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Hindawi Publishing CorporationApplied and Environmental Soil ScienceVolume 2013 Article ID 981715 8 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013981715

Research ArticleTemperature Effects on Phosphorus Release froma Biosolids-Amended Soil

Maria L Silveira1 and George A OrsquoConnor2

1 Range Cattle Research and Education Center University of Florida 3401 Experiment Station Ona FL 33865 USA2 Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida 2181 McCarty Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Maria L Silveira mlasufledu

Received 10 July 2013 Revised 23 August 2013 Accepted 23 August 2013

Academic Editor Leonid Perelomov

Copyright copy 2013 M L Silveira and G A OrsquoConnor This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of temperature on the potential leachable P pool and distribution of chemical Pforms in a biosolids-amended soil A P-deficient Spodosol was incubated with seven biosolids and inorganic P fertilizer at 20 and32∘C for 90 days Amendments were applied to provide a total P concentration of 112mg kgminus1 soil which correspond to a fieldapplication of sim224 kg P haminus1 Cumulative P mass leached during the 90 d study for any P source was lt2 of the applied P butgreater cumulative P mass was released from the biological P removal and composted biosolids than from the heat-dried materialsIncreasing temperature (20 to 32∘C) generally decreased cumulative P mass leached suggesting greater soil affinity to retain P at32∘C than at 20∘C In a static incubation experiment (no leaching) soil water-extractable P concentrations were reduced over timebut no temperature effect was observed Similarly P distribution among the various fractions was not affected by temperature Therelatively great ability of the soil to sorb P masked differences in biosolids properties and the potential impacts of temperature onP lability Additional work using low P-sorbing soils is warranted

1 Introduction

Biosolids can provide essential nutrients to plant and im-prove soil chemical physical and biological properties [1]However repeated biosolids applications based on plantN requirements supply P in excess of crop requirementsresulting in soil P accumulation Environmental concernsassociated with the buildup of soil P and potential lossesof P movement to water bodies via surface runoff verticalleaching and erosion exist Although P is typically immobilein most soils coarse-textured soils are prone to P trans-port [2] Florida Spodosols are particularly susceptible to Pleaching due to the lack of reactive minerals low Fe and Aloxides and organicmatter concentrations in surface horizons[3] Moreover poorly drained Spodosols associated withrelatively shallowwater tables intercepted by drainage ditchesincrease the potential risks of P edge-field losses

Phosphorus lability in biosolids-treated soils dependson the forms of P is initially present in the biosolids and

the characteristics of the soil receiving the residual Thewastewater treatment processes strongly influence the chem-istry and P pools in biosolids [4] For instance biological Premoval (BPR) processes can increase P extractability andrunoff losses [5 6] Conversely biosolids treated with Al andFe or heat-dried materials generally exhibit low extractableP concentrations [7ndash9] According to [10] P lability frombiosolids produced via BPR processes was similar to com-mercial P fertilizer while in heat-dried materials containinghigh levels of Al and Fe less than 10 of total P was labileHowever differences in biosolids-P lability in response tobiosolids treatment method appear to be less pronounced inP-enriched soils or soils that have high affinity to retain P [11]

Although biosolids have typically a wide range of physicaland chemical properties the vast majority of the P inbiosolids is present as inorganic P [12 13] Research hasshown that P lability in biosolids-treated soils is affected bythe organic source as well as the soil P sorption character-istics and initial soil P levels [10 11] In addition P forms

2 Applied and Environmental Soil Science

Table 1 Selected soil chemical properties

Soil Sand Organicmatter g kgminus1

pH Total P Mehlich-1 POxalate -extractable

PSIox1P Fe Al

mg kgminus1

Millhopper 95 19 56 1339 57 585 2222 956 0251Phosphorus saturation index (PSI) = [P divide (Al + Fe)] with P Fe and Al concentrations expressed as mmol kgminus1

and availability in biosolids-treated soils can be affected byenvironmental conditions such as temperature and moisturecontent Temperature can also increase the rate of reactionbetween soil and added P resulting in a rapid decrease insoluble P [14] Phosphorus availability increased in manure-treated soils when temperature increased from 10 to 20∘C[15] and in a forest soil receiving P fertilizer [16] Floodedsediments released much more P when incubated at 35∘Cthan at 7∘C [16] and temperature increased P release inflooded soils [17] Fe-strip P concentrations decreased whenbiosolids-amended soils were incubated at 37∘C than at 25∘Csuggesting greater microbial immobilization of soluble P at ahigher temperature [18] Chemical mechanisms involved inP dynamics can also be affected by temperature P extractedby NaHCO

3was very sensitive to changes in temperature

increasing by sim3 per ∘C increase [17 19] Contrarily [20]reported no differences in Olsen-extractable (available) Pconcentrations in calcareous soils incubated at temperaturesvarying from 5 to 25∘C possibly due the presence of Ca-based minerals that favored P sorption It has been suggestedthat in some cases NaHCO

3might not be a good indicator

of soil P changes due to the increasing temperature [21]Reference [22] found no significant effect of temperature onthe amount of P released from swine slurry-treated soilshowever for soils receiving beef cattle manure temperatureincreases increased P sorption in heavier-textured soils anddecreased P retention in sandy soils Phosphate adsorptionincreased with temperature (25 to 55∘C) in five tropicalsoils and P desorption was markedly reduced Biosolidsincubated at room temperature for 15 months exhibitedgreater concentrations of water-soluble P as compared tobiosolids samples stored at minus2∘C [13] The objective of thisstudy was to investigate the effects of temperature on thepotential leachable P pool and distribution of chemical Pforms in biosolids-amended soils

