Research Article BIM Application to Select Appropriate Design …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2015/281640.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Advancements in building materials and technology

Research ArticleBIM Application to Select Appropriate Design Alternative withConsideration of LCA and LCCA

Young-su Shin and Kyuman Cho

Department of Architectural Engineering Chosun University 309 Pilmun-daero Dong-gu Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Kyuman Cho cho129chosunackr

Received 27 March 2015 Accepted 10 June 2015

Academic Editor Mohamed Marzouk

Copyright copy 2015 Y-s Shin and K Cho This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Advancements in building materials and technology have led to the rapid development of various design solutions At the sametime life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of such solutions have become a great burden to engineers andproject managers To help conduct LCA and LCCA conveniently this study (i) analyzed the information needed to conduct LCAand LCCA (ii) evaluated a way to obtain such information in an easy and accurate manner using a building information modelingtool and (iii) developed an Excel spreadsheet-based framework that allowed for the simultaneous implementation of LCA andLCCAThe framework developed for LCA and LCCA was applied to a real building case to evaluate three possible alternatives foran external skin system The framework could easily and accurately determine which skin system had good properties in terms ofthe LCA and LCCA performance Therefore these results are expected to assist in decision making based on the perspectives ofeconomic and environmental performances in the early phases of a project where various alternatives can be created and evaluated

1 Introduction

During the planning design and construction of a buildingcost management has traditionally been recognized as oneof the most important decision-making factors for projectparticipants in the construction industry Cost planning inthe planning and design phase of a project and monitoringand controlling in the construction phase of a project arevery important management activities that can determinethe success of a construction project Over the last 10 yearsconsideration of the life cycle cost (LCC) to analyze theeconomic feasibility has been one of the greatest changesin the field of project cost management [1] LCC analysis(LCCA) is most effective when it is conducted in the initialphases (ie planning and design phases) of a constructionproject For this reason project managers or engineers haveanalyzed the economic feasibility of various alternatives witha focus on the diverse elements of building constructionmethods and items [2]

In addition to considering the LCC concept attention hasbeen given to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in all indus-tries around the globe In particular buildings are believed

to have a considerable impact on the environment becausethey account for more than 39 of the total primary energyconsumed and approximately 39 of theGHG emissions thatoccur in the United States [3] Consequently many studieshave been conducted to both evaluate and reduce the GHGemissions that occur in the building production cycle Inparticular the methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA)is widely used LCA is used to evaluate the GHG emissionsthroughout the entire process including the material pro-duction transport assembly operation and demolition of abuilding Just as with LCCA LCA is effective when appliedto the planning and design phases of a construction projectLCA evaluates GHG emissions based on a comparison of var-ious alternatives as it focuses on the construction productionsystem including the materials and construction methodsrequired in the early phase to complete the construction ofa building [4]

LCA and LCCA have three major points in common(i) their effects can be maximized if they are conducted inthe early phase of a project (ii) they can be conducted fora production system that includes all the elements of thebuilding and construction methods and (iii) they provide

Hindawi Publishing CorporationMathematical Problems in EngineeringVolume 2015 Article ID 281640 14 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015281640

2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

an analysis process that facilitates the selection of the optimalalternative by evaluating the economic and environmentalperformances of the alternatives [2 4 5] On the otherhand it is difficult to apply the two techniques to buildingscompared to other ldquoproductsrdquo because of the followingunique characteristics of construction projects (i) buildingsare large in size with a wide variety of materials used inconstruction projects (ii) there are a larger number of peopleinvolved in construction projects and the demands of theproject owner change frequently and (iii) because eachbuilding is unique the production system is less standardizedcompared to those for most other manufactured goods [6 7]

Based on this background this study was conducted todevelop amethod for improving the performance of LCA andLCCA utilizing the three-dimensional parametric buildinginformation modeling (BIM) approach

This study was conducted using the following four stepsIn step 1 a literature reviewwas conducted to analyze the LCAand LCCA process and analysis methods while simultane-ously examining their limitations and problems In step 2the information and data required for LCA and the LCCAwere analyzed based on the results from step 1 The analysisled to (i) the information required to conduct both the LCAand LCCA and (ii) additional information that was requiredto utilize each technique In step 3 the BIM was adopted asan approach to provide information and data for the LCAand LCCA implementations which were analyzed in step 2In addition a spreadsheet-based framework which compiledthe information outflow from the BIM was developed toconduct the LCA and LCCA simultaneously In step 4 a casestudy in which the developed framework was applied to areal building project focused on identifying the applicabilityof the research output The case study facilitated an in-depthanalysis of the usefulness of the framework thatwas suggestedin the present study

2 Step 1 State of the Art

21 LCA The LCA concept is generally accepted within theenvironmental research field When applied to buildingsLCA encompasses the analysis and assessment of the envi-ronmental effects of building materials components andassemblies throughout the entire life of the building includ-ing its construction use and demolition [8] Because of theincrease in the number of methods for LCA and examplesof its use international organizations such as the Interna-tional Standard Organization (ISO) have worked on thestandardization of LCA which has resulted in the ISO 14040series In particular ISO 14041 covers the ldquodefinition andinventory analysis of LCArdquo and is recognized as the standardfor the LCA technique in many cases According to ISO14041 LCA could be applied in the following four steps (i)The LCA goal and scope are defined to secure the reliabilityof the analysis results by clarifying the scope of the targetproduct (ii) A life cycle input-output inventory analysisis conducted to establish the life cycle inventory database(LCI DB) which contains a large volume of process andproduction data including the raw material inputs energyuse main product to coproducts ratio production rates and

equivalent environmental releases The unit process datasetsform the basis of every LCI DB and the foundation of all LCAapplications A unit process dataset is obtained by quantifyingthe inputs and outputs in relation to a quantitative referenceflow from a specific process These inputs and outputs aregenerated from mathematical relationships based on the rawdata Consequently a ldquounit processrdquo is defined as the ldquosmallestelement considered in the life cycle inventory analysisrdquo in ISO14040 (iii) An environment impact assessment is performedbased on the results of the inventory analysis and (iv) theevaluated data is interpreted LCA can be used in a variety ofways tomanage an environmental load compare alternativesand establish environmental policy [9]

In the construction field many studies have been con-ducted to evaluate the environmental performance based onLCA analysis Hong et al [3] suggested an integrated modelfor assessing the cost and CO

2emissions and calculated

the CO2emissions based on the strength of ready-mixed

concrete In another study Hong et al [10] introduced agreen roof system with energy saving measures focusing onelementary schools in Seoul South Korea to analyze thecost and CO

2emissions Khan et al [11] developed decision-

making methodology that integrated the LCA concept intorisk analysis theory for identifying optimal plant design inthe project early phase Lee et al [12] confirmed that thedifference in CO

2emissions depended on the strength of the

concrete according to the period of use Cole [8] confirmedthe difference in CO

2emissions using different major struc-

tural systems of buildings

22 LCCA LCCA is used to evaluate the economic feasibilitybased on the calculation of the equivalent values of all theimportant costs that occur within the life span with particu-lar focus on buildings or the major components of buildings[13] An LCCA is conducted using the following four steps (i)The analysis target is identified which is the first step towardmaking a cost-effective decision by creating and evaluatingthe alternatives that can meet the minimum performancestandards (ii) The basic assumptions are established forthe LCCA including the analysis period and discount rateIn addition the initial investment cost operating costalterationreplacement cost and other associated costs areconfirmed and the time of the occurrence of each cost isverified Because these cost items occur at different pointsin time it is important to convert each cost to the value ata single point in time (iii) The LCC is calculated for eachalternative by adding up the costs according to the typefor each alternative (iv) The related indices are calculatedto evaluate the economic feasibility (the LCCA) includingthe net savings savings-to-investment ratio and paybackperiod In addition a sensitivity analysis can be implementedto complement the LCCA methodology which will providereliability to the LCCA results

Many previous studies have examined LCCA Early stud-ies on the LCC focused onminimizing the installation cost inthe initial phases of building construction and maintenancealong with the replacement cost in the operation phaseRecently attention has been given to studies on the energycost in the operation phase with the goal of evaluating

Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

the environmental performance of variousmaterials and con-structionmethods For exampleUygunoglu andKecebas [14]analyzed the energy saving performance in relation to theform and thickness of a concrete block and examined thepayback period accordingly Wong et al [15] conducted anLCCA when green roof systems were used which aimed atproving economic effects Zhang and Wang [16] examinedthe economic performance of thermal power plants usingLCCA Chang et al [17] used LCCA to analyze the water-conservation and energy saving effects of green roof systemsand examined the cost-reduction effects of those systemsAkadiri et al [18] developed an assessment model based onthe use of diverse sustainable materials and suggested cost-reduction effects that could be attributed to the use of sus-tainablematerials Fu et al [19] suggested a new algorithm forcalculating the carbon emission in order to optimize buildingplans in terms of sustainability through comparing the fiveLCA tools

23 Integration of BIM into LCA and LCCA While BIM def-initions vary significantly according to the organization andresearcher the common concept is that the BIM is a programor process for extracting and reusing data by developinga model which is presented in a multidimensional virtualspace using the data on the life cycle of a construction project[20 21] Currently BIM is used widely in the constructionindustry because of the following advantages (i) a graphicuser interface which provides a work environment wherethe operator can observe the work visually (ii) convenientmodification and addition because object-based modelingcan be performed which leads to excellent design changesand alternative comparisons and (iii) the production ofdiverse information with high usability In other words one-time modeling allows for the production of various designdocuments and quick and accurate quantity estimation forvarious alternatives [22]

Several previous studies on BIM have been conductedbut very few studies have been conducted that describe theintegration of BIM into LCA and LCCA Basbagill et al[23] developed a combined BIM-LCA method to figure outwhichmaterials and superstructure designs could be effectivein terms of CO

2emissions reduction according to BIM pre-

scriptions for replacing materials in different types of struc-tures Consequently it is possible to provide a method tohelp engineers select materials and superstructures appro-priately during the early phases of a project Han et al [24]suggested an optimization method for building componentsthat integrates genetic algorithms into the BIM approachalong with the LCCA result for each component In thisresearch the BIM approach was utilized to calculate theenergy consumption as a function of the installation of eachcomponent Ristimaki et al [25] developed a model forcombining LCA and LCCA in which a single energy systemwas adopted This research demonstrated that the developedmodel was limited to a small part of a building because ofthe difficulty in acquiring the data necessary to conduct thetwo analysis methods simultaneously Iddon and Firth [26]analyzed CO

2emissions of a small dwelling house during

the planning phase where they utilized the BIM approach to

consider various alternatives to building components includ-ing structure and envelope systems In the previous researchreferenced above BIM has been used mostly to convenientlygenerate various design alternatives for conducting LCA orLCCA analysis but there have been few ideas or theories onhow BIM could not only be integrated to conduct LCA andLCCA but also how to conduct them simultaneously

24 Problem Statements Given the increased focus on theeconomic and environmental performances of constructionprojects most of the elements comprising projects havebeen considered in evaluations of their performances usingLCA and LCCA Despite this the previous studies that wereconducted had the following limitations (i)The analyseswerelimited to a small number of design alternatives because alarge volume of data was needed to implement the LCA andLCCA (ii) Some recycling of previous data was needed foreach implementation of the LCA and LCCA because of theunique characteristics of construction projects (iii)There hasbeen little research focused on the application of the BIMapproach for conducting LCA and LCCA simultaneouslyfor the purposes of reducing and recycling the informationrequired for the two methods

Based on this background and the identified problemsthis paper proposes a method for efficiently performing LCAand LCCA while reducing and recycling the informationrequired for the two methods This paper (i) identifies theinformation needed to conduct the LCA and LCCA (in step2) (ii) shows how the information required for the twomethods can be obtained conveniently using a BIM approach(in step 3) and (iii) demonstrates how the LCA and LCCAcan be computed simultaneously based on the developedframework which incorporates the information obtainedusing the BIM approach (in step 3)

3 Step 2 Identifying Data Required forConducting LCA and LCCA

As the first stage for developing a method that facilitates theLCA and LCCA implementation in step 2 the informationrequired for conducting the two methods was identifiedalong with each phase of the LCA and LCCA (ie construc-tion operation and disposal) and the target activities of thatphase as listed in Table 1

31 Required Data for LCA and LCCA in Construction PhaseAccording to the LCA methodology by the ISO the targetactivities of the LCA in the construction phase of a buildingconsist of the production transport and assembly of materi-als According to Hong et al [3] an examination of previousstudies related to LCA showed that the environmental impactfactors generated in the construction phase can generally becalculated using (1) As shown in this equation the quantityof environmental emissions in the construction phase for sys-tem119860 (EQCon

119860) is the sum of the environmental impacts from

the releases during production transport and assembly(1) Environmental emissions in the production process

if system 119860 consists of 119894materials the environmental


Table 1 Data required for conducting LCA and LCCA

Life cycle phase Target activities for conductingLCA and LCCA

Required information for LCA Required information for LCC119876 EF Additions 119876 UC Additions

ConstructionManufacturing factory e e mdash

e e(i) Unit cost including labor andequipment costs It can be foundusing RS Means data

Transporting e e (i) Fuel type(ii) Fuel consumptionsAssembling site e e

OperationMaintenance and repair e e

(i) Operation period(ii) Repair cycle(iii) Repair rate

e e(i) Operation period(ii) Repair cycle(iii) Repair rate

Replacement e e (i) Replacement cycle e e (i) Replacement cycleOperating e (i) Energy consumption e (i) Energy consumption

Disposal Disposal e e (i) Fuel type(ii) Fuel consumptions e e (i) Unit cost for disposal

n119876 = quantity of materials EF = emission factor and UC = unit cost

impacts generated in the production process canbe calculated by multiplying the quantity of eachmaterial (119876119872

119886) and the emission factor of the envi-

ronmental release when manufacturing that material(EF119872119886) In general the emission factor of eachmaterial

can be referred from the LCI DB of the countries(2) Environmental emissions in the transport process

if manufactured materials are transported to theconstruction site by 119895number of vehicles the environ-mental impacts can be calculated by multiplying thequantity of each vehicle (119876119881

119887) by the emission factor

of the environmental release of that vehicle (EF119881119887)

(3) Environmental emissions in the assembly process onsite if 119896 number of the equipment is used to assemblethe materials at the construction site the environ-mental impacts can be calculated by multiplying thequantity of equipment (119876119864

119888) by the emission factor of

the environmental release of the individual pieces ofequipment (EF119864

119887)

(4) To determine the emission factors of the transportvehicles and installation equipment (i) the fuel type(ie gasoline diesel etc) for each vehicle and pieceof equipment for conducting the work should first beidentified and then (ii) the emission factors alongwith the fuel type can be found by referring to theLCI DB [27]

(5) With consideration of the above environmental im-pacts in each element the amount of environmentalemissions in the construction phase can be calculatedusing

EQCon119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesEF119872119886) +

119895

sum

119887=1(119876119881

119887timesEF119881119887)

+

119896

sum

119888=1(119876119864

119888timesEF119864119888)

(1)

where EQCon119860

= the quantity of environmental emis-sions in the construction phase for system 119860

119876119872

119886= the quantity of material 119886 comprising system

119860 EF119872119886

= the emission factor of the environmentalrelease while manufacturing material 119886 119876119881

119887= the

number of vehicles used to transport material 119887EF119881119887= the emission factor of the vehicle used formate-

rial 119887 119876119864119888= the pieces of installation equipment and

EF119864119888= the emission factor of the equipment

Generally according to DellrsquoIsola and Kirk [13] the costsof items in the construction phase to conduct the LCCAcan be calculated using (2) If system 119860 would consist 119894 ofmaterials the installation costs of system 119860 (119862Ins

119860) can be

determined by multiplying the quantity of each material inthe system by the installation cost of a unit area (ie unitcost) The unit cost generally refers to reported data such asfrom RS Means Thus such data includes the labor cost andequipment cost per unit area

