Research Article Influence of Temperature, Relative Humidity and … · 2019. 7. 31. · wind speed andits directionin Morogoro,Tanzania [ ]. Coastal atmospheric conditions widely

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Atmospheric SciencesVolume 2013 Article ID 264046 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013264046

Research ArticleInfluence of Temperature Relative Humidityand Seasonal Variability on Ambient Air Quality ina Coastal Urban Area

Ramasamy Jayamurugan1 B Kumaravel1 S Palanivelraja1 and M P Chockalingam2

1 Department of Civil Engineering Annamalai University Chidambaram 608 002 India2 Civil Engineering Vel Tech Dr RR amp Dr SR Technical University Avadi Chennai 600 054 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Ramasamy Jayamurugan jayashree3yahoocoin

Received 31 August 2013 Accepted 29 October 2013

Academic Editor Ilias Mavroidis

Copyright copy 2013 Ramasamy Jayamurugan et alThis is an open access article distributed under theCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in anymedium provided the originalwork is properly cited

The concentration of air pollutants in ambient air is governed by the meteorological parameters such as atmospheric wind speedwind direction relative humidity and temperature This study analyses the influence of temperature and relative humidity onambient SO

2 NOx RSPM and SPM concentrations at North Chennai a coastal city in India during monsoon post-monsoon

summer and pre-monsoon seasons for 2010-11 using regression analysisThe results of the study show that both SO2and NOx were

negatively correlated in summer (1199032 = 025 for SO2and 1199032 = 015 for NOx) and moderately and positively correlated (1199032 = 032

for SO2and 1199032 = 051 for NOx) during post-monsoon season with temperature RSPM and SPM had positive correlation with

temperature in all the seasons except post-monsoon one These findings indicate that the influence of temperature on gaseouspollutant (SO

2amp NOx) is much more effective in summer than other seasons due to higher temperature range but in case of

particulate the correlation was found contradictory The very weak to moderate correlations existing between the temperatureand ambient pollutant concentration during all seasons indicate the influence of inconstant thermal variation in the coastal regionStatistically significant negative correlationswere found between humidity and particulates (RSPMand SPM) in all the four seasonsbut level of correlation was foundmoderate only duringmonsoon (1199032 = 051 and 1199032 = 041) in comparison with other three seasonsand no significant correlation was found between humidity and SO

2 NOx in all the seasons It is suggested from this study that the

influence of humidity is effective on subsiding particulates in the coastal region

1 Introduction

Industrial revolution started 200 years ago and its conse-quences to human beings were recognized at the middle of20th century Even before epidemiological studies confirmedthe existence of association between air pollution and humanhealth laws have been proposed to control the burning offuels in London Prior to 1981 there were no specific stan-dards for Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) in India and after en-forcement of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1981 the first Ambient Air Quality standards were adopted inNovember 1982 and revised in April 1994 and again inNovember 2009 [1]

Air pollutants are being let out into the atmosphere froma variety of sources and the concentration of pollutants in theambient air depends not only on the quantities that are

emitted but also the ability of the atmosphere either to absorbor disperse these pollutants Understanding the behavior ofmeteorological parameters in the planetary boundary layer isimportant because atmosphere is the medium in which airpollutants are transported away from the source which isgoverned by the meteorological parameters such as atmos-pheric wind speed wind direction and temperature [2]

The pollution concentration in an urban area is a functionof mixing depth wind speed and physical size of the cityTheaverage wind speed varies more or less from place to placefrom month to month and from morning to afternoon [3]The seasonal variation is also influencing the concentration ofpollution The concentration of particulate pollutants duringwinter was higher than that in other seasons irrespective ofthe monitoring sites at urban region of Kolkata (India) be-cause of the longer residence time of particulates in the

2 International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences

atmosphere during winter due to low winds and low mixingheight [4] The influence of seasonal variation on air pollu-tants concentration inHaridwar (India)was observed that theconcentrations of air pollutants were high in winter in com-parison to summer or monsoon seasons [5]

Dominick et al [6] studied the influence of meteorolog-ical parameters such as temperature relative humidity andwind speed on a daily average computation of PM

10and NO

2

at three selected stations in Malaysia and found that the tem-perature has a positive correlation to the concentration ofPM10

but a negative correlation to relative humidity for allthree stations Zaharim et al [7] studied the interaction bet-ween the particulate and temperature and found positive cor-relation in Malaysia The associations between meteorologi-cal parameters and particulates were studied and found thatthe increase of rain fall and humidity establishes negative cor-relation with PM

10and the wind speed inducing the incre-

ment of average PM10concentration in Kathmandu valley in

Nepal [8] The particulate matter level in the ambient air isaffected by the variation in source strength and meteorolog-ical conditions such as relative humidity precipitation andwind speed and its direction in Morogoro Tanzania [9]