2 Material and Methods

21 Soil and Biosolids Samples Composite samples of a sandsoil (Millhopper soil series (loamy siliceous and hyper-thermic Grossarenic Paleudults)) were collected from the 0to 15 cm depth in Santa Fe Beef Research Unit FL USA(29∘551015840N 82∘301015840W) Soil samples were air-dried and sievedto pass through a 2mm screen sieve Selected chemicalcharacteristics are shown in Table 1 Seven different typesof biosolids were collected at different locations and storedat 4∘C until the experiment began Chemical compositionsof the various biosolids (Table 2) were similar to biosolids

produced nationwide [23] Total P concentrations rangedfrom sim2 to 4

22 Incubation Experiment An incubation study wasdesigned to determine the potential P leachable pool fromsoils amended with biosolids and fertilizer Appropriateamounts of biosolids and P fertilizer (triple super phosphate)were applied to provide a total P concentration of 112mg kgminus1soil which correspond to a field application of sim224 kg P haminus1or 10Mg haminus1 of a typical biosolids containing between 2and 22 of P For each treatment 100 g (eq drywt) ofsoil were thoroughly mixed with biosolids in plastic bagsSamples were wetted to 80 of the field capacity Biosolids-treated samples and control soils were incubated aerobicallyin filter chambers in the dark at 20 and 32∘C for 90 daysChambers containing treated samples were capped to reduceevaporation but aerated weekly by removing lids fromcontainers for 2 hours to reestablish ambient conditions Soilmoisture contents were checked regularly by weighing thechambers and water was added to maintain the samples at80 of field capacity Chambers were leached periodicallyas described below to determine potential P losses Eachtreatment was replicated three times

In a separate experiment soils were treated with biosolids(at a P rate of 112mg kgminus1) and incubated in the dark at 20and 32∘C as described previously but were not subjected toleaching (static incubation) At 0 15 30 45 and 90 days ofincubation subsamples were taken for P analysis Changes inP forms over time were evaluated using a modification of thesequential extraction procedure developed by [24] Water-extractable P concentrations were also determined in thetreated samples to assess the effects of time and temperatureon P extractability

23 Leaching Protocol Samples were leached with 60mL ofDDI water (sim2 pore volume) at 15 30 60 and 90 daysImmediately after the discharge a subsample was filteredthrough a 045 120583m membrane filter Filtered leachates wereanalyzed for total P using the potassium persulfatesulfuricacid digestion (EPA method 3651) [25] soluble reactive P(SRP) [26] pH electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolvedorganic C (DOC) concentrations

24 Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performedusing Proc Mixed [27] Biosolids type and temperature wereconsidered fixed effects with replicates and their interactionsbeing considered as random effects Mean separation oftreatment differences was by LSD Treatments and theirinteractions were considered significant when F-test 119875 values

Applied and Environmental Soil Science 3

Table2Selected

prop

ertie

sofb

iosolid

smaterials

Biosolids

Treatm

entp

rocess

Class

pHSolid

sTo

tal

Oxalate-extractable

PSI

CN

PP

Al

Fegk

gminus1

ATAD

1Ae

robically

digeste

dbiologicalPremoval

A63

3350

5540

2332

83

28

Disn

eycompo

st1Com

poste

dbiologicalPremoval

A57

70420

2815

1170

2006

OCSouthCa

ke1

Anaerob

icallydigeste

dbiologicalPremoval

B81

15410

6623

2350

44

28

OCEa

stCa

ke1

Aerobically

digeste

dbiologicalPremoval

NA

59

16430

7020

1713

34

50

JEACa

keAnaerob

icallydigeste

dthickened

A79

22360

5119

1860

50

19Tampa

pellets

Anaerob

icallydigeste

dthermallydried

A56

96410

5621

1960

51

20

WPB

Com

poste

dA

58

67420

2519

1930

30

37

1

Denotes

biologicalPremovalbiosolids


00

05

10

15

20

1 2 3 4Leaching event

Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

ATAD

OC East CakeJEA Cake

TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

(a) 20∘C

00

05

10

15

20


ATAD


TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

(b) 32∘C

Figure 1 Cumulative P mass leached over the 90 d incubation Leaching events 1 2 3 and 4 correspond to 15 30 60 and 90 d of incubationInitial P mass applied 112mg P kgminus1 soil P (224 kg P haminus1) Error bars represent one standard error Data represent the average of threereplicates Error bars represent one standard error Open symbols represent biological nutrient removal biosolids

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

(a) 20∘C

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

(b) 32∘C

Figure 2 Leachate soluble reactive P (SRP) concentrations Leaching events 1 2 3 and 4 correspond to 15 30 60 and 90 d of incubationP rate 112mg P kgminus1 (224 kg P haminus1) Error bars represent one standard error Data represent the average of three replicates Open symbolsrepresent biological nutrient removal biosolids

were lt005 Interactions not discussed in the results anddiscussion section were not significant (119875 gt 005)

3 Results and Discussion

31 Phosphorus Leaching After 90 d of incubation and atotal of 8 PV of drainage cumulative P mass leached was

greater for TSP-treated soils than biosolids-treated soils atboth temperatures (Figure 1) Biosolids-treated soils leachedsim20 to 87 less P than TSP-treated samples suggestingthat P availability in the biosolids was much smaller than inTSP Greater cumulative P mass was released from two of theCakematerials (OCSouth andOCEast) and from compostedbiosolids (WPB) as compared to the JEA Cake Tampa andDisney biosolids This indicates that there was a significant


0

20

40

60

80W

EP (m

g kgminus

1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0

15 minus d30 minus d


(a) 20∘C

0

20

40

60

80

WEP

(mg k

gminus1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(b) 32∘C

Figure 3 Changes in WEP concentrations as affected by incubation period and temperature

Table 3 Leachate dissolved organic C concentrations

BiosolidsDissolved organic C (mg Lminus1)

1st leaching 2nd leaching 3rd leaching 4th leaching20∘C 32∘C 20∘C 32∘C 20∘C 32∘C 20∘C 32∘C

Control 11 5 12 12 12 14 12 15ATAD 39a1 10b 13 11 10 10 12 14OC East Cake 32a 14b 15b 18a 11b 16a 12 13JEA Cake 26a 11b 14 16 10b 14a 10b 14aTampa 38a 16b 16 18 12b 15a 12b 18aWPB 35a 14b 22 20 21 17 26 23OC South Cake 19a 10b 18 20 16 14 12 15Disney 30a 7b 24a 12b 13 18 15 22TSP 14a 3b 15 14 14 16 14 171Statistical analysis is valid within each leaching event Means followed by different letters within biosolids source and leaching event are significantly differentusing the LSD procedure (119875 le 005)

effect of biosolids sources on the amount of P leachedGreatercumulative P release from OC South compared to OC Eastmaterial is due to the digestion process While OC East isaerobically digested the OC South is anaerobically digestedwhich may result in nearly complete release of biologicallyfixed P [28] Results observed in this current study areconsistent with previous studies [9]These authors concludedthat P release from biosolids depends on the treatment bywhich the material is being produced

