Research Article Study on Properties of Branched ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2013/675826.pdf · Study on Properties of Branched Hydrophobically Modified Polyacrylamide

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2013 Article ID 675826 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013675826

Research ArticleStudy on Properties of Branched HydrophobicallyModified Polyacrylamide for Polymer Flooding

Lei-Ting Shi1 Cheng Li2 Shan-Shan Zhu1 Jie Xu2 Bao-Zong Sun3 and Zhong-Bin Ye1

1 State Key Laboratory of Oil amp Gas Reservoir and Exploitation Engineering Southwest Petroleum Institute Chengdu 610500 China2 College of Chemistry amp Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 China3 Institute of Xinjiang Oilfield Company Karamayi Xinjiang 834000 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Cheng Li 343317905qqcom

Received 4 April 2013 Accepted 19 August 2013

Academic Editor Ibnelwaleed Ali Hussien

Copyright copy 2013 Lei-Ting Shi et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The effect of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAMs) used for polymer flooding is unsatisfactory under the conditionsof high temperature and high salinity In order to improve the viscosifying ability of HPAM branched macromolecular skeletonmonomer is used to change the linear backbone structure A new branched hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (BHMPAM)was synthesized by the free radical copolymerization of functionalized branched macromolecular skeleton monomer acrylamide(AM) acrylic acid (AA) and hydrophobic monomer hexadecyl-allyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (C

16DMAAC)The properties

of polymer solution were characterized the results of the experiments showed that BHMPAM exhibited the properties ofpseudoplastic fluid and the viscosity of BHMPAM was 3459mPasdots (polymer concentration was 1750mgL) under the conditionof 75∘C and 9374mgL of salinity Moreover BHMPAM also performed well in viscoelasticity which can meet the propertyrequirements for EOR polymer

1 Introduction

Currently the common used oil displacement agent is par-tially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) the viscosity ofwhich however descends drastically with the increase oftemperature and salinity [1] Hence along with the contin-uous development of oilfield and with the increasing severityof reservoir conditions polyacrylamide should be improvedin molecular weight or by increasing polymer concentrationto satisfy the necessary viscosity The former way makesits antishearing capacity decrease while the latter makesits production costs increase dramatically Hydrophobicallyassociating water-soluble polymers (HAWSP) which containa small amount of hydrophobic groups on the macromolecu-lar chains are developed to solve the problemof PAMas an oildisplacement agent [2ndash4] the viscosifying ability of HAWSPis improved but HAWSP performs poorly in shear tolerancedue to its linear molecular chain [5]

Compared with the traditional linear polymer branchedmacromolecule as a new highly branched polymer whosestructure is similar to three-dimensional sphere owns its

unique features including shear tolerance rheology andthermal stability [6 7] Moreover combining branchedmacromolecule with linear hydrophobically associating poly-mer can improve the anti-shearing performance temperaturetolerance and salt tolerance of the polymer aqueous solu-tion because there are more combination points producinghydrophobic intramolecular interaction leading to strongernetwork structure in solution In order to improve traditionalpolyacrylamidersquos properties and its applications in high tem-perature and salinity reservoirs HPAM should be modifiedto change the viscosifying way In this paper we synthesizeda new branched hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide(BHMPAM) and evaluated the properties of the polymersolution

2 Experiments Involved

21 Materials Ethylene diamine (ge990) methyl acry-late (ge990) methanol (ge990) sulfuric acid (95ndash98)maleic anhydride (ge990) acrylic acid (ge990) dimethyl

2 Journal of Chemistry

sulfoxide acrylamide (ge990) sodium hydrogen sulfite(ge585) and ammonium persulfate (ge980) were pur-chased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent FactoryC16DMAAC is laboratory homemade HPAMs (viscosity

average molecular weight is 172 times 107 and degree of hydrol-ysis is 15) were purchased from French SNF Company Theexperiment water was prepared with doubly distilled waterand the ionic composition was shown in Table 1

22 Synthesis

221 Synthesis and Functionalization of Branched Polyamido-amine The methods of synthesis and modification ofbranched polyamidoamine macromolecular skeleton mono-mer refer to the literature [8]The processes can be describedas follows At first certain amounts of ethylene diamine andmethyl acrylate were added into a three-necked flask withmethanol as solvent under nitrogen at room temperature for48 h Then the mixture was put on the rotary evaporatorto react several hours under different temperatures and thebranched polyamidoamine was prepared A certain quantityof branched polyamidoamine was dissolved with dimethylsulfoxide as solvent in the wide-necked bottle A cer-tain quantity of maleic anhydride was added slowly whenbranched polyamidoamine was dissolved completely inorder to obtain modified branched polyamidoamine macro-molecule