119862Ins119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesUC119886) (2)

where 119862Ins119860

= the installation cost of system 119860 119876119872119886

= thequantity of material 119886 comprising system 119860 and UC

119886= the

unit cost for installing material 119886 (ie $m2)As described above and listed in Table 1 to conduct the

LCA and LCCA in the construction phase it is necessaryto obtain the following information (i) the quantity of eachmaterial in the targeted system and the quantity of eachset of equipment for transportation and installation (ii) theemission factor of each material and piece of equipment and(iii) additional information such as the fuel type and fuel con-sumption of equipment as well as the unit installation cost

32 Required Data for LCA and LCCA in Operation PhaseThe target activities of the LCA in the building operationphase consist of maintenance and repair (MampR) replace-ment and operation According to previous studies thequantity of environmental emissions generated during theoperation phase can be calculated as follows [28]

(1) Environmental impacts for MampR and replacementthese can be calculated in the same manner as


the environmental impacts during the constructionphase Along with the expected occurrence times forthe replacement and MampR of the system environ-mental impacts can be calculated considering thequantity and emission factors of the material trans-port vehicle and installation equipment

(2) Environmental impacts during operation these arecalculated by multiplying (i) the annual quantity ofenergy consumption (119876119864

119886) for each type (ie heat-

ing air-conditioning appliance etc) needed for theoperation of buildings (ii) the emission factors ofenvironmental release depending on the energy type(EF119864119886) and (iii) the period in operation (119899) (refer to

(3))

EQ119874119860= (119876119864

119886timesEF119864119886) times 119899 (3)

where EQ119874119860= the quantity of environmental emissions

during the operation phase for system 119860 119876119864119886= the

annual energy consumption of the system EF119864119886= the

emission factor of environmental release dependingon the energy type and 119899 = the period in operation

The LCCA during the operation phase includes the MampRand energy costs which can be calculated using (4) and (5)respectively

(1) Maintenance repair and replacement costs (119862MR119860

)alongwith the expected occurrence times of theMampRand the replacement of the system the costs arecalculated bymultiplying (i) the quantity of each item(119876MR119889

) in system 119860 that requires maintenance repairand replacement by (ii) the unit cost (UCMR

119889) for

such target activities Moreover because MampR andreplacement costs will be incurred in the future theequivalent present worth of the costs discounted atthe interest rate (DR) for the MampR and replacementtime (119879

119889) should be considered (please refer to [13] for

the details)

119862MR119860=

119897

sum

119889=1(119876

MR119889timesUCMR119889times

1(1 + DR)119879119889

) (4)

where 119862MR119860

= the present worth of total MampR andreplacement costs of system 119860119876MR

119889= the quantity of

each item comprising the system that requires MampRand replacement UCMR

119889= the unit cost for MampR and

replacement DR = the discount rate and 119879119889= the

MampR and replacement time of each item

(2) The operation energy cost (119862119864119860) is the product of the

quantity of annual energy consumption (119876119864119886) and the

unit cost of the energy source (UC119864) Moreoverbecause the cost is a future cost that occurs annuallythe discount rate (DR) for the operation period (119899)is considered to convert the cost to an equivalent

present value in total (please refer to [13] for the de-tails)

119862119864

119860= (119876119864

119886timesUC119864) times (1 + DR)

119899minus 1

DR (1 + DR)119899 (5)

where 119862119864119860= the present worth of total energy cost

of system 119860 during 119899 years 119876119864119886= the annual energy

consumption of the system UC119864 = the unit cost ofthe energy source and 119899 = the period in operation

As described above and listed in Table 1 to conduct theLCA and LCCA during the operation phase it is essentialto obtain (i) the quantity information (ii) information onthe emission factor and (iii) additional information such asinformation on the MampR and replacement (ie operationperiod repair cycle repair rate replacement rate etc) andinformation on the energy (ie energy consumption andenergy cost)

33 Required Data for LCA and LCCA in Disposal PhaseDuring the disposal phase of the building the LCA andLCCA can be conducted based on (6) and (7) respectively[28]The quantity of environmental emissions during the dis-posal (EQ119863

119860) can be calculated considering the quantity of the

disposal equipment (119876ED119890) and the emission factor according

to the energy type of the individual pieces of equipment(EFED119890) (refer to (6)) Therefore

EQ119863119860=

119898

sum

119890=1(119876

ED119890times EFED119890) (6)

The disposal cost (119862119863119860) can be calculated by multiplying

the disposal quantity (119876119863119860) by the unit cost (UC119863

119860) for the

disposal work Similar to the MampR cost the disposal costneeds to be converted to an equivalent present cost dis-counted at a certain interest rate (DR) for the time of thedisposal (119879

119889) because the cost will be incurred in the future

(refer to (7)) Therefore

119862119863

119860= 119876119863

119860times UC119863119860times

1(1 + DR)119879119889

(7)

As described above and listed in Table 1 the following areneeded to conduct the LCA and LCCA during the disposalphase (i) the quantity information (ii) information on theemission factor and (iii) additional information such as thefuel type and consumption of the equipment and unit cost fordisposal

34 Required Data for LCA and LCCA As analyzed in thisstep a large amount of information is needed to conductthe LCA and LCCA which makes project managers hesitantto apply these techniques In addition even if they areused it is difficult to apply them to a range of alternativesTherefore this study developed a method to overcome theproblems associated with conducting LCA and LCCA basedon ldquoeasiness of data acquisitionrdquo and ldquodata recyclingrdquo This


section identifies the data required for LCA and LCCA alongwith the project phase and then classifies the data into twocategories (i) the data commonly required and (ii) additionaldata as listed in Table 1

4 Step 3 Framework for ConductingLCA and LCCA

In step 3 a framework for the LCA and LCCAwas developedusing the following process (i)mapping between the requiredLCA and LCCA data analyzed in step 2 and the acquirabledata from BIM and (ii) embodying the calculation methods(Equations (1) to (7)) and all the data needed for LCA andLCCA into an Excel spreadsheet-based framework

41 Mapping Required Data for LCA and LCCA with BIMData Despite some differences between the different typesof BIM software the application of BIM generally facilitatesthe acquisition of the following data (i) visual model dataexpressed in a three-dimensional space (ii) information ona quantity estimation (iii) information on the necessaryenergy consumption to operate a building through an energysimulation and (iv) information on construction interferenceamong work activities [29]

As listed in Table 1 it is important to obtain diverseinformation to conduct the LCA and LCCA Thereforemapping can be performed as follows between the data thatcan be obtained from the BIM and the information that isrequired to conduct the LCA and LCCA

(i) Quantity information about thematerial resources foreach alternative as listed in Table 1 the basic datato conduct the LCA and LCCA are information onthe quantity of the input resource for each life cycleof the building Among such diverse quantity infor-mation information about the quantity of materialsused to form the relevant building is fundamentalto conducting the LCA and LCCA This is becauseinformation about the quantity of materials has thegreatest influence on making a decision based on theresults of the LCA and LCCA in the constructionand operation phases Such information about thequantity of materials can be readily obtained fromBIM Furthermore information about the quantitiesofmaterials for various alternatives can be obtained ina convenient and accurate way in the feasibility phaseof a project in which the level of change in the designplan can be significant

(ii) Energy consumption considering the recent trend ofusing many energy saving techniques energy con-sumption is the most important factor among thefactors that affect the results of the LCA and LCCAin the operation phase of a building If the BIM isused in the operation phase it is possible to obtaininformation on the energy consumption in a casewhere various energy saving techniques are applied

In addition to a building information model of a par-ticular building information on the following build-ing conditions is required for analyzing the buildingrsquosenergy consumption its location azimuthal angleclimate condition mechanical systems and thermalconductivity performance Once these conditionshave been established the BIM software can calculatethe energy consumption of the building expressed byparameters such as the monthly energy balance

In the delivery process for an environmentally friendlybuilding the following aspects have recently become impor-tant great issues (i) information about the quantity of mate-rials and data on the energy consumption are the most fun-damental for conducting the LCA and LCCA for variousdesign alternatives depending on the application of energysaving techniques and (ii) the convenient acquisition of suchcore data from the BIM can be a great benefit when the LCAand LCCA are implemented in the delivery process for anenvironmentally friendly building