Coastal atmospheric conditions widely vary from thoseover-inland due to the land sea interface temperature con-trast and the consequent development of local circulations[10] Strong land breeze was observed about 600AM and itwas neutralized between 900AM and 100AM at west coastof Korean peninsula The sea breeze achieved its maximumstrength at 300 PM and the energy of sea breeze deceaseswith decrease of solar radiation Further the vortex depth of350m was obtained in the early morning and about 1000maround 300PM and the penetration length of sea and landbreeze were 25ndash30 km and the suction length of sea andland breeze were about 15ndash20 km and 10ndash15 km according toPokhrel and Lee [11]

Chennai is a metropolitan city located on the south east-ern coast of India influenced by the coastal atmospheric con-ditions The 88 number of industrial clusters in India havebeen identified as polluted hotspots by the Government ofIndia and Manali of North Chennai is one among themThis study examines the influences of temperature and rela-tive humidity on concentration variation of sulphur di oxide(SO2) nitrogen oxides (NOx) total suspended particulate

matter (SPM) and respirable suspended particulate matter(RSPM) in North Chennai air basin with respect to seasonalvariation for 2010-2011

2 Material and Methods

21 Description of Study Area Chennai is one of the fourmajor metropolitan cities located on the south east coast ofIndia The city is 256 km in length and extends inland toabout 11 Km and the total area is 174Km2 The geographicalcoordinates of the study area are 13∘1010158400410158401015840N latitude and80∘1510158404310158401015840 E longitude and it is located at an average altitude of67 metres from the sea level [12] The central Chennai is thecommercial hub and the south and west Chennai are mostlyresidential areas NorthChennai is the base for petrochemical

industries refinery fertilizer and thermal power plants Thenorthern coast of state Tamil Nadu experiences summer fromApril to June followed by pre-monsoon season from July toSeptember The periods October to December are the Mon-soon season and post-monsoon period is from January toMarch [13] The study area experienced heavy precipitationand cyclone between October and December during North-east monsoon

22 Meteorological Ambient Air Quality Data and AnalysisThe Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board is operatingthree Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations(CAAQS) in the study area One continuous monitoring sta-tion is located in Manali and another one is at Kathivakkamand the third one is at Thiruvotriyur (Please see Figure 1)

The concentration levels of pollutants in the ambient airsuch as sulphur di oxide (SO

2) nitrogen oxides (NOx) total

suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable sus-pended particulate matter (RSPM) are being monitored bythe State Pollution Control Board Data related to ambient airquality were obtained from the State Pollution Control Boardfor this study The meteorological parameters such as windspeed wind direction temperature and relative humiditywere obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department(IMD) In the present study regression analysis procedurewas attempted

The maximum and minimum monthly average concen-trations during the period from July 2010 to June 2011 variedbetween 363 120583gNm3 and 81 120583gNm3 for SO

2 503 120583gNm3

and 117 120583gNm3 for NOx 309 120583gNm3 and 29 120583gNm3 for

RSPM and 46 120583gNm3 to 585 120583gNm3 for SPM respectivelyThe maximum and minimum concentration level of sul-

phur di oxide (SO2) nitrogen oxides (NOx) total suspended

particulate matter (SPM) and respirable suspended particu-latematter (RSPM) recorded at theManali Kathivakkam andThiruvottiyur Continuous Ambient Air Quality MonitoringStations during pre-monsoon monsoon post-monsoon andsummer season from July 2010 to June 2011 are presentedTable 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Influence of Temperature on Concentration of PollutantsThe predominant characteristic of atmosphere is its unceas-ing change The temperature recorded in the study arearanged between 21∘C and 332∘C during monsoon 21∘C and334∘C during post-monsoon 29∘Cndash372∘C during summerand 252∘Cndash362∘C during pre-monsoon seasons The min-imum temperature of 21∘C was recorded during January 2011andmaximum of 372∘C duringMay 2011Themonthlymaxi-mum and minimum temperature recorded from July-2010 toJune 2011 are depicted graphically in Figure 2

The vertical distribution of temperature in the atmo-sphere varies with season and location in latitude and longi-tude as well as from day to nightThe temperature variationsand its influence on concentrations of SO

2 NOx RSPM and

SPM in the ambient air were analyzed for monsoon post-monsoon summer and pre-monsoon seasons and graphs are