Compared to the initial P load (112120583g P gminus1 soil or sim224 kg P haminus1) cumulative P mass leached represented lt2of the applied P At 20∘C between 03 to 13 of totalapplied P was leached throughout the 90 d incubation (forJEA and OC South Cake biosolids resp) This suggestedthe great affinity of the Millhopper soil to retain addedP (mainly because of the considerable concentrations ofoxalate-extractable Fe and Al) and the negligible potential forP leaching in this soil even when highly soluble P sourcessuch as TSP are applied Perhaps greater P rates or repeated

application of biosolids would increase the risks associatedwith P leaching if the sorption sites became significantlyoccupied

Themajority (80 to 100) of the P leached at both tem-peratures was SRP with no differences in P form among thebiosolids sources Large SRP concentrations were observedin the first leaching event (15 d) for the OC South andEast Cake treatments especially at 20∘C (Figure 2(a)) Thissuggests the presence of readily available forms of P in thesematerials preferentially released in the first leaching eventTSP followed the same pattern at the lower temperaturehowever at 32∘C SRP concentrations increased after thesecond leaching event (Figure 2(b)) The other biosolids didnot show a clear trend and despite some fluctuations SRPconcentrations were in general almost constant during thevarious leachings

In general cumulative P mass leached was significantlysmaller when biosolids were incubated at greater temperature(32∘C) For instance cumulative Pmass released byOCSouth


Table4SoilPdistrib

utions

amon

gthev

arious

fractio

nsattheb

eginning

(T0)andaft

er90

days

ofincubatio

n(90d

)

Biosolids

SoilPfractio

ns1

H2O

KCl

NaO

HP 119894

NaO

HP 0

HCl

Resid

ual

T 090

d2T 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

AverageP

concentration(m

gkgminus1

)Con

trol

95(09)3

81(07)

27(02)

37(03)

760(68)

726(61)

67(60)

95(80)

68(60)

43(36)

210(19

)311(26)

ATAD

45(38)

14(11)

39(03)

10(09)

683(57)

799(67)

66(55)

72(60)

71(60)

46(38)

320(27)

249(21)

OCEa

stCa

ke57

(43)

15(11)

89(07)

10(08)

779(59)

773(59)

78(60)

71(53)

79(60)

48(37)

315(24)

400(30)

JEACa

ke18

(16)

74(07)

33(03)

63(05)

764(67)

763(67)

51(45)

73(64)

90(79)

48(42)

214(19

)242(21)

Tampa

12(10)

96(08)

45(04)

73(06)

783(65)

775(65)

74(62)

454(38)

89(75)

53(44)

234(19)

307(26)

WPB

21(18)

13(11)

55(05)

65(05)

775(65)

794(66)

70(59)

78(65)

79(66)

56(47)

243(20)

246(21)

OCSouthCa

ke27

(22)

12(10)

69(06)

93(08)

761(62)

762(62)

77(63)

56(45)

83(68)

48(39)

271(22)

339(28)

Disn

ey15

(12)

95(08)

33(03)

54(04)

786(63)

853(69)

35(28)

63(51)

86(69)

55(44)

319(26)

257(21)

TSP

39(33)

16(14)

62(05)

68(06)

739(62)

823(74)

54(45)

67(60)

74(62)

49(44)

276(23)

156(14

)1

H2O

andKC

lrepresent

water-solub

leandexchangeablePfractio

nsrespectively

NaO

HP 119894

andNaO

HP 0

representthe

Al-andFe-bou

ndinorganica

ndorganicP

HCl

isCa

-bou

ndPRe

sidualism

ineral-associated

inorganicP

2

Values

representaverage

Pconcentrationof

samples

incubatedat20∘

Cand32∘

C3

Datainparenthesis

are

oftotalP


Cake decreased by 57 when treated soils were incubated at32∘C compared with release at 20∘C Exceptions were JEACake and Tampa biosolids which exhibited no significanteffect of temperature on P release TSP-treated soils exhibitedsimilar patterns and leached much less P when incubated atthe greater temperature It was not clear if the temperatureeffects on P leachability were due to the greater soil affinityto retain P at 32∘C compared to 20∘C or if biosolids-borneP availability was also affected by increased temperature Anumber of studies document the impacts of temperature onsoil P sorption reactions [29ndash32] In general high tempera-tures increase the rate of P transfer to strongly bond formsand thus decrease P concentration in solutionTherefore thereductions in P leaching concentrations at 32∘C observed inthis current study can be attributed to the greater soil affinityto retain P in stable forms at a higher temperature

32 Changes in P Extractability and Distribution over TimeResults from the static incubation (samples not subjectedto leaching) revealed that at both temperatures WEP con-centrations were significantly reduced over time (Figure 3)The decrease in P extractability was similar when sampleswere incubated at 20∘C (Figure 3(a)) or 32∘C (Figure 3(b))suggesting that there was no significant effect of temperatureon WEP concentrations The reactions between biosolids-borne P with the soils matrix were favored with timeand thus P extractability was considerably reduced Similarresults were also reported by [28 32] who observed that Pbecomes less bioavailable with time due to P diffusion intosoil sorption sites

Overall P distribution among the various fractions wasthe same after 90 d of incubation (static incubation) (Table 4)NaOH-P (Al- and Fe-bound P) was the dominant fractioncontrolling P retention in the biosolids-treated soils inagreement with other numerous studies [33ndash35] The NaOHfraction iswidely assumed to represent P associatedwith poorcrystalline Al and Fe oxides and is the most important frac-tion controlling the P reactions in noncalcareous biosolids-treated soils

33 Biosolids Dissolved Organic C Release Large differencesin DOC concentrations at 20∘C and 32∘C were observed insamples from the first leaching event (Table 3) The moreeasily degradable C fraction was likely leached in the firstleaching event the less available compounds remained in thetreated soils In the first leaching event DOC release wason average sim3-fold greater at 20∘C than at 32∘C Becausecomplex processes control DOC release from biosolids-amended soils it is difficult to distinguish whether greatermineralization of C compounds to CO