222 Synthesis of BHMPAM Themechanical stirrer andN2-

inletoutlet installation were equipped in a 250mL three-neck round-bottomed flask in which acrylamide and acrylicacid were added at the mass ratio of 4 1 with distilledwater as solvent and then a certain quantity of hydropho-bic monomer and functionalized branched macromolecularskeleton monomer was added The initiators (sodium bisul-fite and ammonium persulfate) were added at 45∘C and thensolution reacted for 12 h After reaction the products werepurified by methanol several times and then dried for severaldays under vacuum at 50∘C so BHMPAMwere obtainedTheresult of measuring BHMPAMrsquos viscosity average molecularweight was 7 times 106 The structure of BHMPAM compared toHPAM was shown in Figure 1

23 Polymer Dissolving Time Test Referring to Chinarsquos Na-tional Standards about determination of the dissolution rateof powdered polyacrylamide (GB120058-1989) dissolvingtimewas conducted on aDDS-11A conductivitymeter at (30plusmn01)∘C The solvents used were distilled water and syntheticformation water

24 Polymer Dissolution Preparation For the dissolution ofthe polymers a stock solution of 5000mgL was preparedby stirring the synthetic formation water (or distilled water)with a mechanical stirrer until a vortex was establishedThe polymer powder was poured slowly into the vortex andstirred for at least 3 h This stock solution was subsequentlydiluted to obtain the desired concentration

25 Viscosity Measurements All viscosities were measured ata shearing rate of 734 sminus1 with Brookfield DV-III at 65∘C

26 Rheological Property Test Rheological measurementswere conducted on a HAAKE RS600 Rotational Rheometer(Germany) at 65∘C Shear viscosity range was 001ndash200 sminus1

27 Viscoelasticity Test Storagemodulus (1198661015840) and lossmodu-lus (11986610158401015840) measurements were conducted on a HAAKE RS600Rotational Rheometer (Germany) at 65∘C Immobilizationstress is 01 Pa and vibration frequency range is 01ndash10Hz

3 Results and Discussion

31 Polymer Solubility The results of dissolving time areshown in Table 2

As shown in Table 2 BHMPAM exhibits good solubilityin distilled water and in synthetic formation water Normallyin the laboratory study a dissolving time of polymer ofless than 6 hours can be applied in the engineering fieldand the time changes with the dissolving process conditionsin engineering field Although BHMPAMrsquos solubility waspoorer than HPAMrsquos the dissolving time of BHMPAMcould still meet the solubility requirements in engineeringapplicationThe hydrophobic groups contained in BHMPAMwere difficult to dissolve in the polar aqueous solution andthe strongmolecular structure slowed down the diffusion ratebetween the polymermolecules and the solventmolecules sothat the BHMPAMrsquos dissolving time was longer

32 Effect of Polymer Solution Concentration on ApparentViscosity The viscosity of BHMPAM increased swiftly withthe increasing polymer concentration when the polymerconcentration was between 1000 and 1500mgL as shown inFigure 2 BHMPAM exhibited the unique viscosifying abilitywhich meant that BHMPAM could substantially improve themobility control capacity of aqueous phase in lower polymerconcentrations

The viscosity of polymer was constituted by the structuralviscosity and bulk viscosity [9] The structural viscosity wasinfluenced by the structural strength of aggregates which wasformed by polymer molecular chain in solution and the keyfactor of affecting bulk viscosity was molecular weight Dueto intermolecular association and high degree of branchingincreasing the intermolecular entanglement the structuralviscosity was enhanced so that the viscosity of BHMPAM israther high while the molecular weight of BHMPAMwas lessthan HPAM

33 Effect of Temperature on Apparent Viscosity In generalthe viscosity of polymer solutions shows a temperaturedependent behavior As shown in Figure 3 the viscosity ofBHMPAM changed little with the temperature below 55∘Cand then decreased with the increasing temperature Theviscosity of BHMPAM decreased by 434 For HPAM theviscosity was plummeting quickly at the elevated tempera-ture and the viscosity decreased by 635 Hence it could beshown that the BHMPAM performed better at temperature