International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 3

Chennai of Tamilnadu

Outer Ring Road

To Bangalore

NH4

NH5

To Bangalore

Chennai Bypass

Chennai Bypass

Chennai Airport

ChennaiChennai Port

Bay of

NH45

Tiruvottiyur

Tiruvottitur CAAQMSManali CAAQMSInner Ring Road

Manali

Kathivakkam CAAQMSEnnore

Poneri Road

To Kolkata

To Hyderabad

Ennore Port

Bengal

Figure 1 Description of the study area

Table 1 Range of pollutant concentrations indicating season wise trend

PollutantsContinuousmonitoringstation

Pre-monsoon season Monsoon Post-monsoon season Summer seasonMin120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

SO2

Kathivakkam mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash 363 mdash 276Manali mdash 86 mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash

Thiruvottiyur 81 174 mdash 157 81 mdash 85 mdash

NOx

Kathivakkam mdash mdash mdash mdash 119 mdash mdash mdashManali mdash mdash 118 mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash

Thiruvottiyur 125 308 231 mdash 331 117 503

RSPMKathivakkam 29 mdash 31 mdash mdash mdash mdash 309

Manali mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash 225 mdash mdashThiruvottiyur mdash 243 mdash 292 40 35

SPMKathivakkam 46 386 72 298 mdash 372 mdash 565

Manali 46 mdash mdash mdash 372 mdash mdashThiruvottiyur mdash mdash mdash mdash 103 76 mdash


Table 2 Correlation coefficient and the regression equation between temperature and pollutants

Season Temperaturerange in ∘C

SO2 NOx RSPM SPM1199032 Equation 119903

2 Equation 1199032 Equation 119903

2 EquationMonsoonseason 21ndash332 011 SO2 = minus011119879 + 1425 001 NOx = minus0042119879 + 17 053 RSPM = 825 minus 1159 045 SPM

=1355 minus 1897Post-monsoonseason

21ndash334 032 SO2 = 069119879 minus 53 051 NOx = 090119879 minus 485 003 RSPM = minus141119879+1462 016 SPM =minus615119879 + 3821

Summerseason 29ndash372 025 SO2 = minus226119879 + 8818 015 NOx = minus225119879 + 7663 024 RSPM = 1947 minus 5392 026 SPM =

296119879 minus 76751

Pre-monsoonseason

252ndash362 017 SO2 = 056119879 minus 4978 0 NOx = 00435119879 + 170 025 RSPM = 152119879 minus 3799 038 SPM =329119879 minus 8216

05

10152025303540

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Pre-monsoon Monsoon Post-monsoon

Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11

Temperature maximumTemperature minimum

Variation of temperature

Figure 2 Monthly temperature variation between July 2010 andJune 2011

presented in Figure 3 and the results of the regression studyare presented in Table 2

The results of the regression analysis revealed that SO2

and NOx have very weak but negative correlation with tem-perature during summer (1199032 = 025 for SO

2and 1199032 = 015 for

NOx) The atmospheric temperature near the earth surfaceexperienced maximum during summer and enhanced theverticalmixing and increase of themixing heightThe unevenheating of land and sea during day time of the summer seasonoccurs quicker than that of other seasons because of highertemperature range The sea breeze starts to flow towards thelandward side in the afternoonhours control the temperatureof the coastal region and minimize the vertical mixingresulting in weak negative correlation between temperatureand SO

2and NOx during summer

This study indicated significant positive correlation bet-ween temperature and SO

2and NOx during the post-mon-

soon (1199032 = 032 for SO2and 1199032 = 051 for NOx) and neg-

ative correlation during monsoon seasons (1199032 = 011 for SO2

and 1199032 = 001 for NOx) The temperature ranged from 21∘Cto 334∘C and from 21∘C to 334∘C during monsoon and post-monsoon period respectively Though temperature rangewas almost equal both in monsoon and post-monsoon sea-sons the correlations are contradictory because the rainwashed out the pollutants duringmonsoon andminimize the

pollutant concentrationThe lower temperature range duringthe post-monsoon periods reduces the vertical mixing andlowering the mixing height thus resulting significantly inmoderate positive correlations of temperature with SO

2and

NOxGamo et al [14] have studied the annual variation of

mixed layer characteristics at New Delhi and found that themixing height is very low during winter due to very low valueof surface sensible heat flux and higher during hot season dueto large sensible heat flux from the surfaceHeating of earth bythe sun induces thermal turbulence during summer and in-creases themixing height and found the same reason for neg-ative correlation during summer for the dispersion of SO

