Research Article Mineralogical and Geochemical ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2014/314214.pdf · of Nigeria. e contact between the schist belt and the gneiss migmatite complex,

Research ArticleMineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of GoldBearing Quartz Veins and Soils in Parts of Maru Schist BeltArea Northwestern Nigeria

Samson Adeleke Oke1 Akinlolu Festus Abimbola2 and Dieter Rammlmair3

1 Department of Geology Federal University of Technology Minna Nigeria2 Department of Geology University of Ibadan Nigeria3 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Hannover Germany

Correspondence should be addressed to Samson Adeleke Oke saokefutminnaedung

Received 30 November 2013 Revised 18 April 2014 Accepted 26 May 2014 Published 14 July 2014

Academic Editor Teresa Moreno

Copyright copy 2014 Samson Adeleke Oke et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Epigenetic N-S NNE-SSW quartz veins crosscut metapelites and metagabbro in Maru area The objectives of this work were tostudy field mineralogy and geochemical characteristics of gold bearing quartz veins and soils Euhedral and polygonal magnetitewith hematite constituted the major ore minerals Quartz occurred as main gangue phase with appreciable sericite and chloriteThe mineralogy of soil retrieved from twelve minor gold fields examined with X-ray diffraction is quartz plusmn albite plusmn microcline plusmnmuscoviteplusmnhornblendeplusmnmagnetiteplusmn illiteplusmn kaoliniteplusmnhalloysiteplusmn smectiteplusmn goethiteplusmn vermiculiteplusmn chloriteThe concentrationof gold in quartz vein varies from 100 to 62800 ppb with appreciable Pb (35ndash1570 ppm) and ΣREE (36 to 829 ppm) Gold contentin soil varies from lt 50 to 57000 ppbThe soil is characterized by As plusmn Sb goldrsquos pathfinder geochemical association Multidata setanalysis revealed most favourable areas for gold Possibility of magmatic fluids as part of ore constituents is feasible due to presenceof several intrusions close to quartz veins Based on field mineralogical and geochemical evidences ore fluids may have beenderived from fracturing metamorphic dewatering crustal devolatilization of sedimentary gabbroic protoliths and emplaced in anorogenic setting

1 Introduction

Precambrian rocks within and around Maru Schist belt hostsome quartz veins that are gold bearing The gold depositswere heavily mined during the colonial era approximatelybefore 1960 and after that period by artisanal minersGeneral descriptive information on gold mineralization inMaru schist belt has been documented [1ndash3] Gold occursprimarily in quartz veins and as placers in soil (eluvial)and stream sediments (alluvial) The quartz veins containinggold occur in association with metamorphosed rocks rang-ing in composition from semipelitic to pelitic and maficPrimary gold mineralization produced chemical signaturein the overburden and surrounding soil probably throughweathering processes Weathering processes provide samples(soils and stream sediments) that yield data on local hidden

mineralization or on the potential existence of major orminormineralization in a wide regionThe residual soil is thegeochemical sample that is often used to detect the locationof hidden mineralization once a zone of economic interest islocalized [4] Migration of groundwater provided chemicalresponse at the surface This process produces elementaldispersion pattern [5] Most of these dispersed elements (egCu Ag Zn Cd As Bi Pb Sb Hg W Mo and Se) areuseful indicators or pathfinders for the presence of gold [6 7]Analyses of samples taken enable the observation of patternsand concentrations in the distribution of metals in the soilwhich would potentially indicate enriched rock underneath

This research examined field characteristics mineralog-ical and geochemical composition of gold bearing quartzveins and soils and used the aforementioned to establishprospectivity predictionmodels that indicate ranking of areas

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of Geological ResearchVolume 2014 Article ID 314214 17 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014314214

2 Journal of Geological Research

with potential gold mineralization This is with the overallaim of using the data to discover the extension of the minorgold field vertically or laterally and assess their prospectsThepossible origin of the gold bearing fluid was inferred

2 Regional Geological Setting

Maru schist belt is a portion of basement complex of North-western Nigeria It is one of the low grade upper proterozoicmetasedimentary dominated and metavolcanic with intru-sive igneous rocks schist belt in Western Nigeria [8] It isbounded to the East by Wonaka schist belt and to the Westby Anka schist belt The schist belts trend N-S and havebeen infolded into the migmatite-gneiss-quartzite complexThis complex constitutes the predominant rock group in thebasement of Eburnean (about 2000 Ma) to Liberian (ca 2800Ma) age [9]

Maru schist belt lies Northeast of the Kushaka schistbelt with both having similar lithological assemblages and isapproximately 200 km long and 12ndash19 km wide It is linearsuper crustal remnants in the polycyclic basement complexof Nigeria The contact between the schist belt and thegneissmdashmigmatite complex are conformable but are locallymigmatised around intrusive granitic plutons The Maruschist belt consists predominantly of pelitic to semipeliticmetasedimentary with subordinate interlayered psammitesbanded iron formation (BIF) and amphibolites All the rocksstrike approximately North-South parallel to the structuralgrain of the surrounding basement complex [10] The entireMaru belt has been differentiated into Eastern and Westernunits [11] While the Eastern unit consists of pelites withlocally dominant quartzite and iron formations the Westernunit is almost entirely made up of pelites

The fine-grained laminated sediments both pelites andiron formation indicate quiet water conditions the pre-dominance of iron oxides suggests oxygenated watersalthough sometimes pyrite occurs indicating anoxic con-ditions Metasandstones were deposited in a higher energyenvironment reflecting shallow water or increased sedimentsupply The Maru schist belt contains internal plutons ofgranite granodiorite diorite tonalite and syenites (Figure 1)

The structure of the study area has imprints of theentire northwestern Nigerian Basement Complex which havepassed through a minimum of two episodes (polyphase)of deformation [12 13] Three deformation episodes (D

1

D2 and D

3) were recognized in the area investigated The

second deformation episode (D2) is the major phase The

first (D1) and third (D

3) deformational episodes are generally

less common The first deformation episode (D1) produced

first axial planar foliation (S1) and first fold phase (F

1) The

second deformation episode gave rise to S2and F

2second

axial planar foliation and fold phase respectively The thirddeformation episode (D

3) resulted from S

3and F

3third axial

planar foliation and fold phase respectively Several strike slipfaults have been mapped within Maru schist belt

The quartz veins were hosted by metapelites (slate phyl-lite and schist) with metagabbro Slate and phyllite occuras low lying highly fissile rocks with diagnostic slaty and

phyllitic cleavages respectively Schist occurs as low lyingrocks with N-S trending moderately to steeply dipping schis-tose planes The metapelites displayed lepidoblastic textureThese rocks experienced low grade green schist regionalmetamorphism [14] Metagabbro are porphyroblastic andhave been metamorphosed to epidote amphibolite faciesconditions [15]

3 Materials and Methods

Quartz veins were collected as grab samples with the useof geological hammer during structural and lithologicalmapping of the study area Soil samples from B horizon(050ndash10 metre) were collected within the Maru schist beltand other selected parts of the study area at twelve smallgold fields established by artisanal miners and local miningcompanies after various reconnaissance surveys The soilswere excavated with the use of stainless steel hand auger andcollected directly into a polythene bag