Journal of Chemistry 3

Table 1 The ionic composition of synthetic formation water

Synthetic formation water Composition Na+ and K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ CO3

2minus HCO3

minus SO4

2minus Clminus TDSContent (mgL) 309196 27617 15868 1421 31148 8529 543634 937412

HOOC

HOOC

HOOCHOOC

COOHCOOH

COOH

COOH

COOH

M

MM

M

C CO O

ONa

MM

M

M

M

NH

N

N

NHNH

NH

NH NH

NH

NH

NH

NH

NH

NHNH

H

NH

NHNH

N

N

NN

N

N

N

NN

OO

O

O

OO

OO

O

O

OO

O

O

O

O

O

O

OO

O

OO

OOO

O

M

HN

NHHN

HN

HN

HNHN

H3CO

H3C

H2NNH2

CHCH 2 CHCH 2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CHCH 2

CH215

NH2N+

Clminus

lowast

BHMPAM

(a)

C CO O

ONa

CHCH2 CHCH2

NH2

lowastlowast

HPAM

(b)

Figure 1 The structure of BHMPAM compared to HPAM

tolerance When BHMPAM was used in high temperaturereservoirs it could also meet the viscosifying requirement

The influence of temperature on the viscosity of BHM-PAM appeared in two aspects [10 11] On one hand theincreasing temperature intensified the thermal motion of thehydrophobic groups and water molecules which changed thehydration around the hydrophobic group and weakened thehydrophobic interaction so the viscosity decreased On theother hand the intermolecular association increased withthe rising temperature because the hydrophobic associationwas an endothermic entropy-driven process As a result ofthe two aspects the viscosity of BHMPAM decreased by126 below 55∘C and decreased by 476 when temperaturereached 75∘C But forHPAM the hydrogen bond interactions

among molecules decreased with the rise of temperaturewhich curled the molecular chains so the viscosity decreasedquickly over the whole temperature range

34 Effect of Shearing Rate on Apparent Viscosity As shownin Figure 4 BHMPAM exhibited good shearing thinningunder the high shearing rate when the shearing rate islow BHMPAM solution presented high viscosity In polymerflooding the shearing rate was higher in near borehole zonesBHMPAMrsquos shearing thinning under high shearing rate isbeneficial for its injection the shear rate decreased aftersolution was injected into formation and the viscosity ofBHMPAM was high under low shearing rate which made itperform well in the mobility control capacity


Table 2 The solubility of BHMPAM and HPAM

Sample Granularity (120583m) Stirring rate (rmin) Temperature (∘C) Concentration (mgL) Time (h)BHMPAM1 350sim833 90 30 5000 25BHMPAM2 350sim833 90 30 5000 43HPAM1 350sim833 90 30 5000 16HPAM2 350sim833 90 30 5000 24(1 the solvent is distilled water 2 the solvent is synthetic formation water)

1

10

100

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

BHMPAMHPAM

Mass fraction polymer (mgL)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Figure 2 Viscosity versus polymer concentration of BHMPAMcompared to HPAM in synthetic formation water

1

10

100

1000

0 20 40 60 80

BHMPAMHPAM

Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Figure 3 Viscosity versus temperature of BHMPAM comparedto HPAM in synthetic formation water (concentration of bothpolymers 1750mgL)

When the BHMPAM solution concentration exceededassociating concentration the hydrophobic associationformed mainly between different polymer chains whichgenerated supramolecular aggregates The hydrophobicassociation may present a reversible equilibrium state with

1

10

100

1000

001 01 1 10 100 1000

BHMPAMHPAM

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Shear rate (sminus1)

Figure 4 Viscosity versus shearing rate of BHMPAM comparedto HPAM in synthetic formation water (concentration of bothpolymers 1750mgL)

00001

0001

001

01

1

10

001 01 1f (Hz)

BHMPAM-1750 mgL-BHMPAM-1750 mgL-

HPAM-1750 mgL-HPAM-1750 mgL-G998400998400 G998400998400

G998400 G998400

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)

Figure 5 Viscoelasticity versus vibrational frequency of BHMPAMcompared to HPAM in synthetic formation water (concentration ofboth polymers 1750mgL)

both formation and destruction under shearing Withthe increasing of shearing rate the destruction rate ofthe association of aggregates was greater than the rate offormation so that the size of the aggregates in the solutiondecreased and the viscosity decreased with the increasing


of shear rate and the polymer solution performed shearthinning [12]

