dependent variables) of a phenomenon.

To determine the nature of relationship between the causal variables and the effect to be predicted.

The main method of causal research is experimentation.

EXAMPLE

Inquiry Mode 3

33Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research`

‘Qualitative Research…involves finding out what people think, and how they feel - or at any rate, what they say they think and how they say they feel. This kind of information is subjective. It involves feelings and impressions, rather than numbers’

It is based on methodological principals of phenomenology, symbolic, interactionism.

It aims at exploration of social world. Following elements are there

Qualitative Research

Aimed at finding out the quality/kind of a particular phenomenon

Quantitative Research

Research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. To collect and analyze data to explain, predict, or control phenomena of interest

Describe current conditions Investigate relationships Study causes and effects

It is based on methodological principals of positivism and neo positivism .

It adheres to standards of strict research.

Statistical analysis is used in it.

Other Types of Research One-time Research – Research confined to a single time period. Longitudinal Research – Research carried on over several time periods. Diagnostic Research – It is also called clinical research which aims at

identifying the causes of a problem, frequency with which it occurs and the possible solutions for it.

Theory Testing Research - It aims at testing validity of a theory

Theory Building Research - To establish and formulate theory

Historical Research – The purpose of historical research is to arrive at conclusions concerning trends, causes or effects of past occurrences. This may help in explaining present events and anticipating future events.

Conceptual Research - is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or ideas to reinterpret existing ones.

Empirical Research - is a data based research which depends on experience or observation alone. It is a data based research with verifiable conclusions.

RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION

PURPOSE

PROCESS

OUTCOME

LOGIC

Base

d on

Pur

pose

Exploratory

• Describe the ideas & insights.

• Ex:-• Our sales are

declining and we don’t know why?.

• Would people be interested in our new product idea?

Descriptive• Describe Market Characteristics or Function.

• Ex:- • What kind of

people are buying our product? Who buys our competitor’s product?

• What features do buyers prefer in our product?

Casual• Determine Cause & effect relationship.

• Ex:-• “Will buyers

purchase more of our products in a new package?

• Which of two advertising campaigns is more effective?

Purpose of The Research – The Reason Why It Was Conducted

Acco

rdin

g to

Pro

cess Process of The Research – The

Way In Which The Data Were Collected And Analyzed

Basic Qualitative QuantitativeTypes of Question Probing Limited probing

Sample Size Small Large

Info. Per Respondent Much Varies

Researcher Skills Requires, skilled researcher

Fewer specialist skills required

Types of Analysis Subjective, interpretative

Statistical

Types of Research Exploratory Descriptive or casual

Method Inductive Deductive

Acco

rdin

g to

Out

com

eOutcome Of The Research – Whether The Expected Outcome Is The Solution To A Particular Problem Or A More General

Contribution To Knowledge.

Applied• Application in the "real

world“.• aims to address and

answer real-world problems.

• Applied research builds on existing basic research.

Pure• Knowledge for the sake

of knowledge.• fundamental bases of

behavior.• considered the

foundation of knowledge

Acco

rdin

g to

Log

icLogic Of The Research – Whether The Research Logic Moves From

The General To The Specific Or Vice Versa

Theory

Hypothesis

Observation

Confirmation

Theory

Tentative Hypothesi

s

Pattern

Observation

Indu

ctive

Deductive

QUESTION TIME

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