About one kg of soil sample was collected from eachlocation A total of eighteen samples were collected Thegeographic coordinates of all the sampling points were deter-mined with a Garmin global positioning system

All the soil samples were allowed to pass through 200120583msieve and their mineralogy subsequently was examined withthe use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique A Philipsdiffractometer PW 3710 (40Kv 30mA) with Cu k

120572radiation

equippedwith a fixeddivergence silt and a secondary graphitemonochromator was used for X-ray diffraction Whole rockpowder samples were scanned with a step size of 002∘ 2 theta(120579) and counting time of 05 second per step over ameasuringrange of 2 to 65∘ 2 theta (120579) X pert plus software (Philips)was used to identify the crystalline phases Thin sections andpolished slides were prepared from gold bearing quartz veinsand studied under petrological microscope

Gold bearing quartz veins and soils sampleswere crushedsieved pulverised with hardened steel and allowed to passthrough 75 120583m Thereafter major oxide and some traceelements concentration of majority of gold bearing quartzveins collected were analysed with two wave length dis-persive X ray fluorescence spectrometers (PW 1480 andPW 2400) Four quartz veins identified to contain visiblegold grains were selected and analysed for gold trace andrare earth elements with inductively coupled plasma massspectroscopy (ICP-MS) method The samples were initiallydecomposed with HCL HNO

3 HCLO

4 and HF acids in

order to achieve near total digestionThe procedure followedis contained in [22] The quartz veins that contain visiblegold grains were subsequently assayed with fire assay andinstrumental neutron activation analysis (INNA) in orderto quantitatively determine the concentration of gold tracedto international reference standards as documented in [23]Twelve soil samples that represent each small minor goldfield were analysed with instrumental neutron activationanalysis (INAA) equipment for Au (gold) and twenty-two(22) elements

Thin section preparation X-ray diffractometry andwavelength dispersive X ray fluorescence spectrometry were

Journal of Geological Research 3

O6

O7

O8 O10

135

139

143145

149

153

154

155

157

137

141

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)

PegmatiteSyeniteGraniteGranodiorite granite diorite and tonalite complexDioriteGranite gneissMigmatite

AmphiboliteAmphibolite intercalated with schistFerruginous quartziteBanded iron formationMaru schist belt (slate phyllite and schist)Pegmatite metagabbro and schist complexMetagabbro

Gold in quartz veinQuartz veinRoadRiver SokotoMinor river and tributaryGeological boundaryFault

AtlanticOcean Camero

on

Niger Chad

Study area

River Niger

River BenueBenin

5∘N

10∘N

5∘E 10∘E

200 km

DangorowaBakolori

Dam

Maraya

Figure 1 Geological map of the study area showing locations of gold bearing quartz veins with map of Africa and Nigeria above


(a) (b)

(c)

Equal area

N

ExplanationRose diagram (symmetric)Outer circle = 33Mean dir = 1810alpha 95 = minus10

(d)

Figure 2 Illustrates quartz vein hosting primary gold in Sado (a) pits dug along the trend of quartz vein in Sado (b) excavated pit for artisanalmining of primary gold in Sado (c) and rose diagram of trend of gold bearing quartz veins within and around Maru Schist belt (d)

undertaken in the laboratory of Federal Institute for Geo-sciences and Natural Resources Hannover Germany Thepolished section was carried out at Department of Geol-ogy University of Cologne Germany Inductively coupledplasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and fire assay andinstrumental neutron activation analysis (INNA) were car-ried out at Activation Laboratory Ltd Ancaster OntarioCanada

4 Results and Discussion

41 Occurrence andMineralogy of Gold Bearing Quartz VeinsGold bearing quartz veins crosscut metapelites (slate phyllitewith schist) and metagabbro in the study area (Figure 2(a))indicating epigenetic style ofmineralizationThese veins varyconsiderably in thickness and often exhibit significant verticaland longitudinal continuity (Figure 2(b)) Vein contactsare generally sharp and steeply dipping These veins wereidentified South of Maraya West of Sado West of riverFerri Ruwa and East of river Ferri Ruwa Other gold bearingquartz veins occur at Tuniya Hanudezoma Dangorowa YanKaura and Kadaure within the area investigated (Figure 1)

At Sado sets of intersecting quartz veins containing gold thattrend 170∘ndash350∘ 130∘ndash310∘ and 60∘ndash240∘ have beenmined byartisanal miners Several pits were excavated along the trendof the quartz veins some to a maximum length of 96m anda recovery depth of about 23m (Figure 2(c)) Metagabbrohost the gold bearing quartz vein in Sado Majority of thegold bearing quartz veins occur within the Maru schist beltThe quartz veins trend principally in the N-S and NNE-SSWdirections The trend is similar to the regional strike of Maruschist belt (Figure 2(d))

Euhedral and polygonal magnetite with hematite wereobserved (Figure 3(a)) in the quartz veins The replacementof magnetite by hematite due to oxidation (martitization)was clearly visibleThe grey-brownish colour representsmag-netite being replaced by hematite (bright white) (Figure 3(b))The main gauge mineral in the quartz vein consists ofexclusively xenomorphic quartz crystals (more than 98 inmodal composition) occurring in almost equal grain sizes(equigranular) The quartz crystals that show undulatoryextinction are aligned and this is due to tectonic stressThe alignment of quartz crystals also indicates deformationwithin a shear zone Flaky chlorite displaying cleavage and


H

M

50120583m

(a)

M

50120583m

(b)

CH

Q

1000 120583m

(c)

50120583m

(d)

Figure 3 Photomicrograph of quartz vein in reflected cross polarized light (in air) showing euhedral isometric polygonal hematite (H) andmagnetite (M) (a) isometric euhedral magnetite displaying martitization (b) Hematite and chlorite (CH) across quartz (Q) crystals with (c)sericite and fluid inclusions (d) as observed under transmitted cross polarised light

Early LateQuartzMagnetiteGoldHematiteChloriteSericite

Figure 4 Summarized mineral paragenesis of quartz vein contain-ing gold obtained from the study area

anomalous interference colour under cross polarized light arepresent in some quartz veins (Figure 3(c)) Anhedral sericiteand fluid inclusions are contained in the quartz crystals(Figure 3(d))

Figure 4 summarises the mineral paragenesis of thequartz vein containing gold The sequence comprises initialhost rock formation which latter experienced fracturingThiswas subsequently followed by introduction of hydrothermalmineralizing fluid composing of quartz gold and magnetiteHematite replaced magnetite Some primary minerals inthe quartz veins were later altered to chlorite and sericiteRemarkable development of quartz sericite and chlorite

alterationminerals in the quartz veins confirms that silicifica-tion sericitization and chlorization processes are associatedwith gold mineralization