BHMPAMrsquos viscosifying is superior to HPAM undershearing On one hand the hydrophobic association formednetwork structure in solution on the other hand BHMPAMrsquosdegree of branching was so high that the hydrodynamicradius was relatively small while compared to the samemolecular weight of straight chain HPAM The results wereabsolutely obvious that is the entanglement of molecularchains increased and the chain was hard to cut

35 Viscoelasticity The119866101584011986610158401015840 of BHMPAMandHPAMwereunceasingly going up along with the increasing of vibrationalfrequency which was shown in Figure 5 Because 11986610158401015840 waslarger than 1198661015840 the viscosity of polymer solution was greaterthan elasticity and the viscoelasticity of BHMPAM increaseddramatically compared with HPAM which was beneficial forBHMPAM as oil displacement agent

Solution structure was formed by entanglement or inter-molecular interaction The deformation of solution structurewould consume energy under imposed stress at this time thepolymer solution would present viscosity Also the deforma-tion of solution structure was a relaxation process and theelasticity of polymer would be triggered when the deforma-tion lagged behind imposed stress [13] The viscoelasticity ofBHMPAM increased because the hydrophobic associationformed network structure in solution and the high degree ofbranching increased the entanglement of molecular chains inBHMPAM solution which enhanced the solution structureand extended the relaxation time of deformation

4 Conclusion

(1) A new branched hydrophobically modified polyacry-lamid (BHMPAM)was synthesized by the free radicalcopolymerization this method is simple and conve-nient and can be easily implemented into industrialproduction

(2) The structure of main chain of BHMPAM is highlybranched which enhances the temperature toleranceand the salinity tolerance of polymer aqueous solu-tion and BHMPAM shows the property of shearingthinning which is beneficial for injection

(3) BHMPAM shows higher viscosifying ability andthe viscoelasticity especially elasticity of BHMPAMincreases dramatically compared with HPAM whichmakes BHMPAM able to meet the requirements foroil displacement agent used in high temperature andhigh salinity reservoir

Acknowledgment

This financial support by the special fund of Chinarsquos cen-tral government for the development of local colleges anduniversitiesmdashthe project of National First-Level Discipline inOil and Gas Engineering is gratefully acknowledged

References

[1] L D Chen ldquoPolyacrylamides for enhanced oil recoveriesrdquoOilfield Chemistry vol 10 no 3 pp 283ndash290 1993

[2] D G Peiffer ldquoHydrophobically associating polymers and theirinteractions with rod-like micellesrdquo Polymer vol 31 no 12 pp2353ndash2360 1990

[3] S Biggs A Hill J Selb and F Candau ldquoCopolymerizationof acrylamide and a hydrophobic monomer in an aqueousmicellar medium effect of the surfactant on the copolymermicrostructurerdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry vol 96 no3 pp 1505ndash1511 1992

[4] S Zou W Zhang X Zhang and B Jiang ldquoStudy on polymermicelles of hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxyethyl cellu-lose using single-molecule force spectroscopyrdquo Langmuir vol17 no 16 pp 4799ndash4808 2001

[5] Y J Feng C Q Luo P Y Luo et al ldquoStudy on characteri-zation of microstructure of hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer in aqueous media by scanning electronmicroscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopyrdquoActa Petroleli Sinica vol 17 no 6 pp 39ndash44 2001

[6] C Gao and D Yan ldquoHyperbranched polymers from synthesisto applicationsrdquo Progress in Polymer Science vol 29 no 3 pp183ndash275 2004

[7] K Ishizu D Takahashi and H Takeda ldquoNovel synthesis andcharacterization of hyperbranched polymersrdquo Polymer vol 41no 16 pp 6081ndash6086 2000

[8] L T Shi Z B Ye H Liji S X Wang and K L Zhou ldquoPrep-aration method and application of one anti-shearing polymerrdquoChina CN2012101171499[P] August 15 2012

[9] J Wang Y Zheng Y J Feng and P Y Luo ldquoA novel associativepolymer for EOR performance propertiesrdquo Oilfield Chemistryvol 16 no 2 pp 149ndash152 1999

[10] F S Hwang and T E Hogen-Esch ldquoEffects of water-solublespacers on the hydrophobic association of fluorocarbon-modified poly(acrylamide)rdquo Macromolecules vol 28 no 9 pp3328ndash3335 1995