2

and NOxThe RSPM amp SPM had positive correlation with temper-

ature in summer pre-monsoon and monsoon season (1199032 =024 for RSPM and 1199032 = 026 for SPM) (1199032 = 025 for RSPMand 1199032 = 037 for SPM) (1199032 = 053 for RSPM and 1199032 = 045for SPM) but very weak negative correlation during post-monsoonperiod (1199032 = 003 for RSPMand 1199032 = 016 for SPM)The study area experienced lower temperatures (241∘C to297∘C) during post-monsoon season Though the tempera-ture range is lower during monsoon the particulates are sub-jected to scrubbing process due to the rain and the possibilityof reduction of particulate matter in the atmosphere will bemore During nonrainy days of monsoon the atmospherictemperature will increase and the concentration of pollutantsmay also be found to be on higher side due to the failure ofnatural scrubbing process This may be the possible expla-nation for the moderately positive correlation of RSPM andSPM with temperature in monsoon and pre-monsoon sea-sons Bhaskar andMehta [15] studied effect of meteorologicalvariables including rain fall on particulate concentration andfound that the SPM and PM

10had negative correlation with

rain fall at Ahmedabad in IndiaThe probable impact due to rainfall and humidity on par-

ticulate in summer and pre-monsoon season could be gener-ally low when compared tomonsoon and post-monsoon sea-sons and the positive correlation between temperature andRSPMampSPMduring summer and pre-monsoon season indi-cates that increase of temperature will always elevate theambient particulate level Grija Jayaraman [16] has studiedthe effects of seasonal variation on the concentrations of


0

50

100

150

200

250

23 25 27 29 31

31

33 35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

31 315 32 325 33 335 34 345

Variation during summer

Variation during monsoon

Temperature (∘C) Temperature (∘C)


Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

050

100150200250

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

22 2624 28 30 32

0

50

100

150

200

250

285 29 295 30 305

Variation during post-monsoon

Variation during pre-monsoon

Linear (SO2 120583gm3)Linear ( RSPM 120583gm3) Linear (SPM 120583gm3)

Linear (SO2 120583gm3) LinearLinear ( RSPM 120583gm3) Linear (SPM 120583gm3)

(NOx 120583gm3) Linear (NOx 120583gm3)

Figure 3 Correlation between temperature and SO2 NOx RSPM and SPM

020406080

100120 Variation of humidity

SummerPre-monsoon Monsoon Post-monsoon

Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11

Humidity maximumHumidity minimum

Hum

idity

()

Figure 4 Monthly humidity variation between July 2010 and June2011

particulate matter in Delhi and reported that the SPM waspositively and significantly associated with temperature

32 Influence of Humidity on Concentration of PollutantsRelative humidity ranged between 79 and 96 during mon-soon 64ndash98 during post-monsoon 44 and 89 duringsummer and 54 and 88 during pre-monsoon The mini-mum relative humidity of 44 was recorded in summer andmaximum of 98 during post-monsoon seasons Themonthly maximum and minimum relative humidity in thestudy area from July 2010 to June 2011 are depicted graphicallyin Figure 4

The season wise variations of humidity and its influenceon the concentration of SO

2 NOx RSPM and SPMwere ana-

lyzed and presented in Figure 5 and the results of the regres-sion analysis are presented in Table 3

As seen from Table 3 that the SO2was found to possess

positive correlation with humidity during summer monsoonand post-monsoon no correlation exists in pre-monsoonseasons Thought the correlation was positive in summermonsoon and post-monsoon seasons the coefficient corre-lation was only moderate (1199032 = 035) during post-monsoonseason This moderate positive correlation may be due to theformation of inversion layer during post-monsoon periodbecause the increase of humidity in the atmosphere reducesthe amount of solar radiation reaching the earthrsquos surfaceTheheat from the solar radiation is absorbed by the air resultinginminimizing atmospheric temperature nearer to the surfaceof the earth The air layer nearer to the surface of the earthbecomes colder than the upper layers thus reducing the up-going air currents and leading to the increase of pollutantconcentrations The same explanation has been indicated byAbed EI-Raoof [17]

As seen in Table 3 that the RSPM amp SPM were negativelycorrelated with humidity in all the four seasons coefficient ofcorrelation was found higher only during monsoon season(1199032 = 051 for RSPM and 1199032 = 041 for SPM) in comparisonwith other three seasons This might be due to the rate ofabsorption of particulate in the atmosphere increasing withthe increase of humidityThe rain also acts as natural scrubberduring monsoon and brings down the particulate level in


86 88 90 92 94


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

60 70 80


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

80 82 84 86


0

50

100

150

200

250

68 70 72 74 76 78 80


Humidity ()Humidity ()


Linear (RSPM) Linear (SPM)Linear (SO 2)

Linear (RSPM) Linear (SPM)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Linear (SO2) Linear ((NOx) Linear ((NOx)

Figure 5 Correlation between relative humidity and SO2 NOx RSPM and SPM

Table 3 Correlation coefficient and the regression equation between humidity and pollutants