42 Mineralogy of Gold Bearing Soils Eluvial gold occurswithin Maru schist belt in some locations called minor goldfields and has been recovered by artisanal miners throughexcavation of several pits of various dimensions and depthsThe soil rich in gold was panned and washed and lighterfractions were removed until heavyminerals with gold grainsremained The gold grains were separated from the heavymineral concentrates manuallyThe soils were retrieved fromTuniya Yar Kaura Sado Mayowa Maru Atakar Hanude-zoma Gwar Gawo Kadaure Ferri Ruwa Dangowa and SoroKudi minor gold fields (Figure 5)

The summary of themineralogical composition of the soilsample is presented in Table 1 Residual weathering of rocksthat underlain the study area resulted into soil formationand this is reflected in its mineralogy Weathering facilitatedthe dispersion of the geological materials containing primarygold mineralization The major mineralogical constituent inall the soil samples examined is quartz There is no distinctpattern in the mineralogical composition of the minor andtrace constituents Lesser amount of albite microcline mus-covite hornblende magnetite clay minerals (illite kaolinite


U

S3

S7

S6

S1

S13

S9

S10S11

S4

S2S5

S12N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)



RoadSoil sample location

River Sokoto

Minor river and tributary

Geological boundaryFault

Marabahill

Figure 5 Geological map of the study area showing the locations of soil samples

halloysite smectite goethite vermiculite and chlorite) arepresentThe sources of albite are dominantly from the weath-ering of amphibolite tonalite diorite and granodiorite thatintruded Maru schist belt Granite migmatitic gneiss andgranite gneiss weathering liberatedmicroclineThe origins ofthe clay minerals and muscovite are from the metasedimentsmetamorphosed into metapelites (slate phyllite and schist)of the Maru schist belt [24] Some of the soil samplescontain hornblende as minor and trace constituents Thesource of hornblende from the soil sample in Maru field isfrom amphibolite contained within the Maru schist belt At

Sado field hornblende in form of riebeckite occurs as minorphase and the source is the host lithology (metagabbro) [25]Weathering of the metasediments released significant quan-tity of biotite that was later altered into chlorite Hematiteoccurs as trace constituent in soil sample from Maru andHanudezoma fields and the origin is from the banded ironformation fromMaraba hill within Maru schist belt [10 26])

43 Geochemistry of Gold Bearing Quartz Veins The wholerock geochemical composition of quartz vein obtained withX-ray fluorescencemethod of analysis is contained in Table 2


Table 1 Mineral composition of soil samples on the basis of XRD analysis

SNo Field Major constituent Minor constituent Trace constituent

307 Maru Quartz Smectite + vermiculite Albite + microclinekaolinite + halloysite

259 Maru Quartz Albite + microcline Muscovite + illite + kaolinitehalloysite

263 Maru Quartz + Albite Muscovite + illite+ kaolinite Smectite + vermiculite

261 Maru Quartz Microcline + albite + hematite +muscovite + illite + hornblende

279 Maru Quartz Albite + microcline +muscovite + illite

Kaolinite + smectite +hornblende

291 Maru Quartz Albite + microcline

S1 Tuniya Quartz Muscovite + illite Kaolinite + microcline + albite

S3 Sado Smectite + VermiculiteQuartz + Albite Hornblende (riebeckite) Halloysite

S4 Mayowa Quartz Chlorite + muscovite + illite Goethite + illemnite

S9 Gwar Gawo Quartz Albite + microcline + hornblende(riebeckite) + muscovite + illite

S11 Ferri Ruwa Quartz Albite + microcline

S12 Dangowa Quartz Muscovite + illite +kaolinite Goethite + albite

S13 Soro Kudi Quartz Albite + microcline + muscovite +illite + kaolinite

255 Hanudezoma Quartz Muscovite + illite +kaolinite Goethite + hematite

267 Hanudezoma Quartz Muscovite + illite +kaolinite Goethite + microcline

273 Yan Kaura Quartz Microcline + kaolinite

288 Atakar Quartz Hornblende + smectite

303 Kadaure Quartz Muscovite + illite Kaolinite + goethite

The quartz veins are highly siliceous The composition ofAl2O3varies fromlt005 to 1368wt Fe

2O3ranges from007

to 626wt Na2Owt is of the order of lt001 to 341 wt

and K2O varies from 0008 to 5812 wt The concentrations

of other major oxides are very lowNegative or inverse relationship exists between TiO

2

Al2O3 CaO and Fe

2O3with SiO

2

Appreciable amount of Ba Cu Rb and Zr up to 486 ppm41 ppm 323 ppm and 111 ppm respectively is noteworthyPositive relationships exist between the concentration ofFe2O3versus TiO

2 Cu versus Ba Cu versus Zn and Zn versus

ZrThe results of gold bearing quartz veins analysed with

fire assay and instrumental neutron activation analysis arecontained in Table 3 The concentration of gold varies from10 to 6280 ppb and exceeded the background (5 ppb) andClarkersquos concentration (4 ppb) in unmineralized materials in

all the quartz veins This signifies that the quartz veins aremineralized with gold Samples O6 (10 ppb of gold) and O8(12 ppb of gold) were recovered from the quartz veins thatoutcropped on the surface south of Maraya and west of RiverFerri Ruwa respectively Samples O7 (6280 ppb of gold) andO10 (39 ppb) were retrieved from approximately 234 metresand 1040 metres respectively from the existing surfaceThisimplies that higher gold ore grade can be obtained from thesubsurface (Figure 1)The concentration of gold in sample O7(6280 ppb of gold) exceeded the minimum value (2000 ppb)to qualify as an ore Economic occurrence of gold generallyconsists of very small amounts of dispersed gold or gold-silveralloys Even in the well-known ore of the Witwatersrand inSouth Africa the average concentration of gold is only about16000 ppb [27]

The results of gold bearing quartz veins analysed withinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method are


Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252


Table 3 Results of fire assay and instrumental neutron activation analysis of gold bearing quartz veins

Detection limit rarrAu1

pbb

Normal abundance inun-mineralized material

(ppb) [a]Clarke value (ppb) [b]

Approximate minimumquantity to qualify as an ore

(ppb) [c]Mass (g)

Sample number darrO6 10 5 4 2000 3050O7 6280 5 4 2000 2010O8 12 5 4 2000 2070O10 39 5 4 2000 3040[a] [19] and [20] [b and c] [21]

Table 4 Trace element of gold bearing quartz veins analysed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique

Sample number rarr O6 O7 O8 O10 Min Max MeanTrace element (ppm) darr

Ni 25 161 78 151 25 161 440As 1 92 31 438 1 92 1120Sr 26 33 227 36 26 227 155Ba 11 68 366 29 68 366 10La 05 07 216 33 05 216 095Ce 184 223 408 488 184 408 168Cr 93 764 252 68 68 764 403Pb 351 157 28 199 351 157 585Co 05 231 49 564 05 564 1423Cu 15 798 166 156 15 798 4275Zn 7 544 125 219 7 544 723Au 78 6980 263 265 78 6980 858K 10 10 60 20 10 60 2500As 1 92 31 438 1 92 3498Ba 11 68 366 29 68 366 2085Rb 03 02 28 11 03 28 110Sr 26 33 227 36 26 227 805KRb 3333 5000 2143 1818 1818 5000 3074KBa 091 147 164 069 069 164 118BaRb 3667 3400 1307 2636 1307 3667 2753RbSr 012 006 012 031 006 031 015

contained in Table 4 The quartz veins are enriched in CuZn Sr As Ni Co Pb Cr Ce La and Ba with respect to othertrace and rare elements However only the concentration ofAs and Pb exceeded the backgrounds in unmineralized rocksforAs (5 ppm) andPb (10 ppm) inmajority of the quartz veinssamples