[11] X H Huang and G Q Xu ldquoStudy on solution properties ofpoly(acrylamidetetrad-ecyl acrylate) hydrophobically associ-ating copolymerrdquo Fine Chemicals vol 17 no 3 pp 152ndash1552000

[12] B G Cao The experiment study on the rheological propertiesand viscoelastic of hydrophobic associating polymer solutionused to displace crude oil [PhD thesis] Southwest PetroleumUniversity Chengdu China 2006

[13] Y X Sun The research on the mechanism of oil displacementefficiency by polymer flooding with viscoelasticity [PhD thesis]Daqing Petroleum Institute Daqing China 2009

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ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


sulfoxide acrylamide (ge990) sodium hydrogen sulfite(ge585) and ammonium persulfate (ge980) were pur-chased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent FactoryC16DMAAC is laboratory homemade HPAMs (viscosity

average molecular weight is 172 times 107 and degree of hydrol-ysis is 15) were purchased from French SNF Company Theexperiment water was prepared with doubly distilled waterand the ionic composition was shown in Table 1

22 Synthesis

221 Synthesis and Functionalization of Branched Polyamido-amine The methods of synthesis and modification ofbranched polyamidoamine macromolecular skeleton mono-mer refer to the literature [8]The processes can be describedas follows At first certain amounts of ethylene diamine andmethyl acrylate were added into a three-necked flask withmethanol as solvent under nitrogen at room temperature for48 h Then the mixture was put on the rotary evaporatorto react several hours under different temperatures and thebranched polyamidoamine was prepared A certain quantityof branched polyamidoamine was dissolved with dimethylsulfoxide as solvent in the wide-necked bottle A cer-tain quantity of maleic anhydride was added slowly whenbranched polyamidoamine was dissolved completely inorder to obtain modified branched polyamidoamine macro-molecule

222 Synthesis of BHMPAM Themechanical stirrer andN2-

inletoutlet installation were equipped in a 250mL three-neck round-bottomed flask in which acrylamide and acrylicacid were added at the mass ratio of 4 1 with distilledwater as solvent and then a certain quantity of hydropho-bic monomer and functionalized branched macromolecularskeleton monomer was added The initiators (sodium bisul-fite and ammonium persulfate) were added at 45∘C and thensolution reacted for 12 h After reaction the products werepurified by methanol several times and then dried for severaldays under vacuum at 50∘C so BHMPAMwere obtainedTheresult of measuring BHMPAMrsquos viscosity average molecularweight was 7 times 106 The structure of BHMPAM compared toHPAM was shown in Figure 1

23 Polymer Dissolving Time Test Referring to Chinarsquos Na-tional Standards about determination of the dissolution rateof powdered polyacrylamide (GB120058-1989) dissolvingtimewas conducted on aDDS-11A conductivitymeter at (30plusmn01)∘C The solvents used were distilled water and syntheticformation water

24 Polymer Dissolution Preparation For the dissolution ofthe polymers a stock solution of 5000mgL was preparedby stirring the synthetic formation water (or distilled water)with a mechanical stirrer until a vortex was establishedThe polymer powder was poured slowly into the vortex andstirred for at least 3 h This stock solution was subsequentlydiluted to obtain the desired concentration

25 Viscosity Measurements All viscosities were measured ata shearing rate of 734 sminus1 with Brookfield DV-III at 65∘C

26 Rheological Property Test Rheological measurementswere conducted on a HAAKE RS600 Rotational Rheometer(Germany) at 65∘C Shear viscosity range was 001ndash200 sminus1

27 Viscoelasticity Test Storagemodulus (1198661015840) and lossmodu-lus (11986610158401015840) measurements were conducted on a HAAKE RS600Rotational Rheometer (Germany) at 65∘C Immobilizationstress is 01 Pa and vibration frequency range is 01ndash10Hz

3 Results and Discussion

31 Polymer Solubility The results of dissolving time areshown in Table 2

As shown in Table 2 BHMPAM exhibits good solubilityin distilled water and in synthetic formation water Normallyin the laboratory study a dissolving time of polymer ofless than 6 hours can be applied in the engineering fieldand the time changes with the dissolving process conditionsin engineering field Although BHMPAMrsquos solubility waspoorer than HPAMrsquos the dissolving time of BHMPAMcould still meet the solubility requirements in engineeringapplicationThe hydrophobic groups contained in BHMPAMwere difficult to dissolve in the polar aqueous solution andthe strongmolecular structure slowed down the diffusion ratebetween the polymermolecules and the solventmolecules sothat the BHMPAMrsquos dissolving time was longer