2occurred at 32∘C

resulting in less DOC released or a larger proportion ofcomplex water-insoluble C was converted into labile water-soluble C forms at 20∘C Numerous studies suggested thatsoil microbial activity is promoted at the greater temperaturethus it is possible that microbes at 32∘C were more efficientin complete utilization C from the various biosolids as anenergy source Reference [36] also observed greater biosolidsmineralization rates when the material was applied in the

summer (higher temperature and rainfall) as compared tospring application Leachate pH and EC data further supportthe hypothesis that greater biosolids mineralization ratesoccurred at 32∘C than those at 20∘C (data not shown) Insubsequent leaching events however there was no clear evi-dence of temperature effect on DOC release Some biosolidsincreasedDOC release at 32∘C (OCEast Cake JEACake andTampa) while others (ATAD OC South Cake Disney) didnot show a clear pattern

Dissolved C released clearly did not follow the samepattern as P leachingThis occurred because the mechanismsby which these elements are retained and mineralized inbiosolids-treated soils are not related Although the majorityof the P present in the biosolids is inorganic P our hypothesiswas that P release increases as mineralization of biosolidsoccurs However our results suggested that the interactionbetween biosolids degradation and P availability is muchmore complex For instance OC East and South biosolidsCakes showed a decline in the amounts of P leached as afunction of leaching event for both temperatures (Figure 2)but DOC concentrations in the leachates followed a differentpattern (Table 3) Perhaps the great affinity of theMillhoppersoil for P played a major role by masking any relationshipbetween DOC release and P leaching

4 Conclusions

Negligible amounts (lt2) of the total P applied as eitherbiosolids or TSP were leached from the Millhopper soilduring the 90 d study (total of 8 pore volumes of drainage)The appreciable amounts of oxalate-extractable Al and Feoxides in the soil apparently retained most of the appliedP and prevented leaching The relatively great ability of thesoil to sorb P masked differences in P solubility among thevarious sources and the potential impacts of temperature onbiosolids-P availability Additional work using other soils iswarranted because this study focused on a Spodosol withrelatively highP-sorbing capacity Studies on other sandy soilsin Florida reveal much greater P mobility [35]

References

[1] Q Lu Z L He and P J Stoffella ldquoLand application of biosolidsin the USA a reviewrdquo Applied and Environmental Soil Sciencevol 2012 Article ID 201462 11 pages 2012

[2] M L SilveiraMKMiyittah andGAOrsquoConnor ldquoPhosphorusrelease from a manure-impacted spodosol effects of a watertreatment residualrdquo Journal of Environmental Quality vol 35no 2 pp 529ndash541 2006

[3] K R Reddy G A OrsquoConnor and P M Gale ldquoPhosphorussorption capacities of wetland soils and stream sedimentsimpacted by dairy effluentrdquo Journal of Environmental Qualityvol 27 no 2 pp 438ndash447 1998

[4] JWWhite F J Coale J T Sims andA L Shober ldquoPhosphorusrunoff from waste water treatment biosolids and poultry litterapplied to agricultural soilsrdquo Journal of Environmental Qualityvol 39 no 1 pp 314ndash323 2010

[5] C J Penn and J T Sims ldquoPhosphorus forms in biosolids-amended soils and losses in runoff effects of wastewater


treatment processrdquo Journal of Environmental Quality vol 31 no4 pp 1349ndash1361 2002

[6] AM Ebeling L R Cooperband and LG Bundy ldquoPhosphorusavailability to wheat from manures biosolids and an inorganicfertilizerrdquo Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysisvol 34 no 9-10 pp 1347ndash1365 2003

[7] E Frossard S Sinaj and P Dufour ldquoPhosphorus in urbansewage sludges as assessed by isotopic exchangerdquo Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal vol 60 no 1 pp 179ndash182 1996

[8] A L Shober and J T Sims ldquoIntegrating phosphorus source andsoil properties into risk assessments for phosphorus lossrdquo SoilScience Society of America Journal vol 71 no 2 pp 551ndash5602007

[9] S L Chinault and G A OrsquoConnor ldquoPhosphorus release from abiosolids-amended sandy spodosolrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalQuality vol 37 no 3 pp 937ndash943 2008

[10] G A OrsquoConnor and H A Elliott ldquoThe agronomic and envi-ronmental availability of biosolids-P (Phase II)rdquo Tech Rep 99-PUM-2Ta Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)Alexandria Va USA 2006

[11] D Sarkar and G A OrsquoConnor ldquoPlant and soil responses tobiosolids-phosphorus in two Florida soils with high phospho-rus contentrdquoCommunications in Soil Science and Plant Analysisvol 35 no 11-12 pp 1569ndash1589 2004

[12] G A OrsquoConnor D Sarkar S R Brinton H A Elliott and F GMartin ldquoPhytoavailability of biosolids phosphorusrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Quality vol 33 no 2 pp 703ndash712 2004

[13] Z He H Zhang G S Toor et al ldquoPhosphorus distribution insequentially extracted fractions of biosolids poultry litter andgranulated productsrdquo Soil Science vol 175 no 4 pp 154ndash1612010

[14] R G V Bramley and N J Barrow ldquoThe reaction betweenphosphate and dry soil II The effect of time temperatureand moisture status during incubation on the amount of plantavailable Prdquo Journal of Soil Science vol 43 no 4 pp 759ndash7661992

[15] J K Whalen C Chang and B M Olson ldquoNitrogen and phos-phorus mineralization potentials of soils receiving repeatedannual cattle manure applicationsrdquo Biology and Fertility of Soilsvol 34 no 5 pp 334ndash341 2001

[16] P F Grierson N B Comerford and E J Jokela ldquoPhosphorusmineralization and microbial biomass in a Florida spodosoleffects of water potential temperature and fertilizer applica-tionrdquo Biology and Fertility of Soils vol 28 no 3 pp 244ndash2521999

[17] M A Saleque M J Abedin and N I Bhuiyan ldquoEffect ofmoisture and temperature regimes on available phosphorus inwetland rice soilsrdquo Communications in Soil Science and PlantAnalysis vol 27 no 9-10 pp 2017ndash2023 1996