The results of concentrations of gold in the quartz veinsobtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometrytechnique compare favourably well with those retrievedfrom fire assay-neutron activation analysis instrument TheΣREE varies from 315 to 8290 ppm with notable LREE andHREE fractionation The samples show strong LREEHREEfractionation with (LaYb)

119899ranges from 2 to 36 Figure 6

illustrates the chondrite normalized plots of rare earth ele-ment [16] in gold bearing quartz veins It shows high lightREE (LREE) [La Ce Pr] and lower heavy (HREE) [ErTm Yb Lu] Positive Gd signature was observed in samples

O7 O8 and O10 The concentrations of (Co+Ni+Cu+Zn)-Fe-Mn in quartz veins were plotted on a ternary diagramproposed by [17] The diagram was used to differentiatebetween submarine hydrothermal and hydrogenous depositsThe data plotted indicate that the quartz veins bearing goldare of hydrothermal origin (Figure 7)

44 Geochemistry of Gold Bearing Soils The results of soilsanalysed with instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA) for the concentration of gold and selected majoroxides and trace elements are contained in Table 5The Fe

2O3

content varies widely and comprise from 085 to 1120wtThe concentration of Na

2O (lt050 to 164wt) is generally

lowAs content (lt2 to 700 ppm) is noteworthy Some of

the soils are enriched in the following gold path finderelements Sb (lt2 to 127 ppm) W (lt4 to 19 ppm) and


Table 5 Some major oxide trace and rare elements for concentration of soils

(a)

Field rarr Tuniya Yar Kaura Sado Mayowa Maru Atakar Hanudezoma Gwar GawoSample number rarr S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S9Major oxide (wt) darr

Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255

Trace element (ppm) darrAu (ppb) 16 lt5 80 266 lt5 lt5 79 5700As 127 2 16 22 3 5 121 7Ba 300 300 800 500 400 300 400 400Co 10 lt5 71 61 lt5 34 9 8Cs 4 lt2 lt2 7 lt2 6 4 2Hf 16 14 5 7 11 8 10 10Mo lt5 lt5 lt5 lt5 lt5 12 lt5 lt5Rb 80 40 lt30 110 lt30 100 40 50Sb 12 lt02 19 42 03 07 31 14Sc 66 44 361 371 24 114 64 43Ta lt1 lt1 lt1 2 1 88 1 1Th 95 78 11 46 54 8 83 64U 45 34 lt05 32 24 64 38 33W 19 lt4 lt4 lt4 lt4 13 lt4 lt4Zn 90 lt50 190 250 lt50 lt50 lt50 60La 40 16 17 36 13 28 22 17Ce 65 37 55 71 32 89 40 39Nd 30 15 22 33 8 22 15 7Sm 46 18 57 8 14 34 27 22Eu 14 05 19 3 05 1 08 06Tb lt05 lt05 12 lt05 lt05 lt05 lt05 lt050Yb 42 26 55 52 15 29 29 140Lu 059 038 08 073 026 035 044 026ΣREE 1458 7328 1079 15693 5666 14665 8384 6746

(b)

Field rarr Kadaure Ferri Ruwa Dangowa Soro Kudi RangeMean Standard deviationMin Max

Sample number rarr S10 S11 S12 S13Major oxide (wt) darr

Na2O 006 017 lt005 022 lt050 167 mdash mdashFe2O3 104 116 372 412 085 112 473 384

Trace element (ppm) darrAu (ppb) 2850 lt5 27 lt5 lt5 5700 mdash mdashAs 730 lt2 33 5 lt2 730 mdash mdashBa 1100 600 600 400 300 1100 50833 23916Br lt1 lt1 7 9 lt1 9 mdash mdashCo 237 6 12 22 lt5 237 mdash mdashCs 4 2 5 385 lt2 385 3492 mdashHf 6 13 15 11 5 16 1050 355Mo lt5 lt5 17 lt5 lt5 17 mdash mdashRb 130 70 110 210 lt30 210 mdash mdashSb 55 07 26 127 lt020 127 mdash mdashSc 148 41 10 165 24 371 1284 1194Ta lt1 lt1 2 66 lt1 88 mdash mdash


(b) Continued

Field rarr Kadaure Ferri Ruwa Dangowa Soro Kudi RangeMean Standard DeviationMin Max

Sample number rarr S10 S11 S12 S13Th 146 86 155 71 11 155 808 395U 61 3 3 32 lt05 64 mdash mdashW lt4 lt4 lt4 lt4 lt4 19 mdash mdashZn 140 lt50 lt50 lt50 lt50 250 mdash mdashLa 116 19 38 21 13 116 3192 2803Ce 137 41 83 45 32 137 6117 3044Nd 37 16 38 14 7 38 2142 1079Sm 85 22 48 36 14 85 408 234Eu 22 07 13 11 05 3 125 077Tb lt05 lt05 14 lt05 lt050 14 mdash mdashYb 42 28 49 3 14 55 343 136Lu 063 041 069 045 026 08 050 018ΣREE 30553 8211 17069 8815 5666 30553 12375 6903

01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Figure 6 Chondrite normalized plots of rare earth element (REE)[16] in gold bearing quartz veins The plot indicates negative Eu(europium) signatures for all the samples

Mo (lt5 to 17 ppm) The concentration of the followinglithophile elements Ba (300ndash1100 ppm) Cs (2ndash385 ppm)Hf (5ndash16 ppm) Sc (24ndash371 ppm) Th (11ndash155 ppm)and U(lt050ndash64 ppm) is remarkable Co content ranges from lt5to 237 ppmThe summation of rare earth element varies from5666 ppm to 30553 ppm and is notable The concentrationof gold ranges from lt5 to 5700 ppb (Table 5) The goldcontent in the soil samples from Gwar Gawo (5700 ppb) andKadaure (2850 ppb) exceeded the minimum value of gold ina geomaterial (2000 ppb) that makes them to qualify as ores([21] Table 6)The gold content of soils fromTuniya (16 ppb)Sado (80 ppb) Mayowa (266 ppb) Hanudezoma (79 ppb)

Fe Mn

Submarine-hydrothermal

Hydrogenous

(Co + Ni + Cu + Zn) times 10

Figure 7 (Co+Ni+Cu+Zn)-Fe-Mn ternary plot of quartz veinsproposed by [17] used to differentiate submarine and hydrothermaland hydrogenous deposits

and Dangowa (27 ppb) exceeded its background values Thisis a positive geochemical anomaly that indicates vertical orlateral proximity to higher grade of gold deposit Most soilsamples that have high gold content equally recorded higharsenic concentration (Figure 8) This implies that the goldoccurrence or deposit is associated with arsenic (As) andcould be utilized as an effective geochemical parameter toexplore for gold in the study area The concentration ofantimony (Sb) (lt020 to 1270 ppm] is above the one inunmineralizedmaterials (1 ppm) inmost of the soils analysedAntimony is known to associate with gold deposit andhigh Sb content (1270 ppm) of Soro Kudi field could implyproximity to gold mineralization [28]