Season Humidityrange in



2 EquationMonsoonseason 79ndash96 +13 SO2 =

0109119867 + 142

0 NOx =minus0027119867 + 206

minus51 RSPM =minus729119867 + 1159

minus41 SPM =minus1172119867 + 1231

Post-monsoonseason

64ndash98 +35 SO2 =07947119867 minus 5276

+5 NOx =0330119867 minus 801


minus22 SPM =minus7894119867+ 8729

Summerseason 44ndash89 +7 SO2 =

minus01006119867 + 573

0 NOx =minus0044119867 + 228


minus24 SPM =minus4968119867+ 5721

Pre-monsoonseason

54ndash88 0 SO2 =0029119867 minus 948

0 NOx =0229119867 + 1623


minus3 SPM =minus2458119867+ 3365

the atmosphere The influence of humidity and rain on par-ticulate could be high during monsoon to result in moderatenegative correlation during monsoon Bathmanaban [18] ex-amined the effect on seasons on particulates and found thatthe particulate concentration is the highest in post-monsoon

andwinter seasons compared to summer because the percen-tages of accumulation of coarse particles were relativelyhigher than those of summer periods

But in summer the influence of humidity on particulatecould be low because of the lower humidity range resulting


the RSPM and SPM to be weakly correlated and coefficientsof correlations are 1199032 = 015 and 1199032 = 024 Jayaraman [16] hasstudied the effects of seasonal variation on particulates inDelhi and found that SPM concentration was inverselyrelated to relative humidity during all the seasons Giri et al[8] have studied the linkage between meteorological processand air pollution in Kathmandu in Nepal and found that theincrease of humidity has negative correlation with concentra-tion of particulate matter

4 Conclusions

The influences of temperature and relative humidity on theconcentration of pollutants were evaluated for summer pre-monsoon monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2010-2011using regression analysis and the findings are stated below

(i) The SO2and NOx were negatively correlated with

temperature during summer and monsoon but posi-tive during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods

(ii) The possible impact due to rain and humidity on theconcentration of SO

2 and NOx during Summer will

be low when compared with other seasons(iii) The influence of temperature on SO

2and NOx is

muchmore effective in summer than in other seasonsdue to higher temperature range

(iv) RSPMand SPMhad positive correlationwith temper-ature in summer pre-monsoon andmonsoon seasonbut very weak negative correlation during post-mon-soon The particulates are subjected to scrubbingprocess due to the rain but during nonrainy days ofmonsoon period the atmospheric temperature willincrease and the concentration of particulate could beon higher side due to the failure of natural scrubbingprocess The positive correlation existing with tem-perature in summer clearly indicates that the increaseof temperature could accelerate concentration of par-ticulates in the ambient air

(v) Statistically significant negative correlations werefound between particulate and humidity and in all ofthe four seasons and it is suggested from this studythat the influence of humidity is much more effectiveon subsiding particulates in the coastal region

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to the authorities of the Tamil NaduPollution Control Board Chennai and authorities of theIndian Meteorological Department Chennai for their guid-ance to carry out this study

References

[1] NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)Gazette of India New Delhi India 2009

[2] H Wexler ldquoThe role of meteorology in air pollutionrdquo Air Pollu-tion vol 46 pp 49ndash61 1961

[3] G C Holzworth ldquoMixing depths wind speed and air pollutionpotential for selected locations in the United Statesrdquo Journal ofApplied Meteorology vol 6 pp 1039ndash1044 1967

[4] K Karar A K Gupta A Kumar and A K Biswas ldquoSeasonalvariations of PM

10and TSP in residential and industrial sites in

an urban area of Kolkata Indiardquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 118 no 1ndash3 pp 369ndash381 2006

[5] A Chauhan M Powar R Kumar and P C Joshi ldquoAssessmentof ambient air quality status in urbanization industrializationand commercial centers of Uttarakhant (India)rdquo Journal ofAmerican Science vol 6 no 9 pp 565ndash568 2010

[6] D Dominick M T Latif H Juahir A Z Aris and S M ZainldquoAn assessment of influence of meteorological factors on PM

10

and NO2at selected stations in Malaysiardquo Sustainable Environ-

ment Research vol 22 no 5 pp 305ndash315 2012[7] A ZaharimM Shaharuddin M J M Nor O A Karim and K

Sopian ldquoRelationships between airborne particulate matter andmeteorological variables using non-decimated wavelet trans-formrdquo European Journal of Scientific Research vol 27 no 2 pp308ndash312 2009

[8] DGiri VKrishnaMurthy andP RAdhikary ldquoThe influence ofmeteorological conditions on PM

10concentrations in Kath-

manduValleyrdquo International Journal of Environmental Researchvol 2 no 1 pp 49ndash60 2008

[9] S L Mkoma and I C Mjemah ldquoInfluence of meteorology onambient air quality in morogoro Tanzaniardquo International Jour-nal of Environment Science vol 1 pp 1107ndash1115 2011