In the meantime the remaining data listed in Table 1 (iethe LCI DB machinery data operation period etc) can beobtained based on the existing methodologies for the LCAand LCCA

42 Framework for Conducting LCA and LCCA Using BIMBecause the data obtained from BIM are readily compatiblewith an Excel spreadsheet the framework was establishedusing the spreadsheet program in which the LCA and LCCAimplementation methods are automatically connected toeach other As shown in Figures 1 through 4 the frameworkconsists of four sheets in total including three sheets forconducting the LCA and LCCA in the construction phaseoperation phase and disposal phase and one sheet forsummarizing the results from these three sheets Meanwhilethe data on each sheet can be entered manually after it hasbeen extracted automatically using BIM

421 Worksheet for Construction Phase As shown inFigure 1 cell lines 1 to 6 on the sheet represent the quantityinformation that is commonly required to conduct the LCAand LCCA for the system which was extracted automaticallyusing the BIM In other words cell lines 1 and 2 show thematerial information for each system whereas cell lines 3 to 6present the quantity information for each material includingthe weight (ie cell line 3) and the equivalent volume (iecell line 4) area (ie cell line 5) and length values (ie cellline 6) corresponding to this weight

Cell lines 7 to 25 are used for inputting the informationthat is needed to conduct the LCA for the equipment that isused in manufacturing (cell lines 10 to 17) transport andconstruction (cell lines 22 to 25) In addition (i) the fuel typeof the input equipment and vehicles for material manufac-ture transport and construction (ie electricity diesel andgasoline) and (ii) the capacity of the equipment and vehicles(ie kgEA m3EA m2EA and mEA) make it possibleto calculate the required amount of fuel for the equipmentand vehicles for themanufacture transport and construction(ie cell lines 18 and 26) Subsequently the emission factors


EQcon22_x

EQcon1NEQcon1

2

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y1

BIM data

Quantities System A ~ System N2 Material 1 Material 2 ~ Material i3 middot middot middot ~4 middot middot middot ~5 middot middot middot ~6 middot middot middot ~7

Userinputdata

Manufacturing equipmentFuel types of equipment

~Fuel types of equipment

8 Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel9 C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC

10

Equipment

middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot

middot

middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot11 middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot12 middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot13 middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot14 middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot15 middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot16 (m) middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot

middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middotmiddot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middotmiddot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middotmiddot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot

~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot17 middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot18 ~19 Transportation

andconstruction vehicles

Fuel types of vehicles Fuel types of vehicles~20 Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel

21 C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC

22 Vehicle ~ middot

23 ~ middot

24 ~ middot

25 ~ middot

middotmiddotmiddotmiddot








26 ~27

Emission factors For material Material 1 Material 2 ~ Material i28 ~29 For equipment Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel ~ Electricity Gasoline Diesel30 ~31 ~

33 LCAresult

~34 ~

35 LCCresult ~

middotmiddot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot

middot middot middot middotG10 = F10E10

middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot

middot middot middot middot middotG22 = F22E22

EQc2

Y33 = SUM(E33X33)Y34 = SUM(E34X34)

Y35 = SUM(E35X35)

(kg)

(m2)

(m3)

(kg)

(m3)

Weight (kg)

Fuelrsquos sum for equipment

Equivalent volume (m3)

Equivalent area (m2)

Equivalent length (m)

Fuelrsquos sum for vehicles

CO2 emission quantity for materials (kg)CO2 emission quantity for machinery (kg)

Unit cost ($m2)

Initial costs ($)

C1 = capacity per one cycleF2 = fuel value for the capacityFC3 = resource per unit capacity

EFe EFeEFg EFgEFd EFd EFe EFg EFd

Total CIns

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

C1 F2

E33 = E3 lowast E28

E34 = (E18 + E26) lowast E30E35 = E5 lowast E31

UCA UCN

E18 = E3 lowast SUM(G10G11) + E4 lowast SUM(G12G13) + E5 lowast SUM(G14G15) + E6 lowast SUM(G16G17)

E26 = E3 lowast SUM(G22G23) + E4 lowast SUM(G24G25)

capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

EE1

EEk

EV1

EVj

QE1_e

QE1_g QE

1_d QE2_e QE

2_gQE2_d QE

i_e QEi_g QE

i_d

QV1_e QV

1_g QV1_d QV

2_eQV2_g QV

2_d QVi_e QV

i_g QVi_d

QM1

EV minus QM1

EA minus QM1

EL minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

EA minus QMi

EL minus QMi

EQcon21_e

EQcon11

EQcon21_g EQcon2

1_d EQcon22_e EQcon2

2_gEQcon2

2_d

CInsA CIns

N

FC3

EFM1 EFM

2 EFMi

Figure 1 Worksheet for LCA and LCC analysis in construction phase

according to the type ofmaterial and equipment from the LCIDB (cell lines 27 to 30) are used to calculate the CO

2emission

quantity for materials and machinery (cell lines 33 and 34)To calculate the construction costs comprising the LCC it isnecessary to input the unit cost (cell line 31) of each systemwhich can be provided by RS Means and so forth

422 Worksheets for Operation and Disposal Phases Asshown in Figure 2 and (3) to (5) the material quantities andenergy requirements per year which can be extracted by theBIM program are used to conduct the LCA and LCCA inthe operation phase Based on this information and programif a user enters (i) the electricity price (ie cell (D7) inFigure 2) (ii) unit cost (ie adopted from the sheet ldquocon-struction phasesrdquo cell (E31) in Figure 1) and (iii) operationinformation per system (ie cells (D9) to (D15) in Figure 2)they can automatically obtain the LCA and LCCA results inthe operation phase

The LCA and LCCA in the disposal phase are performedin amanner similar to that in the construction phaseThey are

also conducted based on the input values for the equipmentused to demolish buildings (refer to Figure 3)

423 Worksheet for Summary This sheet includes the resultscorresponding to ldquoTotal simrdquo on sheets 1 to 3 above (ie line 33line 34 and line 35 of column Y on sheet 1 line 19 line 20and line 21 of column L on sheet 2 and line 16 and line 17 ofcolumn Y on sheet 3) (refer to Figure 4)

5 Step 4 Case Application

A case application was conducted to verify the usability of thedeveloped framework and the methodologies for conductingthe LCA and LCCA The following presents an overview ofthe building project selected for the application

(i) Location 868-4 Hak-dong Dong-gu Gwangju Re-public of Korea

(ii) Structural system steel-reinforced concrete structure


CNMR

A B C D E F G H I J K L1

BIM data

Quantities ~2 Material 1 Material 2 ~3 ~4

EnergySource Electricity

5 Energy type Heating Hot-water supply Air-conditioning

Ventilation fan Appliance

6 (MWhyr)Energy requirement

7

Userinputdata

Electricity price ($MWh)8 ~9

Operate

Replacement term (yr)

Maintenance term (yr)Maintenance rate ()

~10 ~11 ~12 Study period (yr) ~13 Number of replacement times

Number of maintenance times~

14 ~15 Discount rate () ~16 Replacement cost ($) ~17 Maintenance cost ($)

Energy costs ($)RampM costs ($)

~

19 LCAresult during operation phase (kgyr)

20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)

CO2 emission quantity

middot middot middot

middot middot middot middot middot middot













Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)

ERH ERHW ERAC ERV ERA

UCE

CE

Unit cost1 = adopter from the sheet for ldquoconstruction phaserdquo


middot middot middotD16 = D3 lowast D8middot middot middotD17 = (D3 lowast D8) lowast D11

simulation

information

EA minus QM1 EA minus QM

i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A

D20 = (SUM(D6H6) lowast D7) lowast ((1 + D15)^D12 minus 1)(D15 lowast (1 + D15)^D12)

CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N

D21 = D16(1 + D15)^(D9 lowast D13) + D17(1 + D15)^(D10 lowast D14) + middot middot middot

Figure 2 Worksheet for LCA and LCC analysis during operation phase

~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data

Quantities ~2 Material 1 Material 2 ~ Material i3 Weight (kg) ~4 ~5

Userinputdata

Disposal cost ($kg) ~6 Operate Study period (yr) ~7 Discount rate () ~8

Disposal equipmentFuel types of equipment



11Equipment

middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot ~ middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot

12 Fuelrsquos sum for equipment13 Emission For

equipmentElectricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel ~ Electricity Gasoline Diesel

14 ~

16 LCAresult for machinery (kg)

17 LCCresult Disposal costs ($) ~


QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)


EFe EFe EFeEFg EFgEFd EFd EFg EFd


middot middot middotmiddot middot middot




Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED

E16 = E12 lowast E14

E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6

C1 = capacity per one cycleF2 = fuel value for the capacity

information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity

FC3 = resource per unit capacity

System A System N

Figure 3 Worksheet for LCA and LCC analysis in disposal phase


A B C

1 AssessmentPhase LCC

2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal

7 SUM Total emission quantity Total costs

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED

B2 = ldquoconstruction phaserdquoY33C2 = ldquoconstruction phaserdquoY35

C5 = ldquooperation phaserdquoL21C4 = ldquooperation phaserdquoL20

C6 = ldquodisposal phaserdquoY17

B3 = ldquoconstruction phaserdquoY34

B4 = ldquooperation phaserdquoL19

B6 = ldquodisposal phaserdquoY16

Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2

B7 = SUM(B2B6) C7 = SUM(C2C6)

Figure 4 Summary worksheet for LCA and LCC analysis

Original model and alternative model 2

1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)

Figure 5 Results of BIM for each alternative

(iii) Type office building

(iv) Stories and floor area 11 stories (one story belowground and 10 stories above ground) a building areaof 88168m2 and a gross floor area of 710594m2

Because it is important to obtain a large volume of datato conduct the LCA and LCCA for the entire building theapplication of the developed framework was designed tofocus only on the external skin of a building In additionthe LCA and LCCA were conducted with particular focus onthe construction and operation phases Because the externalskin of a building plays an important role in achieving energyefficiency it has a remarkable effect on the results of the LCAand LCCA Consequently among the various alternativesfor the skin of a building it is possible to select the mostvaluable skin system based on the LCA and LCCA results ifthe developed framework is used In this study the authorsconsidered three alternatives for the external skin systemincluding the original external skin system The followingdescriptions give an overview of each alternative

(i) Original skin system 22mm double-glazed curtainwall (5mm glass + 12mm air layer + 5mm glass) witha thermal transmittance of 279Wm3 K

(ii) Alternative 1 cement brick wall with double-glazedwindows (5mm glass + 6-mm air layer + 5mm glass)with a thermal transmittance of 325Wm3 K

(iii) Alternative 2 24mm low-E glass curtain wall (6mmglass + 12mm argon layer + 6mm low-E glass) with athermal transmittance of 180Wm3 K

51 Modeling and Data Acquisition The modeling of thebuilding was performed using the ldquoArchiCAD version 15rdquosoftware in the following order (i) creation of site (ii) cre-ation of structural columns (iii) creation of bearing wall and(iv) creation of the slab After one story was completed copyand paste commands along with the grid system functionwere used to complete the modeling of the floors (up to the10th floor) Next themodeling of the external skin system foreach alternative was performed before entering the attributeinformation The time required was approximately 12 h

Figure 5 presents the completed 3D building informationmodel As mentioned the modeling of the internal spacewas excluded from this case study because the purpose ofthe case application was to conduct the LCA and LCCA foreach alternative external skin system According to severalprevious studies the skin systemof a building critically affectsits thermal conductivity performance Consequently the skinsystem could be regarded as one of the most important


Table 2 Quantity and energy data obtained by BIM

Type of data from BIM Properties of each alternativeOriginal skin Alt 1 Alt 2

Quantity data

Aluminum frame Volume (m3) 2096 1853 2096Weight (kg) 56815 50213 56815

Glass Volume (m3) 1064 1938 1277Weight (kg) 25321 46123 30385

Cement brick Volume (m3) mdash 6816 mdashWeight (kg) mdash 20264 mdash

Mortar Volume (m3) mdash 641 mdashWeight (kg) mdash 16020 mdash

Polystyrene Volume (m3) mdash 142 mdashWeight (kg) mdash 426 mdash

Concrete Volume (m3) mdash 3124 mdashWeight (kg) mdash 74976 mdash

Argon Volume (m3) mdash mdash 1277Weight (kg) mdash mdash 1762

Energy amount (MWhyr)

Heating 311 323 308Hot-water supply 291 291 291Air-conditioning 2653 2737 2487Ventilation fan 130 130 130Appliance 1770 1770 1770

Total consumption 5155 5251 4986

factors affecting the energy consumption of a buildingThere-fore this research was structured to conduct energy sim-ulations based on numerous alternatives for building skinsystems while the other simulation conditions were fixedAs described in step 3 the additional information necessaryfor calculating the energy consumption during the operationphase was set as follows (i) location (35∘91015840 in latitude and125∘541015840 in longitude) (ii) bearing angle (340∘) (iii) type ofuse (office building) (iv) climate data KORKwangju 471560IWEC [30] and (v) type of air-conditioning and heatingsystem (central system)

Once the modeling was complete (i) the element func-tion of ArchiCAD was used to retrieve the quantity informa-tion for each alternative external skin and (ii) EcoDesignerwhich is an add-on function of ArchiCAD was used tocalculate the energy consumption for each alternative all ofwhich are listed in Table 2 According to the calculationsalternative 2 in which low-E glass was used showed thelowest total energy consumption (4986MWhyr)

52 Input Data for LCA and LCCA To conduct the LCA andthe LCCA for the three target alternatives it was important toprovide the information needed by the three worksheets (ieFigures 1 2 and 3) For example Figure 6 shows the inputdata and results for the worksheet in the construction phasewhen the original skin system (ie normal curtain wall) wasused

As shown in the figure the information obtained fromthe BIM provided quantity information on aluminum andglass (ie cell (E3) to cell (E6) and cell (N3) to cell (N6) inFigure 6) which are the main materials comprising the orig-inal skin system Second because (i) three sets of equipment

(ie aluminum cutter notching clipper and painter) wereused for manufacturing the aluminum (ii) they were oper-ated by electricity and (iii) theymanufactured raw aluminumin ldquolengthrdquo units the equipment capacity and fuel require-ment were entered into cells (E14) to (E16) and cells (F14)to (F16) respectively Similarly the capacity and fuel require-ment of the equipment for glass manufacturing were enteredas shown in Figure 6 (ie cells (N10) to (N13) and cells (O10)to (O13)) In addition the capacity and fuel requirement ofthe vehicles used for construction (ie a forklift tower craneand loader) were entered into lines 21 to 23 according to theirfuel types Finally the unit cost of $179737m2 for the curtainwall installationworkwas entered based on the ldquoKorean PriceInformation for Construction Workrdquo which is similar to thecost data provided by RS Means in the USA [31]

To calculate the LCA and LCCA during the operationphase (i) the analysis period used when simultaneously con-ducting the LCA and LCCA was determined to be 40 yearswhich was the life span of the reinforced concrete buildingas stipulated by legislation and (ii) the discount rate for theLCCA was calculated based on the inflation rate and depositinterest rates over the past 10 years which were provided bythe Bank of Korea

6 Results and Discussion

61 LCA and LCCA Results Table 3 lists and Figure 7 showsthe LCA results As listed in Table 3 when a building isoperated for 40 years among the three alternatives alter-native 2 has the lowest CO

2emission (low-E curtain wall

system 26389800 kg) The CO2emission of alternative 2

(ie 944786 kg) is the highest among the three alternatives in


Table 3 LCA and LCCA results for each alternative

Building skin system Original skin Alt 1 Alt 2

LCA results(kg)

CO2 emission inconstruction phase

Manufacturing

Aluminum frame 839987 750011 839987Glass 100432 39121 104346

Cement brick mdash 21391 mdashMortar 16873

Polystyrene 826Concrete mdash 13231 mdashArgon mdash mdash 453

Construction 940419 841453 944786CO2 emission inoperation phase Energy consumption One year (kgyr) 668310 675572 659745