The concentration of Hf (5 to 16 ppm) and barium (300to 1100 ppm) exceeded its crustal abundances in all the soil


Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r

Figure 8 Bar chart of concentration of gold (Au) arsenic (As) andantimony (Sb) in soil samples retrieved from minor gold fields Thevalue of goldrsquos concentration is times10 ppm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust

Depleted mantle source

Th

ThU Weathering trend

Figure 9 Plot of ThU versus Th after [18]

samples The U content (lt050 to 64 ppm) of most soilsamples exceeded its background values The concentrationof tantalum (Ta) in soils retrieved fromAtakar (S6) is 88 ppmand is above its crustal abundance of 2 ppm This couldindicate nearness to tantalum (Ta) occurrence The ThUratio ranges from 1ndash3 and it indicates weak weathering Itshows ThU ratio like the depleted mantle (Figure 9) Plot ofU versusAs is positivewith correlation coefficient (1198772) = 030(Figure 10) The Pearson correlation coefficient computedwith Minitab statistical software was used to establish therelationship between gold and other parameters analysedThe relationship between Fe

2O3and Au is weak positive

correlation The relationship between Na2O and Au is very

weak negatively correlatedStrong positive correlation exists between Au with Ba Co

and La The relationship between Au with Cr Th U Zn Ceand Sm is very weak positively correlated

Strong negative correlation exist between Au with Hf Auwith Yb andAuwith LuThe correlation relationship between

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)

Series 1Linear (series 1)

y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909

Figure 10 Plot of U versus As indicating slight positive correlation

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu1

10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

Figure 11 Chondrite normalized plots of rare earth element (REE)[16] in soil samples Positive Eu signature was observed in samplesS4 and S5 The plot indicates negative Eu (europium) signature forthe other samples

Au with the following elements Br Cs Mo Rb Sb Sc Ta WNd Eu and Tb is very weak negative

Very strong positive correlation exists between the fol-lowing pairs of elements Co and As La and Co Ce and CoCs and Sb Sb and Rb Sc and Eu Zn and Sm Zn and Eu Laand Ce Ce and Nd Nd and Sm Nd and Yb Sm and Eu Snand Lu Eu and Yb Eu and Lu and Yb with Lu

Figure 11 illustrates chondrite normalized plots of rareearth element (REE) [16] in soils It shows highly enrichedchondrite normalized LREE andMREE ([LaSm]

119873about 188

to 858) and lower flat heavy (HREE) Some samples indicate


O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)




5ndash3031ndash8081ndash270271ndash28002801ndash5700

Concentration of gold (Au) in soil (ppb)

Figure 12 Geological map of the study area showing locations of gold bearing quartz veins and concentration of gold in soil samples

positive anomalies for Ce (S6 and S3) Eu (S4 and S5) withLu (S9 and S5) The soils displayed pronounced negative Prand Nd anomalies Significant gold anomalies in soil occurat Gwar Gawo (5700 ppb) Kadaure (2850 ppb) and Mayowa(266 ppb) (Figure 12) Considerable anomalies of antimony

occur at Soro Kudi (127 ppm) Kadaure (55 ppm) andMayowa (42 ppm) Substantial anomalies of arsenic occurin Tuniya (127 ppm) Hanudezoma (121 ppm) and Kadaure(730 ppm) (Figure 13) Distinct anomalous uranium contentwas recorded at Atakar (64 ppm) and Kadaure (61 ppm)


O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)





Concentration of arsenic (As) in soil (ppm)

Figure 13 Geological map of the study area showing locations of gold bearing quartz veins and concentration of arsenic in soil samples

Field and petrographic evidences at Maru schist belt areaindicate the occurrence of gold bearing quartz veins and soilswithin sealed fractures hosted by slate phyllite schist andmetagabbro Several granitic granodioritic tonalitic dioritic

and syenitic intrusions close to the quartz veins and minorgold field soils were observed (Figures 12 and 13) Similarobservation was discovered at Bini Yauri and [29] suggestedthat magmatic fluid or recirculated groundwater may be


part of the ore constituents at some stage of vein evolutionand accompanied alteration There are very few auriferousArchean greenstone belts or productive Phanerozoic orogensthat contain gold provinces without nearby intrusions ofroughly the same age Whether or not any of these igneousbodies are the source of fluids and metals that become apart of the gold-forming systems is often a highly debatedissue the other obvious scenario is that both melts and fluidsmay be products of the same deep-crustal or even mantle-generated thermal event [30]

Anomalous gold content in soil occurs close to syeniteplutons in Gwar Gawo (5700 ppb) and Mayowa (266 ppb)minor gold fields (Figure 12) This suggests the possibility ofmagmatism as the source of mineralizing fluids DangorowaTuniya Kadaure and Mayowa minor gold fields are closelyassociated with ferruginous quartzites Soro Kudi field issituated on the contact boundary between granodioritegranite diorite and tonalite complex withinMaru schist beltTheproximity of strike-slip faults toAtakarDangorowa FerriRuwa and Mayowa is noteworthy and could have served asthe conduit for gold mineralizing fluid (Figure 13 and [31]A multidataset analysis of selected parts of the study areaprovided useful information and metallogenic models thatcan assist in gold exploration and recovery [32 33] Figures12 and 13 show the application of gold mineralization modelcriteria that integrated digital geochemical (gold and arsenicconcentration in quartz veins and soils) and strike slip faultdata Areas favourable or that indicate gold mineralizationare identified on the basis of combination of the variouselements of the model in the following decreasing order ofweightings gold in quartz vein gold in soil concentration ofarsenic in quartz vein with soil level of antimony in soil andproximity to fault Based on the aforementioned criteria theprospectivity of the minor gold field ranking in decreasingorder is Kadaure gt Sado gt Mayowa gt Hanudezoma gt FerriRuwa gt Gwar Gawo gt Dangowa gt Tuniya gt Soro Kudigt Atakar Yar Kaura and Maru fields displayed the leastgeochemical and structural criteria used in prospectivityranking (Figures 12 and 13)

5 Conclusions

Based on field petrographic and geochemical evidences theore fluid may have been derived largely from fracturingmetamorphic dewatering [29] and crustal devolatilization[30] of sedimentary and gabbroic protolith of the host rocksIsotopic studies of fluid components of the quartz veins willfurther confirm the propose origin

The emplacement of the quartz vein is associated withD2deformation as indicated by similarity in the generalized

strike direction of quartz vein and host rocks It postdatesregional metamorphism and fracturing These structuralsettings suggest that the emplacement of gold mineralizationoccurred during Late Pan African orogeny [34] AppreciableAs signature further confirms that the quartz veins wereformed in an orogenic setting [35] Eluvial gold occurrenceresulted from residual weathering of gold bearing quartzveins