[18] M Akhtar D L McCallister and K M Eskridge ldquoAvailabilityand fractionation of phosphorus in sewage sludge-amendedsoilsrdquo Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis vol33 no 13-14 pp 2057ndash2068 2002

[19] A D Simonis ldquoEffect of temperature on extraction of phospho-rus and potassium from soils by various extracting solutionsrdquoCommunications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis vol 27 no3-4 pp 665ndash684 1996

[20] N J Kabengi R A Zurayk R Z Baalbaki and J RyanldquoPhosphorus dynamics and characterization under long-termrotation trialrdquo Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analy-sis vol 34 no 3-4 pp 375ndash392 2003

[21] S Javid and D L Rowell ldquoAssessment of the effect of timeand temperature on the availability of residual phosphate in aglasshouse study of four soils using the Olsen methodrdquo Soil Useand Management vol 19 no 3 pp 243ndash249 2003

[22] B Eghball B JWienhold B LWoodbury andR A EigenbergldquoPlant availability of phosphorus in swine slurry and cattlefeedlot manurerdquo Agronomy Journal vol 97 no 2 pp 542ndash5482005

[23] US EPA ldquoProcess design manual land application of sewagesludge and domestic septagerdquo Tech Rep EPA625R-95001Office of Research and Development Cincinnati Ohio USA1995

[24] A C Chang A L Page F H Sutherland and E GrgurevicldquoFractionation of phosphorus in sludge-affected soilsrdquo Journalof Environmental Quality vol 12 no 2 pp 286ndash290 1983

[25] US EPA Methods for Determination of Inorganic Substancesin Environmental Samples Revision 2 0 Office of WaterWashington DC USA 1993

[26] J Murphy and J P Riley ldquoA modified single solution methodfor the determination of phosphate in natural watersrdquoAnalyticaChimica Acta vol 27 pp 31ndash36 1962

[27] SAS Institute SAS Online Doc Version 9 SAS Institute CaryNC USA 2002

[28] H J Popel and N Jardin ldquoInfluence of enhanced biologicalphosphorus removal on sludge treatmentrdquo Water Science andTechnology vol 28 no 1 pp 263ndash271 1993

[29] N J Barrow ldquoThe slow reactions between soil and anions 1Effects of time temperature and water content of soil on thedecrease in effectiveness of phosphate for plant growthrdquo SoilScience vol 118 no 6 pp 380ndash386 1974

[30] N J Barrow ldquoThree effects of temperature on the reactionsbetween inorganic phosphate and soilrdquo Journal of Soil Sciencevol 30 no 2 pp 271ndash279 1979

[31] N J Barrow and T C Shaw ldquoThe slow reactions between soiland anions 2 Effect of time and temperature on the decrease inphosphate concentration in the soil solutionrdquo Soil Science vol119 no 2 pp 167ndash177 1975

[32] R G V Bramley N J Barrow and T C Shaw ldquoThe reactionbetween phosphate and dry soil I The effect of time tempera-ture and drynessrdquo Journal of Soil Science vol 43 no 4 pp 749ndash758 1992

[33] R O Maguire J T Sims and F J Coale ldquoPhosphorus frac-tionation in biosolids-amended soils relationship to soluble anddesorbable phosphorusrdquo Soil Science Society of America Journalvol 64 no 6 pp 2018ndash2024 2000

[34] H A Elliott andG A OrsquoConnor ldquoPhosphorusmanagement forsustainable biosolids recycling in the United Statesrdquo Soil Biologyand Biochemistry vol 39 no 6 pp 1318ndash1327 2007

[35] H A Elliott G A OrsquoConnor and S Brinton ldquoPhosphorusleaching from biosolids-amended sandy soilsrdquo Journal of Envi-ronmental Quality vol 31 no 2 pp 681ndash689 2002

[36] M S Castillo L E Sollenberger J M B Vendramini etal ldquoMunicipal biosolids as an alternative nutrient sourcefor bioenergy crops II Decomposition and organic nitrogenmineralizationrdquoAgronomy Journal vol 102 no 4 pp 1314ndash13202010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Environmental and Public Health

Journal of



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EcologyInternational Journal of


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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Advances in


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Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of



Waste ManagementJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics


Geological ResearchJournal of

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OceanographyInternational Journal of


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ClimatologyJournal of


Table 1 Selected soil chemical properties

Soil Sand Organicmatter g kgminus1

pH Total P Mehlich-1 POxalate -extractable

PSIox1P Fe Al

mg kgminus1

Millhopper 95 19 56 1339 57 585 2222 956 0251Phosphorus saturation index (PSI) = [P divide (Al + Fe)] with P Fe and Al concentrations expressed as mmol kgminus1

and availability in biosolids-treated soils can be affected byenvironmental conditions such as temperature and moisturecontent Temperature can also increase the rate of reactionbetween soil and added P resulting in a rapid decrease insoluble P [14] Phosphorus availability increased in manure-treated soils when temperature increased from 10 to 20∘C[15] and in a forest soil receiving P fertilizer [16] Floodedsediments released much more P when incubated at 35∘Cthan at 7∘C [16] and temperature increased P release inflooded soils [17] Fe-strip P concentrations decreased whenbiosolids-amended soils were incubated at 37∘C than at 25∘Csuggesting greater microbial immobilization of soluble P at ahigher temperature [18] Chemical mechanisms involved inP dynamics can also be affected by temperature P extractedby NaHCO

3was very sensitive to changes in temperature

increasing by sim3 per ∘C increase [17 19] Contrarily [20]reported no differences in Olsen-extractable (available) Pconcentrations in calcareous soils incubated at temperaturesvarying from 5 to 25∘C possibly due the presence of Ca-based minerals that favored P sorption It has been suggestedthat in some cases NaHCO

3might not be a good indicator

of soil P changes due to the increasing temperature [21]Reference [22] found no significant effect of temperature onthe amount of P released from swine slurry-treated soilshowever for soils receiving beef cattle manure temperatureincreases increased P sorption in heavier-textured soils anddecreased P retention in sandy soils Phosphate adsorptionincreased with temperature (25 to 55∘C) in five tropicalsoils and P desorption was markedly reduced Biosolidsincubated at room temperature for 15 months exhibitedgreater concentrations of water-soluble P as compared tobiosolids samples stored at minus2∘C [13] The objective of thisstudy was to investigate the effects of temperature on thepotential leachable P pool and distribution of chemical Pforms in biosolids-amended soils