32 Effect of Polymer Solution Concentration on ApparentViscosity The viscosity of BHMPAM increased swiftly withthe increasing polymer concentration when the polymerconcentration was between 1000 and 1500mgL as shown inFigure 2 BHMPAM exhibited the unique viscosifying abilitywhich meant that BHMPAM could substantially improve themobility control capacity of aqueous phase in lower polymerconcentrations

The viscosity of polymer was constituted by the structuralviscosity and bulk viscosity [9] The structural viscosity wasinfluenced by the structural strength of aggregates which wasformed by polymer molecular chain in solution and the keyfactor of affecting bulk viscosity was molecular weight Dueto intermolecular association and high degree of branchingincreasing the intermolecular entanglement the structuralviscosity was enhanced so that the viscosity of BHMPAM israther high while the molecular weight of BHMPAMwas lessthan HPAM

33 Effect of Temperature on Apparent Viscosity In generalthe viscosity of polymer solutions shows a temperaturedependent behavior As shown in Figure 3 the viscosity ofBHMPAM changed little with the temperature below 55∘Cand then decreased with the increasing temperature Theviscosity of BHMPAM decreased by 434 For HPAM theviscosity was plummeting quickly at the elevated tempera-ture and the viscosity decreased by 635 Hence it could beshown that the BHMPAM performed better at temperature




2minus HCO3

minus SO4


HOOC

HOOC

HOOCHOOC

COOHCOOH

COOH

COOH

COOH

M

MM

M

C CO O

ONa

MM

M

M

M

NH

N

N

NHNH

NH

NH NH

NH

NH

NH

NH

NH

NHNH

H

NH

NHNH

N

N

NN

N

N

N

NN

OO

O

O

OO

OO

O

O

OO

O

O

O

O

O

O

OO

O

OO

OOO

O

M

HN

NHHN

HN

HN

HNHN

H3CO

H3C

H2NNH2

CHCH 2 CHCH 2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CHCH 2

CH215

NH2N+

Clminus

lowast

BHMPAM

(a)

C CO O

ONa

CHCH2 CHCH2

NH2

lowastlowast

HPAM

(b)









1

10

100

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

BHMPAMHPAM


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


1

10

100

1000

0 20 40 60 80

BHMPAMHPAM

Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)



1

10

100

1000

001 01 1 10 100 1000

BHMPAMHPAM

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)



00001

0001

001

01

1

10

001 01 1f (Hz)



G998400 G998400

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)








4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




2minus HCO3

minus SO4


HOOC

HOOC

HOOCHOOC

COOHCOOH

COOH

COOH

COOH

M

MM

M

C CO O

ONa

MM

M

M

M

NH

N

N

NHNH

NH

NH NH

NH

NH

NH

NH

NH

NHNH

H

NH

NHNH

N

N

NN

N

N

N

NN

OO

O

O

OO

OO

O

O

OO

O

O

O

O

O

O

OO

O

OO

OOO

O

M

HN

NHHN

HN

HN

HNHN

H3CO

H3C

H2NNH2

CHCH 2 CHCH 2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CHCH 2

CH215

NH2N+

Clminus

lowast

BHMPAM

(a)

C CO O

ONa

CHCH2 CHCH2

NH2

lowastlowast

HPAM

(b)









1

10

100

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

BHMPAMHPAM


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


1

10

100

1000

0 20 40 60 80

BHMPAMHPAM

Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)



1

10

100

1000

001 01 1 10 100 1000

BHMPAMHPAM

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)



00001

0001

001

01

1

10

001 01 1f (Hz)



G998400 G998400

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)








4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




1

10

100

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

BHMPAMHPAM


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


1

10

100

1000

0 20 40 60 80

BHMPAMHPAM

Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)



1

10

100

1000

001 01 1 10 100 1000

BHMPAMHPAM

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)



00001

0001

001

01

1

10

001 01 1f (Hz)



G998400 G998400

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)








4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of






4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

Documents

Research Article Study on Properties of Branched ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2013/675826.pdf · Study on Properties of Branched Hydrophobically Modified Polyacrylamide