40 years (kg) 26732400 27022880 26389800CO2 emission indisposal phase Disposal (kg) 21 104 22

Total amount of CO2 emission 27672400 (kg) 27864438 (kg) 26389800 (kg)

LCCA results(US $)

Construction phase Initial investment costs 191220 196924 223988

Operation phase Replacement and maintenance costs 136765 132938 160201Energy costs 8204352 8359094 7935464

Disposal phase Disposal costs 9565 14507 10154Total amount costs $8541902 $8703462 $8329808

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W1

BIM data

Quantities Normal curtail wall installation2 Aluminum Glass3 Weight (kg) 5681468 25320984 2096 10645 (NA) 1063896 279531 (NA)7

Userinputdata


8 Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel9 C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC

10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)

Glass reinforcer 5000 90 0018

11 Glass multilayer 5000 945 00189

12 Glass cutter 3 18 613 Spattering equipment 04 60 15014

(m)Aluminum cutter 25 165 66

15 Nothing clipper 125 8 6416 Painter 04 03 07517 Fuelrsquos sum for equipment 38435513 0 0 166901148 0 018 Transportation and construction Fuel types of vehicles19 Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel20 C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC C F FC

21 Vehicle Fork-lift 2000 4 0002 2000 4 000222 Tower crane 12000 945 00079 12000 945 00079

23 Loader 245 149 6082 245 149 608224 Fuelrsquos sum for vehicles 447416 0 2411 199403 0 11535125

Emission factors For material Aluminum Glass

26 14451 07508327 For equipment Electricity Gasoline Diesel Electricity Gasoline Diesel28 0487218 006225 005644 0487218 006225 00564429 179737

31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC

result Initial costs ($) 191220397 191220




(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)


F2 = fuel value for the capacity

capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

C1 = capacity per one cycle

vehicles

C1 F2 FC3


Figure 6 Example of application of worksheet for construction phase


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)

ltCumulative emissionsgt ltCumulative emissionsgt Low-E curtain wallgt

Low-E curtain wall Normal curtain wallgt

Normal curtain wallgt

Masonry wallMasonry wallgt

Break-even point (66 years)


Normal curtain wallMasonry wallLow-E curtain wall

times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)

Figure 7 Results for accumulating LCA amount over years

the construction phase but the lowest (659745 kgyr) in theoperation phase Therefore alternative 2 was found to havethe lowest total amount of CO

2emissions Figure 7 shows the

cumulative CO2emissions over the operation time

This alternative (low-E curtain wall system) can be con-sidered to be the most environmentally friendly alternativeafter 8 years

In addition Table 3 lists and Figure 8 shows the LCCAresults As listed in Table 3 when the building is operatedfor 40 years among the three alternatives alternative 2 isthemost economical (low-E curtain wall system $8329808)The initial investment cost of alternative 2 is the highest($223988) among the three alternatives whereas the energycost of alternative 2 is the lowest ($7935464) Thereforealternative 2 was found to be themost economical in terms ofthe total amount cost As shown in Figure 8 which depicts thecumulative LCC over the operation time alternative 2 can beconsidered to be the most advantageous alternative in termsof the cost at the time point of 34 years because the energycost is the lowest

62 Advantages andDisadvantages of Applying BIMTechniqueto Conduct LCA and LCCA Given the recent trends in theconstruction industry which place emphasis on the eco-nomic and environmental performance LCCA and LCA

have been widely used However their implementation hasbeen a great burden to engineers and project managers Theapplication of the results of this study will be useful in resolv-ing such problems In the case application results it tookapproximately 12 hours to perform the BIM for the threealternatives for the external skin system and the modelprovided information on thematerial quantities required andenergy consumed which are key items of information forconducting LCA and LCCA The methodology suggested inthis paper can be used to obtain LCA and LCCA results in anefficient manner

The BIM made it possible to obtain the results of thequantity calculation immediately and it is compatible withother software because commercial BIM programs can pro-vide their results as Excel spreadsheet Because variousdesign documents are used to conduct the existing two-dimension-based quantity calculations a large amount oftime is required and errors occasionally result On the otherhand because the BIM can provide relevant informationimmediately it is possible to save time in the early phase ofthe construction project and obtain more accurate quantityinformation In addition it is important to analyze the energyconsumption that is required in the operation phase whereinthe LCA and the LCCA are conducted which requires con-siderable time and effort The energy evaluation function of


00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)

ltCumulative costsgt


ltCumulative costsgtLow-E curtain wallgt

Low-E curtain wallgt

Low-E curtain wallNormal curtain wallgt


Normal curtain wallgtMasonry wall

Masonry wallgt



(years)

Masonry wall (3 yrs) (4 yrs)




25

20

15

10

5

times105

Figure 8 Results for accumulating LCC amount over years

the BIM facilitates calculations of the energy consumptionconsidering the environmental effects

It is necessary to calculate the fuel consumption for adiverse range of machineries when the LCA is conducted Onthe other hand it is still a burden for engineers to analyze suchrequirements because no information on the machinery canbe gathered from the BIM results The information relatedto machinery can be supported by COBIE spreadsheets [32]In addition for a quantity surveying task it is common touse a margin to make the results of the task more adjustablewhereas there is nomargin for the quantity calculation resultsprovided by BIM Therefore it is important to add such afunction to the BIM tool to make it possible to conduct theLCA and LCCA in amore accurate way Finally it is necessaryto have macro or library functions as add-ons that allow forLCA and LCCA for the BIM in the future In other words ifthe macro or library functions which can create the requireddata automatically were added to the developed frameworkit would be possible to conveniently gather the diverse datanecessary for implementing the framework

7 Conclusions

This study evaluated the usability of BIM to conduct LCAand LCCA in the early phase of a construction project Toaccomplish this (i) themethodology and informationneededto conduct the LCA and LCCA were analyzed (ii) mappingbetween the required information and the information that

could be obtained using the BIM was conducted and (iii) anExcel worksheet-based frameworkwas developed To identifythe usability of the BIM to conduct the LCA and LCCA acase application was conducted that analyzed three externalskin systems for an actual building Based on the possiblediverse alternatives that were considered as a result of thecharacteristics of the early project phase the BIM and devel-oped framework could suggest alternatives with better per-formance in terms of the economic and environmentalaspects Therefore if the framework developed in this studyis applied it is expected to be suitable for making importantdecisions in the early phases of a project

BIM was applied to the framework developed in thisstudy to obtain the quantity information and energy con-sumption of a project Consequently it was insufficient toverify the accuracy of the acquired information Because theaccuracy depended on the performance of the BIM softwarethis study did not conduct such verification Rather a test ofthe usability of the BIM and framework was performed Inthe future it will be necessary to develop a BIM library to helpengineers and project managers gather the required informa-tion including the LCI DB to conduct the LCA and LCCA

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper


Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the Basic Science ResearchProgram funded by the Ministry of EducationScience and Technology (nos 2014044260 and NRF-2014R1A1A1004766)

References

[1] E P Karan and J Irizarry ldquoExtending BIM interoperabilityto preconstruction operations using geospatial analyses andsemantic web servicesrdquoAutomation in Construction vol 53 pp1ndash12 2015

[2] W Li J Zhu and Z Zhu ldquoThe energy-saving benefit evaluationmethods of the grid construction project based on life cycle costtheoryrdquo Energy Procedia vol 17 pp 227ndash232 2012

[3] T Hong C Ji and H Park ldquoIntegrated model for assessingthe cost and CO

2emission (IMACC) for sustainable structural

design in ready-mix concreterdquo Journal of Environmental Man-agement vol 103 pp 1ndash8 2012

[4] G Zheng Y Jing H Huang X Zhang and Y Gao ldquoApplicationof life cycle assessment (LCA) and extenics theory for buildingenergy conservation assessmentrdquo Energy vol 34 no 11 pp1870ndash1879 2009

[5] Y Huang R Bird andO Heidrich ldquoDevelopment of a life cycleassessment tool for construction and maintenance of asphaltpavementsrdquo Journal of Cleaner Production vol 17 no 2 pp 283ndash296 2009