2 Material and Methods

21 Soil and Biosolids Samples Composite samples of a sandsoil (Millhopper soil series (loamy siliceous and hyper-thermic Grossarenic Paleudults)) were collected from the 0to 15 cm depth in Santa Fe Beef Research Unit FL USA(29∘551015840N 82∘301015840W) Soil samples were air-dried and sievedto pass through a 2mm screen sieve Selected chemicalcharacteristics are shown in Table 1 Seven different typesof biosolids were collected at different locations and storedat 4∘C until the experiment began Chemical compositionsof the various biosolids (Table 2) were similar to biosolids

produced nationwide [23] Total P concentrations rangedfrom sim2 to 4

22 Incubation Experiment An incubation study wasdesigned to determine the potential P leachable pool fromsoils amended with biosolids and fertilizer Appropriateamounts of biosolids and P fertilizer (triple super phosphate)were applied to provide a total P concentration of 112mg kgminus1soil which correspond to a field application of sim224 kg P haminus1or 10Mg haminus1 of a typical biosolids containing between 2and 22 of P For each treatment 100 g (eq drywt) ofsoil were thoroughly mixed with biosolids in plastic bagsSamples were wetted to 80 of the field capacity Biosolids-treated samples and control soils were incubated aerobicallyin filter chambers in the dark at 20 and 32∘C for 90 daysChambers containing treated samples were capped to reduceevaporation but aerated weekly by removing lids fromcontainers for 2 hours to reestablish ambient conditions Soilmoisture contents were checked regularly by weighing thechambers and water was added to maintain the samples at80 of field capacity Chambers were leached periodicallyas described below to determine potential P losses Eachtreatment was replicated three times

In a separate experiment soils were treated with biosolids(at a P rate of 112mg kgminus1) and incubated in the dark at 20and 32∘C as described previously but were not subjected toleaching (static incubation) At 0 15 30 45 and 90 days ofincubation subsamples were taken for P analysis Changes inP forms over time were evaluated using a modification of thesequential extraction procedure developed by [24] Water-extractable P concentrations were also determined in thetreated samples to assess the effects of time and temperatureon P extractability

23 Leaching Protocol Samples were leached with 60mL ofDDI water (sim2 pore volume) at 15 30 60 and 90 daysImmediately after the discharge a subsample was filteredthrough a 045 120583m membrane filter Filtered leachates wereanalyzed for total P using the potassium persulfatesulfuricacid digestion (EPA method 3651) [25] soluble reactive P(SRP) [26] pH electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolvedorganic C (DOC) concentrations

24 Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performedusing Proc Mixed [27] Biosolids type and temperature wereconsidered fixed effects with replicates and their interactionsbeing considered as random effects Mean separation oftreatment differences was by LSD Treatments and theirinteractions were considered significant when F-test 119875 values


Table2Selected

prop

ertie

sofb

iosolid

smaterials

Biosolids

Treatm

entp

rocess

Class

pHSolid

sTo

tal

Oxalate-extractable

PSI

CN

PP

Al

Fegk

gminus1

ATAD

1Ae

robically

digeste

dbiologicalPremoval

A63

3350

5540

2332

83

28

Disn

eycompo

st1Com

poste

dbiologicalPremoval

A57

70420

2815

1170

2006

OCSouthCa

ke1

Anaerob

icallydigeste

dbiologicalPremoval

B81

15410

6623

2350

44

28

OCEa

stCa

ke1

Aerobically

digeste

dbiologicalPremoval

NA

59

16430

7020

1713

34

50

JEACa

keAnaerob

icallydigeste

dthickened

A79

22360

5119

1860

50

19Tampa

pellets

Anaerob

icallydigeste

dthermallydried

A56

96410

5621

1960

51

20

WPB

Com

poste

dA

58

67420

2519

1930

30

37

1

Denotes



00

05

10

15

20


Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

ATAD


TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

(a) 20∘C

00

05

10

15

20


ATAD


TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

(b) 32∘C


00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

(a) 20∘C

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

(b) 32∘C







0

20

40

60

80W

EP (m

g kgminus

1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(a) 20∘C

0

20

40

60

80

WEP

(mg k

gminus1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(b) 32∘C












Table4SoilPdistrib

utions

amon

gthev

arious

fractio

nsattheb

eginning

(T0)andaft

er90

days

ofincubatio

n(90d

)

Biosolids

SoilPfractio

ns1

H2O

KCl

NaO

HP 119894

NaO

HP 0

HCl

Resid

ual

T 090

d2T 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

AverageP

concentration(m

gkgminus1

)Con

trol

95(09)3

81(07)

27(02)

37(03)

760(68)

726(61)

67(60)

95(80)

68(60)

43(36)

210(19

)311(26)

ATAD

45(38)

14(11)

39(03)

10(09)

683(57)

799(67)

66(55)

72(60)

71(60)

46(38)

320(27)

249(21)

OCEa

stCa

ke57

(43)

15(11)

89(07)

10(08)

779(59)

773(59)

78(60)

71(53)

79(60)

48(37)

315(24)

400(30)

JEACa

ke18

(16)

74(07)

33(03)

63(05)

764(67)

763(67)

51(45)

73(64)

90(79)

48(42)

214(19

)242(21)

Tampa

12(10)

96(08)

45(04)

73(06)

783(65)

775(65)

74(62)

454(38)

89(75)

53(44)

234(19)

307(26)

WPB

21(18)

13(11)

55(05)

65(05)

775(65)

794(66)

70(59)

78(65)

79(66)

56(47)

243(20)

246(21)

OCSouthCa

ke27

(22)

12(10)

69(06)

93(08)

761(62)

762(62)

77(63)

56(45)

83(68)

48(39)

271(22)

339(28)

Disn

ey15

(12)

95(08)

33(03)

54(04)

786(63)

853(69)

35(28)

63(51)

86(69)

55(44)

319(26)

257(21)

TSP

39(33)

16(14)

62(05)

68(06)

739(62)

823(74)

54(45)

67(60)

74(62)