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The study is part of the first authorrsquos Ph D researchsupervised by Professor A F Abimbola at the Departmentof Geology University of Ibadan Nigeria The supportrendered by Dr Thomas Oberthur of BGR (Federal Instituteof Geosciences and Natural Resources Hannover Germany)in the course of the research is gratefully acknowledged Theefforts of Dr Frank Melcher of BGR and Andreas Wilms areappreciated The authors are very grateful to Detlef Reguardof BGR who performed all wave length dispersive X-rayfluorescence analysis Thanks goes to Martin Klocke andMostafa for their numerous supports The help rendered bythe following BGR scientists is appreciated Jerzy LodziakDr Maria Alexandrovna Sitnikova Henry Donald and MrAndreas Schneibner

References

[1] J F Truswell and R N CopeThe Geology of Parts of Niger andZaria Provinces Northern Nigeria Geological Survey NigeriaBulletin no 29 1963

[2] M Woakes and B E Bafor ldquoPrimary gold mineralizationin Nigeriardquo in GOLD 1982 The Geology Geochemistry andGenesis of Gold Deposits R P Foster Ed Geological Society ofZimbabwe Special Publication no 1 Balkema Rotterdam TheNetherlands 1983

[3] K P C J DrsquoSouza U A Danbatta and P S Newall ldquoCompre-hensive solid minerals resource survey and assessmentrdquo TechRep Wardell Armsstrong 2005

[4] F R Siegel Applied Geochemistry John Wiley amp Sons NewJersey NJ USA 1974

[5] A G Darnley B Bjorklund N Gustavsson et al A GlobalGeochemical Database for Environmental and ResourceManage-ment Recommendations for International Geochemical MappingFinal Report of IGCP Project 259 1995

[6] R W BoyleTheGeochemistry of Gold and Its Deposits Geolog-ical Survey of Canada Bulletin 280 1979

[7] J C Antweiler and W L Campbell ldquoGold in exploration geo-chemistryrdquo in PreciousMetals in the Northern Cordillera vol 10pp 33ndash44 The Association of Exploration Geochemists 1982

[8] J A Adekoya The geology of banded iron formation in thePrecambrian basement complex of northern Nigeria [PhDthesis] University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria 1991

[9] A E O Ogezi ldquoOrigin and Evolution of the Basement Complexof North-Western Nigeria in the light of new Geochemical andGeochronological Datardquo in Precambrian Geology of NigeriaGeological Survey of Nigeria Ed pp 301ndash312 Esho KadunaNigeria 1988

[10] J A Adekoya ldquoThe geology and geochemistry of the Marubanded Iron-Formation Northwestern Nigeriardquo Journal ofAfrican Earth Sciences vol 27 no 2 pp 241ndash257 1998

[11] R Holt I G Egbuniwe W R Fitches and J B Wright ldquoTherelationships between low-grade metasedimentary Belts calc-alkaline volcanism and the Pan-African orogeny in N-W Nige-riardquo Geologische Rundschau vol 67 no 2 pp 631ndash646 1978


[12] A C Ajibade andWR Fitches ldquoTheNigerian precambrian andthe Pan-African orogenyrdquo in Precambrian Geology of Nigeria PO Oluyide W C Mbonu A E O Ogezi I G Egbuniwe A CAjibade and A C Umeji Eds pp 45ndash53 Geological Survey ofNigeria Publication 1988

[13] P O Oluyide ldquoStructural trends in the Nigerian basementcomplexrdquo in Precambrian Geology of Nigeria P O Oluyide WC Mbonu A E Ogezi I G Egbuniwe A C Ajibade and AC Umeji Eds pp 93ndash98 Geological Survey of Nigeria Publi-cation 1988

[14] A Miyashiro Metamorphic Petrology Oxford UniversityOxford UK 1994

[15] S A Oke Petrogenesis structural characteristics of Precambrianrocks with associated copper and gold mineralization in parts ofGusau area Northwestern Nigeria [Ph D Thesis] University ofIbadan Ibadan Nigeria 2014

[16] W V Boynton ldquoCosmochemistry of the rare earth elementsmeteorite studiesrdquo in Rare Earth Element Geochemistry P Hen-derson Ed pp 63ndash114 Elsevier AmsterdamThe Netherlands1984

[17] E Bonatti T Kraemer and H Rydell ldquoClassification andgenesis of submarine iron-manganese depositsrdquo in Proceedingsof the Conference on Ferromanganese Deposits on the OceanFloor D R Horn Ed pp 149ndash166 Arden House HarrimanNY USA 1972

[18] S MMcLennan S Hemming D K McDaniel and G N Han-son ldquoGeochemical approaches to sedimentation provenanceand tectonicsrdquo Special Paper of the Geological Society of Americavol 284 pp 21ndash40 1993

[19] J Green ldquoGeochemical table of the elements for 1959rdquo Bulletinof the Geological Society of America vol 70 no 9 pp 1127ndash11841959

[20] S R Taylor and S M McLennan The Continental Crust ItsComposition and Evolution Blackwell Oxford UK 1985

[21] J M Guilbert and C F ParkTheGeology of Ore Deposits W HFreeman New York NY USA 1986

[22] Actlab Analytical Methods for Activation Laboratory 2012httpwwwactlabsintcom

[23] E L Hoffman ldquoInstrumental neutron activation in geoanaly-sisrdquo Journal of Geochemical Exploration vol 44 no 1ndash3 pp 297ndash319 1992

[24] M G Best Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology BlackwellScience 2nd edition 2003

[25] A A Surour A A El-Kammar E H Arafa and H M KoranyldquoDahab stream sediments southeatern Sinai Egypt a potentialsource of Gold magnetite and zirconrdquo Journal of GeochemicalExploration vol 77 no 1 pp 25ndash43 2003

[26] A Mucke ldquoThe Nigerian manganese-rich iron-formationsand their host rocksmdashfrom sedimentation to metamorphismrdquoJournal of African Earth Sciences vol 41 no 5 pp 407ndash4362005

[27] J R Craig and D J VaughanOre Microscopy and Ore Petrogra-phy John Wiley amp Sons 2nd edition 1996

[28] P M Ashley D Craw B P Graham and D A ChappellldquoEnvironmental mobility of antimony around mesothermalstibnite deposits New South Wales Australia and SouthernNew Zealandrdquo Journal of Geochemical Exploration vol 77 no1 pp 1ndash14 2003

[29] S O Akande O Fakorede andAMucke ldquoGeology and genesisof gold-bearing quartz veins at Bini Yauri and Okolom in thePan-African domain of Western Nigeriardquo Geologie en Mijn-bouw vol 67 no 1 pp 41ndash51 1988

[30] R J Goldfarb T Baker B Dube D I Groves C J R Hartand P Gosselin ldquoDistribution character and genesis of golddeposits in metamorphic terranesrdquo in Economic Geology 100thAnniversary Volume pp 407ndash450 Society of Economic Geolo-gists Littleton Colo USA 2005

[31] V M Kreiter Geological Prospecting and Exploration MirMoscow Russia 1968

[32] J A Plant A Gunn M Holder et al ldquoMultidataset analysisfor the development of gold exploration models in WesternEuroperdquo British Geological Survey Report SF981 1998