[10] A Yerramilli V S Challa J Indracanti et al ldquoSome observa-tional and modeling studies of the atmospheric boundary layerat Mississippi Gulf Coast for air pollution dispersion assess-mentrdquo International Journal of Environmental Research andPublic Health vol 5 no 5 pp 484ndash497 2008

[11] R Pokhrel and H Lee ldquoEstimation of the effective zone ofsealand breeze in a coastal areardquo Atmospheric Pollution Re-search vol 2 no 1 pp 106ndash115 2011

[12] V Jayanthi and R Krishnamoorthy ldquoKey airborne pollutantsmdashimpact on human health in Manali Chennairdquo Current Sciencevol 90 no 3 pp 405ndash413 2006

[13] K Sivaramasundaram and P Muthusubramanian ldquoA prelimi-nary assessment of PM

10and TSP concentrations in Tuticorin

Indiardquo Air Quality Atmosphere and Health vol 3 no 2 pp 95ndash102 2010

[14] M Gamo P Goyal M Kumari U CMohanty andM P SinghldquoMixed-layer characteristics as related to the monsoon climateofNewDelhi IndiardquoBoundary-LayerMeteorology vol 67 no 3pp 213ndash227 1994

[15] B V Bhaskar and V M Mehta ldquoAtmospheric particulate pollu-tants and their relationship with meteorology in AhmedabadrdquoAerosol andAirQuality Research vol 10 no 4 pp 301ndash315 2010

[16] G Jayaraman ldquoSeasonal variation and dependence on meteo-rological condition of roadside suspended particlespollutantsat Delhirdquo Environmental Science vol 2 no 2 pp 130ndash138 2007

[17] S Abed EI-Raoof ldquoDiurnal and seasonal variation of air pollu-tion at Al-Hashimeya town Jordanrdquo Jordan Journal of Earth andEnvironmental Science vol 2 no 1 pp 1ndash6 2009

[18] S Bathmanaban ldquoAnalysis of interpretation of particulate mat-ter-PM

10 PM25

and PM1emission from the heterogeneous

traffic near an urban roadwayrdquo Atmospheric Pollution Researchvol 1 pp 184ndash194 2010

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atmosphere during winter due to low winds and low mixingheight [4] The influence of seasonal variation on air pollu-tants concentration inHaridwar (India)was observed that theconcentrations of air pollutants were high in winter in com-parison to summer or monsoon seasons [5]

Dominick et al [6] studied the influence of meteorolog-ical parameters such as temperature relative humidity andwind speed on a daily average computation of PM

10and NO

2

at three selected stations in Malaysia and found that the tem-perature has a positive correlation to the concentration ofPM10

but a negative correlation to relative humidity for allthree stations Zaharim et al [7] studied the interaction bet-ween the particulate and temperature and found positive cor-relation in Malaysia The associations between meteorologi-cal parameters and particulates were studied and found thatthe increase of rain fall and humidity establishes negative cor-relation with PM

10and the wind speed inducing the incre-

ment of average PM10concentration in Kathmandu valley in

Nepal [8] The particulate matter level in the ambient air isaffected by the variation in source strength and meteorolog-ical conditions such as relative humidity precipitation andwind speed and its direction in Morogoro Tanzania [9]

Coastal atmospheric conditions widely vary from thoseover-inland due to the land sea interface temperature con-trast and the consequent development of local circulations[10] Strong land breeze was observed about 600AM and itwas neutralized between 900AM and 100AM at west coastof Korean peninsula The sea breeze achieved its maximumstrength at 300 PM and the energy of sea breeze deceaseswith decrease of solar radiation Further the vortex depth of350m was obtained in the early morning and about 1000maround 300PM and the penetration length of sea and landbreeze were 25ndash30 km and the suction length of sea andland breeze were about 15ndash20 km and 10ndash15 km according toPokhrel and Lee [11]

Chennai is a metropolitan city located on the south east-ern coast of India influenced by the coastal atmospheric con-ditions The 88 number of industrial clusters in India havebeen identified as polluted hotspots by the Government ofIndia and Manali of North Chennai is one among themThis study examines the influences of temperature and rela-tive humidity on concentration variation of sulphur di oxide(SO2) nitrogen oxides (NOx) total suspended particulate

matter (SPM) and respirable suspended particulate matter(RSPM) in North Chennai air basin with respect to seasonalvariation for 2010-2011