49(44)

276(23)

156(14

)1

H2O

andKC

lrepresent

water-solub


nsrespectively

NaO

HP 119894

andNaO

HP 0

representthe

Al-andFe-bou

ndinorganica

ndorganicP

HCl

isCa

-bou

ndPRe

sidualism

ineral-associated

inorganicP

2

Values

representaverage

Pconcentrationof

samples

incubatedat20∘

Cand32∘

C3

Datainparenthesis

are

oftotalP






2occurred at 32∘C




4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table2Selected

prop

ertie

sofb

iosolid

smaterials

Biosolids

Treatm

entp

rocess

Class

pHSolid

sTo

tal

Oxalate-extractable

PSI

CN

PP

Al

Fegk

gminus1

ATAD

1Ae

robically

digeste

dbiologicalPremoval

A63

3350

5540

2332

83

28

Disn

eycompo

st1Com

poste

dbiologicalPremoval

A57

70420

2815

1170

2006

OCSouthCa

ke1

Anaerob

icallydigeste

dbiologicalPremoval

B81

15410

6623

2350

44

28

OCEa

stCa

ke1

Aerobically

digeste

dbiologicalPremoval

NA

59

16430

7020

1713

34

50

JEACa

keAnaerob

icallydigeste

dthickened

A79

22360

5119

1860

50

19Tampa

pellets

Anaerob

icallydigeste

dthermallydried

A56

96410

5621

1960

51

20

WPB

Com

poste

dA

58

67420

2519

1930

30

37

1

Denotes



00

05

10

15

20


Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

ATAD


TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

(a) 20∘C

00

05

10

15

20


ATAD


TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

(b) 32∘C


00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

(a) 20∘C

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

(b) 32∘C







0

20

40

60

80W

EP (m

g kgminus

1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(a) 20∘C

0

20

40

60

80

WEP

(mg k

gminus1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(b) 32∘C












Table4SoilPdistrib

utions

amon

gthev

arious

fractio

nsattheb

eginning

(T0)andaft

er90

days

ofincubatio

n(90d

)

Biosolids

SoilPfractio

ns1

H2O

KCl

NaO

HP 119894

NaO

HP 0

HCl

Resid

ual

T 090

d2T 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

AverageP

concentration(m

gkgminus1

)Con

trol

95(09)3

81(07)

27(02)

37(03)

760(68)

726(61)

67(60)

95(80)

68(60)

43(36)

210(19

)311(26)

ATAD

45(38)

14(11)

39(03)

10(09)

683(57)

799(67)

66(55)

72(60)

71(60)

46(38)

320(27)

249(21)

OCEa

stCa

ke57

(43)

15(11)

89(07)

10(08)

779(59)

773(59)

78(60)

71(53)

79(60)

48(37)

315(24)

400(30)

JEACa

ke18

(16)

74(07)

33(03)

63(05)

764(67)

763(67)

51(45)

73(64)

90(79)

48(42)

214(19

)242(21)

Tampa

12(10)

96(08)

45(04)

73(06)

783(65)

775(65)

74(62)

454(38)

89(75)

53(44)

234(19)

307(26)

WPB

21(18)

13(11)

55(05)

65(05)

775(65)

794(66)

70(59)

78(65)

79(66)

56(47)

243(20)

246(21)

OCSouthCa

ke27

(22)

12(10)

69(06)

93(08)

761(62)

762(62)

77(63)

56(45)

83(68)

48(39)

271(22)

339(28)

Disn

ey15

(12)

95(08)

33(03)

54(04)

786(63)

853(69)

35(28)

63(51)

86(69)

55(44)

319(26)

257(21)

TSP

39(33)

16(14)

62(05)

68(06)

739(62)

823(74)

54(45)

67(60)

74(62)

49(44)

276(23)

156(14

)1

H2O

andKC

lrepresent

water-solub


nsrespectively

NaO

HP 119894

andNaO

HP 0

representthe

Al-andFe-bou

ndinorganica

ndorganicP

HCl

isCa

-bou

ndPRe

sidualism

ineral-associated

inorganicP

2

Values

representaverage

Pconcentrationof

samples

incubatedat20∘

Cand32∘

C3

Datainparenthesis

are

oftotalP






2occurred at 32∘C




4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















00

05

10

15

20


Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

ATAD


TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

(a) 20∘C

00

05

10

15

20


ATAD


TampaWPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Pm

ass l

each

ed (

of t

otal

)

(b) 32∘C


00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

(a) 20∘C

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14


ATAD

OC East Cake

JEA CakeTampa

WPB

OC South CakeDisney

TSP

Control

Solu

ble r

eact

iveP

(mg L

minus1)

(b) 32∘C







0

20

40

60

80W

EP (m

g kgminus

1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(a) 20∘C

0

20

40

60

80

WEP

(mg k

gminus1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(b) 32∘C












Table4SoilPdistrib

utions

amon

gthev

arious

fractio

nsattheb

eginning

(T0)andaft

er90

days

ofincubatio

n(90d

)

Biosolids

SoilPfractio

ns1

H2O

KCl

NaO

HP 119894

NaO

HP 0

HCl

Resid

ual

T 090

d2T 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

AverageP

concentration(m

gkgminus1

)Con

trol

95(09)3

81(07)

27(02)

37(03)

760(68)

726(61)

67(60)

95(80)

68(60)

43(36)

210(19

)311(26)

ATAD

45(38)

14(11)

39(03)

10(09)

683(57)

799(67)

66(55)

72(60)

71(60)

46(38)

320(27)

249(21)

OCEa

stCa

ke57

(43)

15(11)

89(07)

10(08)

779(59)

773(59)

78(60)

71(53)

79(60)

48(37)

315(24)

400(30)

JEACa

ke18

(16)

74(07)

33(03)

63(05)

764(67)

763(67)

51(45)

73(64)

90(79)

48(42)

214(19

)242(21)

Tampa

12(10)

96(08)

45(04)

73(06)

783(65)

775(65)

74(62)

454(38)

89(75)

53(44)

234(19)

307(26)

WPB

21(18)

13(11)

55(05)

65(05)

775(65)

794(66)

70(59)

78(65)

79(66)

56(47)

243(20)

246(21)

OCSouthCa

ke27

(22)