[6] C Scheuer G A Keoleian and P Reppe ldquoLife cycle energy andenvironmental performance of a new university building mod-eling challenges and design implicationsrdquo Energy and Buildingsvol 35 no 10 pp 1049ndash1064 2003

[7] I Z Bribian A A Uson and S Scarpellini ldquoLife cycle assess-ment in buildings state-of-the-art and simplified LCAmethod-ology as a complement for building certificationrdquo Building andEnvironment vol 44 no 12 pp 2510ndash2520 2009

[8] R J Cole ldquoEnergy and greenhouse gas emissions associatedwith the construction of alternative structural systemsrdquoBuildingand Environment vol 34 no 3 pp 335ndash348 1998

[9] ISO ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)mdashPrinciples andGuidelines Part 13 97 InternationalOrganization for Standard-ization 2008

[10] T Hong J Kim andC Koo ldquoLCC and LCCO2analysis of green

roofs in elementary schools with energy saving measuresrdquoEnergy and Buildings vol 45 pp 229ndash239 2012

[11] F I Khan R Sadiq andTHusain ldquoGreenPro-I a risk-based lifecycle assessment anddecision-makingmethodology for processplant designrdquo Environmental Modelling and Software vol 17 no8 pp 669ndash692 2002

[12] S Lee W Park and H Lee ldquoLife cycle CO2assessment method

for concrete using CO2balance and suggestion to decrease

LCCO2of concrete in South-Korean apartmentrdquo Energy and

Buildings vol 58 pp 93ndash102 2013[13] A J DellrsquoIsola and S J Kirk Life Cycle Costing for Facilities

Construction Publishers amp Consultants Kingston Mass USA2003

[14] T Uygunoglu and A Kecebas ldquoLCC analysis for energy-savingin residential buildings with different types of constructionmasonry blocksrdquo Energy and Buildings vol 43 no 9 pp 2077ndash2085 2011

[15] N H Wong S F Tay R Wong C L Ong and A Sia ldquoLifecycle cost analysis of rooftop gardens in Singaporerdquo Buildingand Environment vol 38 no 3 pp 499ndash509 2003

[16] G Zhang and W Wang ldquoThe research of comprehensiveevaluation model for thermal power equipment based on lifecycle costrdquo Systems Engineering Procedia vol 4 pp 68ndash78 2012

[17] N-B Chang B J Rivera andM PWanielista ldquoOptimal designfor water conservation and energy savings using green roofs ina green building under mixed uncertaintiesrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 19 no 11 pp 1180ndash1188 2011

[18] P O Akadiri P O Olomolaiye and E A Chinyio ldquoMulti-criteria evaluation model for the selection of sustainable mate-rials for building projectsrdquo Automation in Construction vol 30pp 113ndash125 2013

[19] F Fu H Luo H Zhong and A Hill ldquoDevelopment of a car-bon emission calculations system for optimizing building planbased on the LCA frameworkrdquoMathematical Problems in Engi-neering vol 2014 Article ID 653849 13 pages 2014

[20] National Institute of Building Sciences Building SMART Alli-ance Strategic Goals National Institute of Building Sciences2007 httpwwwnibsorgpage=bsa

[21] GSA GSA BIM Guide Overview US General Services Admin-istration Washington DC USA 2007

[22] B Succar ldquoBuilding information modelling framework aresearch and delivery foundation for industry stakeholdersrdquoAutomation in Construction vol 18 no 3 pp 357ndash375 2009

[23] J Basbagill F FlagerM Lepech andM Fischer ldquoApplication oflife-cycle assessment to early stage building design for reducedembodied environmental impactsrdquo Building and Environmentvol 60 pp 81ndash92 2013

[24] G Han J Srebric and E Enache-Pommer ldquoVariability of opti-mal solutions for building components based on comprehensivelife cycle cost analysisrdquo Energy and Buildings vol 79 pp 223ndash231 2014

[25] M Ristimaki A Saynajoki J Heinonen and S Junnila ldquoCom-bining life cycle costing and life cycle assessment for an analysisof a new residential district energy system designrdquo Energy vol63 pp 168ndash179 2013

[26] C R Iddon and S K Firth ldquoEmbodied and operational energyfor new-build housing a case study of construction methods inthe UKrdquo Energy and Buildings vol 67 pp 479ndash488 2013

[27] Korea Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database ldquoLCI Databaserdquo2015 httpwwwedporkrlcilciasp

[28] S Tae S Shin J Woo and S Roh ldquoThe development of apart-ment house life cycle CO

2simple assessment system using

standard apartment houses of South Koreardquo Renewable andSustainable Energy Reviews vol 15 no 3 pp 1454ndash1467 2011

[29] BuildingSMARTKOREAOverview of BIMmdashDefinition of BIMBuildingSMART KOREA 2015 httpwwwbuildingsmartorkroverviewBIMaspx

[30] American Society of Heating and Refrigerating and Air-Con-ditioning Engineers ldquoResources amp PublicationsmdashInternationalWeather for Energy Calculationsrdquo 2013 httpwwwashraeorgresourcesndashpublicationsbookstoreclimate-data-centeriwec

[31] Korea Price Information 2013 httpwwwkpiorkr[32] W East COBIE (Construction-Operations Building Information

Exchange) US Army Engineer Research and DevelopmentCenter US Army Corps of Engineers Washington DC USA2007

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MathematicsJournal of


Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Differential EquationsInternational Journal of

Volume 2014

Applied MathematicsJournal of


Probability and StatisticsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of


Mathematical PhysicsAdvances in

Complex AnalysisJournal of


OptimizationJournal of


CombinatoricsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of


Operations ResearchAdvances in

Journal of


Function Spaces

Abstract and Applied AnalysisHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Algebra

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society



Decision SciencesAdvances in

Discrete MathematicsJournal of


Volume 2014 Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Stochastic AnalysisInternational Journal of


an analysis process that facilitates the selection of the optimalalternative by evaluating the economic and environmentalperformances of the alternatives [2 4 5] On the otherhand it is difficult to apply the two techniques to buildingscompared to other ldquoproductsrdquo because of the followingunique characteristics of construction projects (i) buildingsare large in size with a wide variety of materials used inconstruction projects (ii) there are a larger number of peopleinvolved in construction projects and the demands of theproject owner change frequently and (iii) because eachbuilding is unique the production system is less standardizedcompared to those for most other manufactured goods [6 7]

Based on this background this study was conducted todevelop amethod for improving the performance of LCA andLCCA utilizing the three-dimensional parametric buildinginformation modeling (BIM) approach

This study was conducted using the following four stepsIn step 1 a literature reviewwas conducted to analyze the LCAand LCCA process and analysis methods while simultane-ously examining their limitations and problems In step 2the information and data required for LCA and the LCCAwere analyzed based on the results from step 1 The analysisled to (i) the information required to conduct both the LCAand LCCA and (ii) additional information that was requiredto utilize each technique In step 3 the BIM was adopted asan approach to provide information and data for the LCAand LCCA implementations which were analyzed in step 2In addition a spreadsheet-based framework which compiledthe information outflow from the BIM was developed toconduct the LCA and LCCA simultaneously In step 4 a casestudy in which the developed framework was applied to areal building project focused on identifying the applicabilityof the research output The case study facilitated an in-depthanalysis of the usefulness of the framework thatwas suggestedin the present study

2 Step 1 State of the Art

21 LCA The LCA concept is generally accepted within theenvironmental research field When applied to buildingsLCA encompasses the analysis and assessment of the envi-ronmental effects of building materials components andassemblies throughout the entire life of the building includ-ing its construction use and demolition [8] Because of theincrease in the number of methods for LCA and examplesof its use international organizations such as the Interna-tional Standard Organization (ISO) have worked on thestandardization of LCA which has resulted in the ISO 14040series In particular ISO 14041 covers the ldquodefinition andinventory analysis of LCArdquo and is recognized as the standardfor the LCA technique in many cases According to ISO14041 LCA could be applied in the following four steps (i)The LCA goal and scope are defined to secure the reliabilityof the analysis results by clarifying the scope of the targetproduct (ii) A life cycle input-output inventory analysisis conducted to establish the life cycle inventory database(LCI DB) which contains a large volume of process andproduction data including the raw material inputs energyuse main product to coproducts ratio production rates and

equivalent environmental releases The unit process datasetsform the basis of every LCI DB and the foundation of all LCAapplications A unit process dataset is obtained by quantifyingthe inputs and outputs in relation to a quantitative referenceflow from a specific process These inputs and outputs aregenerated from mathematical relationships based on the rawdata Consequently a ldquounit processrdquo is defined as the ldquosmallestelement considered in the life cycle inventory analysisrdquo in ISO14040 (iii) An environment impact assessment is performedbased on the results of the inventory analysis and (iv) theevaluated data is interpreted LCA can be used in a variety ofways tomanage an environmental load compare alternativesand establish environmental policy [9]