[33] W Hatton T Colman D Cooper A Gunn and J A PlantldquoMineral exploration and information technologyrdquo in Proceed-ings of the Minerals Land and Natural Environment Conferencepp 41ndash63 Institution of Mining and Metallurgy 1998

[34] EOWuyep I Garba andPAOnwualu ldquoReviewof structuresfluid flow and gold deposits in Nigeriardquo Geological Society ofAmerica Abstracts vol 39 no 6 p 623 2007

[35] F Robert R Brommecker B F Bourne et al ldquoModels andexploration methods for major gold deposit typesrdquo in Proceed-ings of the 5th Decennial International Conference on MineralExploration (Exploration 07) B Milkereit Ed pp 691ndash7112007

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

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Mining


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Advances in


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Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


with potential gold mineralization This is with the overallaim of using the data to discover the extension of the minorgold field vertically or laterally and assess their prospectsThepossible origin of the gold bearing fluid was inferred

2 Regional Geological Setting

Maru schist belt is a portion of basement complex of North-western Nigeria It is one of the low grade upper proterozoicmetasedimentary dominated and metavolcanic with intru-sive igneous rocks schist belt in Western Nigeria [8] It isbounded to the East by Wonaka schist belt and to the Westby Anka schist belt The schist belts trend N-S and havebeen infolded into the migmatite-gneiss-quartzite complexThis complex constitutes the predominant rock group in thebasement of Eburnean (about 2000 Ma) to Liberian (ca 2800Ma) age [9]

Maru schist belt lies Northeast of the Kushaka schistbelt with both having similar lithological assemblages and isapproximately 200 km long and 12ndash19 km wide It is linearsuper crustal remnants in the polycyclic basement complexof Nigeria The contact between the schist belt and thegneissmdashmigmatite complex are conformable but are locallymigmatised around intrusive granitic plutons The Maruschist belt consists predominantly of pelitic to semipeliticmetasedimentary with subordinate interlayered psammitesbanded iron formation (BIF) and amphibolites All the rocksstrike approximately North-South parallel to the structuralgrain of the surrounding basement complex [10] The entireMaru belt has been differentiated into Eastern and Westernunits [11] While the Eastern unit consists of pelites withlocally dominant quartzite and iron formations the Westernunit is almost entirely made up of pelites

The fine-grained laminated sediments both pelites andiron formation indicate quiet water conditions the pre-dominance of iron oxides suggests oxygenated watersalthough sometimes pyrite occurs indicating anoxic con-ditions Metasandstones were deposited in a higher energyenvironment reflecting shallow water or increased sedimentsupply The Maru schist belt contains internal plutons ofgranite granodiorite diorite tonalite and syenites (Figure 1)

The structure of the study area has imprints of theentire northwestern Nigerian Basement Complex which havepassed through a minimum of two episodes (polyphase)of deformation [12 13] Three deformation episodes (D

1

D2 and D

3) were recognized in the area investigated The

second deformation episode (D2) is the major phase The

first (D1) and third (D

3) deformational episodes are generally

less common The first deformation episode (D1) produced

first axial planar foliation (S1) and first fold phase (F

1) The

second deformation episode gave rise to S2and F

2second

axial planar foliation and fold phase respectively The thirddeformation episode (D

3) resulted from S

3and F

3third axial

planar foliation and fold phase respectively Several strike slipfaults have been mapped within Maru schist belt

The quartz veins were hosted by metapelites (slate phyl-lite and schist) with metagabbro Slate and phyllite occuras low lying highly fissile rocks with diagnostic slaty and

phyllitic cleavages respectively Schist occurs as low lyingrocks with N-S trending moderately to steeply dipping schis-tose planes The metapelites displayed lepidoblastic textureThese rocks experienced low grade green schist regionalmetamorphism [14] Metagabbro are porphyroblastic andhave been metamorphosed to epidote amphibolite faciesconditions [15]

3 Materials and Methods

Quartz veins were collected as grab samples with the useof geological hammer during structural and lithologicalmapping of the study area Soil samples from B horizon(050ndash10 metre) were collected within the Maru schist beltand other selected parts of the study area at twelve smallgold fields established by artisanal miners and local miningcompanies after various reconnaissance surveys The soilswere excavated with the use of stainless steel hand auger andcollected directly into a polythene bag

About one kg of soil sample was collected from eachlocation A total of eighteen samples were collected Thegeographic coordinates of all the sampling points were deter-mined with a Garmin global positioning system

All the soil samples were allowed to pass through 200120583msieve and their mineralogy subsequently was examined withthe use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique A Philipsdiffractometer PW 3710 (40Kv 30mA) with Cu k

120572radiation

equippedwith a fixeddivergence silt and a secondary graphitemonochromator was used for X-ray diffraction Whole rockpowder samples were scanned with a step size of 002∘ 2 theta(120579) and counting time of 05 second per step over ameasuringrange of 2 to 65∘ 2 theta (120579) X pert plus software (Philips)was used to identify the crystalline phases Thin sections andpolished slides were prepared from gold bearing quartz veinsand studied under petrological microscope

Gold bearing quartz veins and soils sampleswere crushedsieved pulverised with hardened steel and allowed to passthrough 75 120583m Thereafter major oxide and some traceelements concentration of majority of gold bearing quartzveins collected were analysed with two wave length dis-persive X ray fluorescence spectrometers (PW 1480 andPW 2400) Four quartz veins identified to contain visiblegold grains were selected and analysed for gold trace andrare earth elements with inductively coupled plasma massspectroscopy (ICP-MS) method The samples were initiallydecomposed with HCL HNO

3 HCLO

4 and HF acids in

order to achieve near total digestionThe procedure followedis contained in [22] The quartz veins that contain visiblegold grains were subsequently assayed with fire assay andinstrumental neutron activation analysis (INNA) in orderto quantitatively determine the concentration of gold tracedto international reference standards as documented in [23]Twelve soil samples that represent each small minor goldfield were analysed with instrumental neutron activationanalysis (INAA) equipment for Au (gold) and twenty-two(22) elements

Thin section preparation X-ray diffractometry andwavelength dispersive X ray fluorescence spectrometry were


O6

O7

O8 O10

135

139

143145

149

153

154

155

157

137

141

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)





on

Niger Chad

Study area

River Niger

River BenueBenin

5∘N

10∘N

5∘E 10∘E

200 km

DangorowaBakolori

Dam

Maraya



(a) (b)

(c)

Equal area

N


(d)








H

M

50120583m

(a)

M

50120583m

(b)

CH

Q

1000 120583m

(c)

50120583m

(d)










U

S3

S7

S6

S1

S13

S9

S10S11

S4

S2S5

S12N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)




River Sokoto



Marabahill




























2O3ranges from007




2

Al2O3 CaO and Fe

2O3with SiO

2








Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


O6

O7

O8 O10

135

139

143145

149

153

154

155

157

137

141

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)





on

Niger Chad

Study area

River Niger

River BenueBenin

5∘N

10∘N

5∘E 10∘E

200 km

DangorowaBakolori

Dam

Maraya



(a) (b)