2 Material and Methods

21 Description of Study Area Chennai is one of the fourmajor metropolitan cities located on the south east coast ofIndia The city is 256 km in length and extends inland toabout 11 Km and the total area is 174Km2 The geographicalcoordinates of the study area are 13∘1010158400410158401015840N latitude and80∘1510158404310158401015840 E longitude and it is located at an average altitude of67 metres from the sea level [12] The central Chennai is thecommercial hub and the south and west Chennai are mostlyresidential areas NorthChennai is the base for petrochemical

industries refinery fertilizer and thermal power plants Thenorthern coast of state Tamil Nadu experiences summer fromApril to June followed by pre-monsoon season from July toSeptember The periods October to December are the Mon-soon season and post-monsoon period is from January toMarch [13] The study area experienced heavy precipitationand cyclone between October and December during North-east monsoon

22 Meteorological Ambient Air Quality Data and AnalysisThe Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board is operatingthree Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations(CAAQS) in the study area One continuous monitoring sta-tion is located in Manali and another one is at Kathivakkamand the third one is at Thiruvotriyur (Please see Figure 1)

The concentration levels of pollutants in the ambient airsuch as sulphur di oxide (SO

2) nitrogen oxides (NOx) total

suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable sus-pended particulate matter (RSPM) are being monitored bythe State Pollution Control Board Data related to ambient airquality were obtained from the State Pollution Control Boardfor this study The meteorological parameters such as windspeed wind direction temperature and relative humiditywere obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department(IMD) In the present study regression analysis procedurewas attempted

The maximum and minimum monthly average concen-trations during the period from July 2010 to June 2011 variedbetween 363 120583gNm3 and 81 120583gNm3 for SO

2 503 120583gNm3

and 117 120583gNm3 for NOx 309 120583gNm3 and 29 120583gNm3 for

RSPM and 46 120583gNm3 to 585 120583gNm3 for SPM respectivelyThe maximum and minimum concentration level of sul-

phur di oxide (SO2) nitrogen oxides (NOx) total suspended

particulate matter (SPM) and respirable suspended particu-latematter (RSPM) recorded at theManali Kathivakkam andThiruvottiyur Continuous Ambient Air Quality MonitoringStations during pre-monsoon monsoon post-monsoon andsummer season from July 2010 to June 2011 are presentedTable 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Influence of Temperature on Concentration of PollutantsThe predominant characteristic of atmosphere is its unceas-ing change The temperature recorded in the study arearanged between 21∘C and 332∘C during monsoon 21∘C and334∘C during post-monsoon 29∘Cndash372∘C during summerand 252∘Cndash362∘C during pre-monsoon seasons The min-imum temperature of 21∘C was recorded during January 2011andmaximum of 372∘C duringMay 2011Themonthlymaxi-mum and minimum temperature recorded from July-2010 toJune 2011 are depicted graphically in Figure 2

The vertical distribution of temperature in the atmo-sphere varies with season and location in latitude and longi-tude as well as from day to nightThe temperature variationsand its influence on concentrations of SO

2 NOx RSPM and

SPM in the ambient air were analyzed for monsoon post-monsoon summer and pre-monsoon seasons and graphs are



Outer Ring Road

To Bangalore

NH4

NH5

To Bangalore

Chennai Bypass

Chennai Bypass

Chennai Airport

ChennaiChennai Port

Bay of

NH45

Tiruvottiyur


Manali


Poneri Road

To Kolkata

To Hyderabad

Ennore Port

Bengal





Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

SO2



NOx
















296119879 minus 76751

Pre-monsoonseason


05

10152025303540

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)


Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11







2and 1199032 = 015 for









2and



2







0

50

100

150

200

250

23 25 27 29 31

31

33 35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

31 315 32 325 33 335 34 345





Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

050

100150200250

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

22 2624 28 30 32

0

50

100

150

200

250

285 29 295 30 305







020406080



Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11


Hum

idity

()











86 88 90 92 94


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

60 70 80


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

80 82 84 86


0

50

100

150

200

250

68 70 72 74 76 78 80






Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)








0109119867 + 142

0 NOx =minus0027119867 + 206


minus41 SPM =minus1172119867 + 1231

Post-monsoonseason

64ndash98 +35 SO2 =07947119867 minus 5276

+5 NOx =0330119867 minus 801


minus22 SPM =minus7894119867+ 8729


minus01006119867 + 573

0 NOx =minus0044119867 + 228


minus24 SPM =minus4968119867+ 5721

Pre-monsoonseason

54ndash88 0 SO2 =0029119867 minus 948

0 NOx =0229119867 + 1623


minus3 SPM =minus2458119867+ 3365






4 Conclusions







2and NOx is




Acknowledgment


References









10



















10 PM25












Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



Outer Ring Road

To Bangalore

NH4

NH5

To Bangalore

Chennai Bypass

Chennai Bypass

Chennai Airport

ChennaiChennai Port

Bay of

NH45

Tiruvottiyur


Manali


Poneri Road

To Kolkata

To Hyderabad

Ennore Port

Bengal





Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

Min120583gNm3

Max120583gNm3

SO2



NOx
















296119879 minus 76751

Pre-monsoonseason


05

10152025303540

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)


Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11







2and 1199032 = 015 for









2and



2







0

50

100

150

200

250

23 25 27 29 31

31

33 35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

31 315 32 325 33 335 34 345





Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

050

100150200250

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

22 2624 28 30 32

0

50

100

150

200

250

285 29 295 30 305







020406080



Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11


Hum

idity

()











86 88 90 92 94


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

60 70 80


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

80 82 84 86


0

50

100

150

200

250

68 70 72 74 76 78 80






Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)








0109119867 + 142

0 NOx =minus0027119867 + 206


minus41 SPM =minus1172119867 + 1231

Post-monsoonseason

64ndash98 +35 SO2 =07947119867 minus 5276

+5 NOx =0330119867 minus 801


minus22 SPM =minus7894119867+ 8729


minus01006119867 + 573

0 NOx =minus0044119867 + 228


minus24 SPM =minus4968119867+ 5721

Pre-monsoonseason

54ndash88 0 SO2 =0029119867 minus 948

0 NOx =0229119867 + 1623


minus3 SPM =minus2458119867+ 3365






4 Conclusions







2and NOx is




Acknowledgment


References









10



















10 PM25












Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in










296119879 minus 76751

Pre-monsoonseason


05

10152025303540

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)


Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11







2and 1199032 = 015 for









2and



2







0

50

100

150

200

250

23 25 27 29 31

31

33 35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

31 315 32 325 33 335 34 345





Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

050

100150200250

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

22 2624 28 30 32

0

50

100

150

200

250

285 29 295 30 305







020406080



Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11


Hum

idity

()











86 88 90 92 94


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

60 70 80


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

80 82 84 86


0

50

100

150

200

250

68 70 72 74 76 78 80






Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)








0109119867 + 142

0 NOx =minus0027119867 + 206


minus41 SPM =minus1172119867 + 1231

Post-monsoonseason

64ndash98 +35 SO2 =07947119867 minus 5276

+5 NOx =0330119867 minus 801


minus22 SPM =minus7894119867+ 8729


minus01006119867 + 573

0 NOx =minus0044119867 + 228


minus24 SPM =minus4968119867+ 5721

Pre-monsoonseason

54ndash88 0 SO2 =0029119867 minus 948

0 NOx =0229119867 + 1623


minus3 SPM =minus2458119867+ 3365






4 Conclusions







2and NOx is




Acknowledgment


References









10



















10 PM25












Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0

50

100

150

200

250

23 25 27 29 31

31

33 35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

31 315 32 325 33 335 34 345





Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

050

100150200250

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gN

m3)

22 2624 28 30 32

0

50

100

150

200

250

285 29 295 30 305







020406080



Jul

10

Aug

10

Sep

10

Oct

10

Nov

10

Dec

10

Jan

11

Feb

11

Mar

11

Apr

11

May

11

Jun

11


Hum

idity

()











86 88 90 92 94


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

60 70 80


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

80 82 84 86


0

50

100

150

200

250

68 70 72 74 76 78 80






Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)








0109119867 + 142

0 NOx =minus0027119867 + 206


minus41 SPM =minus1172119867 + 1231

Post-monsoonseason

64ndash98 +35 SO2 =07947119867 minus 5276

+5 NOx =0330119867 minus 801


minus22 SPM =minus7894119867+ 8729


minus01006119867 + 573

0 NOx =minus0044119867 + 228


minus24 SPM =minus4968119867+ 5721

Pre-monsoonseason

54ndash88 0 SO2 =0029119867 minus 948

0 NOx =0229119867 + 1623


minus3 SPM =minus2458119867+ 3365






4 Conclusions







2and NOx is




Acknowledgment


References









10



















10 PM25












Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


86 88 90 92 94


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

60 70 80


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

80 82 84 86


0

50

100

150

200

250

68 70 72 74 76 78 80






Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)

Con

cent

ratio

n (120583

gm

3)








0109119867 + 142

0 NOx =minus0027119867 + 206


minus41 SPM =minus1172119867 + 1231

Post-monsoonseason

64ndash98 +35 SO2 =07947119867 minus 5276

+5 NOx =0330119867 minus 801


minus22 SPM =minus7894119867+ 8729


minus01006119867 + 573

0 NOx =minus0044119867 + 228


minus24 SPM =minus4968119867+ 5721

Pre-monsoonseason

54ndash88 0 SO2 =0029119867 minus 948

0 NOx =0229119867 + 1623


minus3 SPM =minus2458119867+ 3365






4 Conclusions







2and NOx is




Acknowledgment


References









10



















10 PM25












Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



4 Conclusions







2and NOx is




Acknowledgment


References









10



















10 PM25












Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in










Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

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