12(10)

69(06)

93(08)

761(62)

762(62)

77(63)

56(45)

83(68)

48(39)

271(22)

339(28)

Disn

ey15

(12)

95(08)

33(03)

54(04)

786(63)

853(69)

35(28)

63(51)

86(69)

55(44)

319(26)

257(21)

TSP

39(33)

16(14)

62(05)

68(06)

739(62)

823(74)

54(45)

67(60)

74(62)

49(44)

276(23)

156(14

)1

H2O

andKC

lrepresent

water-solub


nsrespectively

NaO

HP 119894

andNaO

HP 0

representthe

Al-andFe-bou

ndinorganica

ndorganicP

HCl

isCa

-bou

ndPRe

sidualism

ineral-associated

inorganicP

2

Values

representaverage

Pconcentrationof

samples

incubatedat20∘

Cand32∘

C3

Datainparenthesis

are

oftotalP






2occurred at 32∘C




4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















0

20

40

60

80W

EP (m

g kgminus

1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(a) 20∘C

0

20

40

60

80

WEP

(mg k

gminus1)

Con

trol

ATA

D

OC

East

Cake

JEA

Cak

e

Tam

pa

WPB

OC

Sout

h Ca

ke

Disn

ey

TSP

T0



(b) 32∘C












Table4SoilPdistrib

utions

amon

gthev

arious

fractio

nsattheb

eginning

(T0)andaft

er90

days

ofincubatio

n(90d

)

Biosolids

SoilPfractio

ns1

H2O

KCl

NaO

HP 119894

NaO

HP 0

HCl

Resid

ual

T 090

d2T 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

AverageP

concentration(m

gkgminus1

)Con

trol

95(09)3

81(07)

27(02)

37(03)

760(68)

726(61)

67(60)

95(80)

68(60)

43(36)

210(19

)311(26)

ATAD

45(38)

14(11)

39(03)

10(09)

683(57)

799(67)

66(55)

72(60)

71(60)

46(38)

320(27)

249(21)

OCEa

stCa

ke57

(43)

15(11)

89(07)

10(08)

779(59)

773(59)

78(60)

71(53)

79(60)

48(37)

315(24)

400(30)

JEACa

ke18

(16)

74(07)

33(03)

63(05)

764(67)

763(67)

51(45)

73(64)

90(79)

48(42)

214(19

)242(21)

Tampa

12(10)

96(08)

45(04)

73(06)

783(65)

775(65)

74(62)

454(38)

89(75)

53(44)

234(19)

307(26)

WPB

21(18)

13(11)

55(05)

65(05)

775(65)

794(66)

70(59)

78(65)

79(66)

56(47)

243(20)

246(21)

OCSouthCa

ke27

(22)

12(10)

69(06)

93(08)

761(62)

762(62)

77(63)

56(45)

83(68)

48(39)

271(22)

339(28)

Disn

ey15

(12)

95(08)

33(03)

54(04)

786(63)

853(69)

35(28)

63(51)

86(69)

55(44)

319(26)

257(21)

TSP

39(33)

16(14)

62(05)

68(06)

739(62)

823(74)

54(45)

67(60)

74(62)

49(44)

276(23)

156(14

)1

H2O

andKC

lrepresent

water-solub


nsrespectively

NaO

HP 119894

andNaO

HP 0

representthe

Al-andFe-bou

ndinorganica

ndorganicP

HCl

isCa

-bou

ndPRe

sidualism

ineral-associated

inorganicP

2

Values

representaverage

Pconcentrationof

samples

incubatedat20∘

Cand32∘

C3

Datainparenthesis

are

oftotalP






2occurred at 32∘C




4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table4SoilPdistrib

utions

amon

gthev

arious

fractio

nsattheb

eginning

(T0)andaft

er90

days

ofincubatio

n(90d

)

Biosolids

SoilPfractio

ns1

H2O

KCl

NaO

HP 119894

NaO

HP 0

HCl

Resid

ual

T 090

d2T 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

T 090

dT 0

90d

AverageP

concentration(m

gkgminus1

)Con

trol

95(09)3

81(07)

27(02)

37(03)

760(68)

726(61)

67(60)

95(80)

68(60)

43(36)

210(19

)311(26)

ATAD

45(38)

14(11)

39(03)

10(09)

683(57)

799(67)

66(55)

72(60)

71(60)

46(38)

320(27)

249(21)

OCEa

stCa

ke57

(43)

15(11)

89(07)

10(08)

779(59)

773(59)

78(60)

71(53)

79(60)

48(37)

315(24)

400(30)

JEACa

ke18

(16)

74(07)

33(03)

63(05)

764(67)

763(67)

51(45)

73(64)

90(79)

48(42)

214(19

)242(21)

Tampa

12(10)

96(08)

45(04)

73(06)

783(65)

775(65)

74(62)

454(38)

89(75)

53(44)

234(19)

307(26)

WPB

21(18)

13(11)

55(05)

65(05)

775(65)

794(66)

70(59)

78(65)

79(66)

56(47)

243(20)

246(21)

OCSouthCa

ke27

(22)

12(10)

69(06)

93(08)

761(62)

762(62)

77(63)

56(45)

83(68)

48(39)

271(22)

339(28)

Disn

ey15

(12)

95(08)

33(03)

54(04)

786(63)

853(69)

35(28)

63(51)

86(69)

55(44)

319(26)

257(21)

TSP

39(33)

16(14)

62(05)

68(06)

739(62)

823(74)

54(45)

67(60)

74(62)

49(44)

276(23)

156(14

)1

H2O

andKC

lrepresent

water-solub


nsrespectively

NaO

HP 119894

andNaO

HP 0

representthe

Al-andFe-bou

ndinorganica

ndorganicP

HCl

isCa

-bou

ndPRe

sidualism

ineral-associated

inorganicP

2

Values

representaverage

Pconcentrationof

samples

incubatedat20∘

Cand32∘

C3

Datainparenthesis

are

oftotalP






2occurred at 32∘C




4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics



















2occurred at 32∘C




4 Conclusions


References











































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics



















































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














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Research Article Temperature Effects on Phosphorus Release ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2013/981715.pdf · Research Article Temperature Effects on Phosphorus Release from