(c)

Equal area

N


(d)








H

M

50120583m

(a)

M

50120583m

(b)

CH

Q

1000 120583m

(c)

50120583m

(d)










U

S3

S7

S6

S1

S13

S9

S10S11

S4

S2S5

S12N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)




River Sokoto



Marabahill




























2O3ranges from007




2

Al2O3 CaO and Fe

2O3with SiO

2








Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(a) (b)

(c)

Equal area

N


(d)








H

M

50120583m

(a)

M

50120583m

(b)

CH

Q

1000 120583m

(c)

50120583m

(d)










U

S3

S7

S6

S1

S13

S9

S10S11

S4

S2S5

S12N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)




River Sokoto



Marabahill




























2O3ranges from007




2

Al2O3 CaO and Fe

2O3with SiO

2








Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


H

M

50120583m

(a)

M

50120583m

(b)

CH

Q

1000 120583m

(c)

50120583m

(d)










U

S3

S7

S6

S1

S13

S9

S10S11

S4

S2S5

S12N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)




River Sokoto



Marabahill




























2O3ranges from007




2

Al2O3 CaO and Fe

2O3with SiO

2








Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


U

S3

S7

S6

S1

S13

S9

S10S11

S4

S2S5

S12N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)




River Sokoto



Marabahill




























2O3ranges from007




2

Al2O3 CaO and Fe

2O3with SiO

2








Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in
























2O3ranges from007




2

Al2O3 CaO and Fe

2O3with SiO

2








Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Table2Re

sults

ofwho

le-rockX-

rayflo

rescence

analyses

ofqu

artzvein

samples

Samplen

umberrarr

135

137

139

141

143

145

149

153

154

155

157

Range

Mean

Major

oxide(wt

)darrSiO

29222

8981

9924

9922

9968

9923

9456

8354

9943

9749

7425

7425to

9968

9352

TiO

20014

0052

0003

0005lt0001

0003

0139

0264

000

4003

0098lt0001to0264

mdashAl 2O

3223

149

027

034

lt005

029

09

896

01

094

1368

lt005

to1368

mdashFe

2O3

259

626

011

013

007

014

312

356

021

066

109

007

to626

163

MnO

0104

0557

0002lt0001

0002

0002

0084

003

0002

004

0008lt0001to0557

mdashMgO

123

002

002

002

lt001

002

036

174

002

003

008

lt001

to174

mdashCa

O0229

0022

0027

0027

0026

0029

0126

0286

0062

0043

0358

0022to

0358

011

Na 2O

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

lt001

056

lt001

lt001

341

lt001

to341

mdashK 2

O0026

006

40075

0103

0008

0089

0022

0024

001

0032

5812

0008to

5812

057

P 2O

50171

0191

000

60005

000

60008

0098

0011

001

0008

0029

0008to

0191

005

Cl0008

000

60013

0013

0012

0015

0008

0045

0016

0015

0012

0008to

0016

001

LOI

108

135

019

016

012

015

049

095

009

069

099

009

to13

5057

Total

9989

998

9995

9998

9998

9998

9992

10001

9997

9995

9983

9989to

10001

9993

Tracee

lement(pp

m)darr

Aslt2

39lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

17lt2to

39mdash

Ba129

251

2813

2432

75

lt4

76486

lt4to

486

mdashCe

7559

22lt17

lt17

lt17

lt18

lt17

lt17

lt17

68lt17

to68

mdashCo

1228

lt3

lt2

lt2

lt3

36

lt3

6lt3

lt3to

28mdash

Crlt4

135

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

34lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4

lt4to

135

mdashCu

1214

56

66

416

613

255to

411273

Ga

42

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

218

lt2

224

lt2to

24mdash

Nd

6214

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt12

lt13

14lt12

lt12

lt13

lt13

to62

mdashNi

1746

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

712

lt2

3lt2

lt2to

46mdash

Pb3

861

6lt3

33

lt3

65

574

lt3to

861

mdashRb

79

98

510

7lt2

59

323

lt2to

323

mdashSm

1418

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt13

lt14

22lt13

lt13

lt14

lt14

to18

mdashSr

3612

lt2

lt2

lt2

lt2

848

lt2

lt2

113

lt2to

113

mdashTh

97

74

65

12lt3

56

48lt3to

48mdash

V8

30lt5

lt5

lt5

lt5

1776

lt5

16lt6

lt6to

76mdash

Y9

4lt3

lt3

lt3

lt3

512

lt3

316

lt3to

16mdash

Zn77

264

44

222

765

717

2to

772218

Zr7

167

44

531

286

11111

4to

111

2091

KRb

371

711

001

1288

089

012

2356

1799

0to

1799

62

KBa

02

025

079

20

278

048

25

042

1196

0to

1196

28

BaRb

1843

2789

311

163

48

32

125

08

844

15080

to2789

666

RbSr

019

075

45

425

5088

004

25

45

286

019

to450

252




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in




pbb




(ppb) [c]Mass (g)











2O3







(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



(a)


Na2O 006 007 167 007 017 042 lt005 029Fe2O3 203 135 908 1120 085 801 23 255


(b)






(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(b) Continued



01

1

10

1001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

O6O7

O8O10




Fe Mn


Hydrogenous






Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Table6Re

sults

ofinstrumentaln

eutro

nactiv

ationanalysisof

concentrationof

gold

insoilsamples

Samplen

umberrarr

S1S2

S3S4

S5S6

S7S9

S10

S11

S12

S13

Fieldrarr

Tuniya

YarK

aura

Sado

Mayow

aMaru

Atakar

Hanud

ezom

aGwar

Gaw

oKa

daure

FerriR

uwa

Dangorowa

Soro

Kudi

Au(ppb

)rarr

16lt5

80266

lt5

lt5

795700

2850

lt5

27lt5

Crustalabu

ndance

ofgold

(ppb

)rarr

55

55

55

55

55

55

Clarke

value(pp

b)[b]rarr

44

44

44

44

44

44

Approxim

atem

inim

umqu

antityto

qualify

asan

ore

(ppb

)[c]

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

[a][19]a

nd[20][bandc][21]


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13

SbAsAu

Concentration (ppm)

Sam

ple n

umbe

r


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 10 100

Series 1

Upper crust


Th









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800

U (p

pm)

As (ppm)


y = 00041x + 32

R2 = 02909



10

100

10001

Sam

ple

REE

chon

drite

S1S2S3S4

S5S6S7S9

S10S11S12S13





119873about 188



O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)










O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


O6

O7

O8 O10

N

EW

S

Soro Kudi

Gwar Gawo

Sado

Dangorowa

TuniyaAtakar

Hanudezoma

Maru

YanKaura

Mayowa

Ferri RuwaKadaure

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

6∘509984006∘409984006∘309984006∘209984006∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

12∘30998400

12∘20998400

12∘10998400

0 10(km)












5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in




5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References














































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in










Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

Documents

Research Article Mineralogical and Geochemical ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2014/314214.pdf · of Nigeria. e contact between the schist belt and the gneiss migmatite complex,