In the construction field many studies have been con-ducted to evaluate the environmental performance based onLCA analysis Hong et al [3] suggested an integrated modelfor assessing the cost and CO

2emissions and calculated

the CO2emissions based on the strength of ready-mixed

concrete In another study Hong et al [10] introduced agreen roof system with energy saving measures focusing onelementary schools in Seoul South Korea to analyze thecost and CO

2emissions Khan et al [11] developed decision-

making methodology that integrated the LCA concept intorisk analysis theory for identifying optimal plant design inthe project early phase Lee et al [12] confirmed that thedifference in CO

2emissions depended on the strength of the

concrete according to the period of use Cole [8] confirmedthe difference in CO

2emissions using different major struc-

tural systems of buildings

22 LCCA LCCA is used to evaluate the economic feasibilitybased on the calculation of the equivalent values of all theimportant costs that occur within the life span with particu-lar focus on buildings or the major components of buildings[13] An LCCA is conducted using the following four steps (i)The analysis target is identified which is the first step towardmaking a cost-effective decision by creating and evaluatingthe alternatives that can meet the minimum performancestandards (ii) The basic assumptions are established forthe LCCA including the analysis period and discount rateIn addition the initial investment cost operating costalterationreplacement cost and other associated costs areconfirmed and the time of the occurrence of each cost isverified Because these cost items occur at different pointsin time it is important to convert each cost to the value ata single point in time (iii) The LCC is calculated for eachalternative by adding up the costs according to the typefor each alternative (iv) The related indices are calculatedto evaluate the economic feasibility (the LCCA) includingthe net savings savings-to-investment ratio and paybackperiod In addition a sensitivity analysis can be implementedto complement the LCCA methodology which will providereliability to the LCCA results

Many previous studies have examined LCCA Early stud-ies on the LCC focused onminimizing the installation cost inthe initial phases of building construction and maintenancealong with the replacement cost in the operation phaseRecently attention has been given to studies on the energycost in the operation phase with the goal of evaluating









































119887)



EQCon119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesEF119872119886) +

119895

sum

119887=1(119876119881

119887timesEF119881119887)

+

119896

sum

119888=1(119876119864

119888timesEF119864119888)

(1)

where EQCon119860


119876119872


119860 EF119872119886


119887= the





119860) can be


119862Ins119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesUC119886) (2)

where 119862Ins119860



119886= the










(3))

EQ119874119860= (119876119864

119886timesEF119864119886) times 119899 (3)









119889) for



the details)

119862MR119860=

119897

sum

119889=1(119876


1(1 + DR)119879119889

) (4)

where 119862MR119860











119862119864

119860= (119876119864


119899minus 1

DR (1 + DR)119899 (5)









EQ119863119860=

119898

sum

119890=1(119876

ED119890times EFED119890) (6)



119860) for the




119862119863

119860= 119876119863

119860times UC119863119860times

1(1 + DR)119879119889

(7)


















EQcon22_x

EQcon1NEQcon1

2


BIM data


Userinputdata




10

Equipment


middot







22 Vehicle ~ middot

23 ~ middot

24 ~ middot

25 ~ middot









26 ~27


33 LCAresult

~34 ~

35 LCCresult ~





EQc2

Y33 = SUM(E33X33)Y34 = SUM(E34X34)

Y35 = SUM(E35X35)

(kg)

(m2)

(m3)

(kg)

(m3)

Weight (kg)







Unit cost ($m2)

Initial costs ($)



Total CIns

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

C1 F2

E33 = E3 lowast E28


UCA UCN



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

EE1

EEk

EV1

EVj

QE1_e

QE1_g QE

1_d QE2_e QE

2_gQE2_d QE

i_e QEi_g QE

i_d

QV1_e QV

1_g QV1_d QV

2_eQV2_g QV

2_d QVi_e QV

i_g QVi_d

QM1

EV minus QM1

EA minus QM1

EL minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

EA minus QMi

EL minus QMi

EQcon21_e

EQcon11

EQcon21_g EQcon2


2_gEQcon2

2_d

CInsA CIns

N

FC3

EFM1 EFM

2 EFMi



2emission











CNMR


BIM data






7

Userinputdata


Operate







~


20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)
















Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)


UCE

CE




simulation

information


i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A


CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N



~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data


Userinputdata





11Equipment




14 ~




QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)








Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED


E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6


information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity


System A System N



A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra

















































119887)



EQCon119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesEF119872119886) +

119895

sum

119887=1(119876119881

119887timesEF119881119887)

+

119896

sum

119888=1(119876119864

119888timesEF119864119888)

(1)

where EQCon119860


119876119872


119860 EF119872119886


119887= the





119860) can be


119862Ins119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesUC119886) (2)

where 119862Ins119860



119886= the










(3))

EQ119874119860= (119876119864

119886timesEF119864119886) times 119899 (3)









119889) for



the details)

119862MR119860=

119897

sum

119889=1(119876


1(1 + DR)119879119889

) (4)

where 119862MR119860











119862119864

119860= (119876119864


119899minus 1

DR (1 + DR)119899 (5)









EQ119863119860=

119898

sum

119890=1(119876

ED119890times EFED119890) (6)



119860) for the




119862119863

119860= 119876119863

119860times UC119863119860times

1(1 + DR)119879119889

(7)


















EQcon22_x

EQcon1NEQcon1

2


BIM data


Userinputdata




10

Equipment


middot







22 Vehicle ~ middot

23 ~ middot

24 ~ middot

25 ~ middot









26 ~27


33 LCAresult

~34 ~

35 LCCresult ~





EQc2

Y33 = SUM(E33X33)Y34 = SUM(E34X34)

Y35 = SUM(E35X35)

(kg)

(m2)

(m3)

(kg)

(m3)

Weight (kg)







Unit cost ($m2)

Initial costs ($)



Total CIns

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

C1 F2

E33 = E3 lowast E28


UCA UCN



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

EE1

EEk

EV1

EVj

QE1_e

QE1_g QE

1_d QE2_e QE

2_gQE2_d QE

i_e QEi_g QE

i_d

QV1_e QV

1_g QV1_d QV

2_eQV2_g QV

2_d QVi_e QV

i_g QVi_d

QM1

EV minus QM1

EA minus QM1

EL minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

EA minus QMi

EL minus QMi

EQcon21_e

EQcon11

EQcon21_g EQcon2


2_gEQcon2

2_d

CInsA CIns

N

FC3

EFM1 EFM

2 EFMi



2emission











CNMR


BIM data






7

Userinputdata


Operate







~


20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)
















Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)


UCE

CE




simulation

information


i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A


CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N



~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data


Userinputdata





11Equipment




14 ~




QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)








Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED


E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6


information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity


System A System N



A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra
































119887)



EQCon119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesEF119872119886) +

119895

sum

119887=1(119876119881

119887timesEF119881119887)

+

119896

sum

119888=1(119876119864

119888timesEF119864119888)

(1)

where EQCon119860


119876119872


119860 EF119872119886


119887= the





119860) can be


119862Ins119860=

119894

sum

119886=1(119876119872

119886timesUC119886) (2)

where 119862Ins119860



119886= the










(3))

EQ119874119860= (119876119864

119886timesEF119864119886) times 119899 (3)









119889) for



the details)

119862MR119860=

119897

sum

119889=1(119876


1(1 + DR)119879119889

) (4)

where 119862MR119860











119862119864

119860= (119876119864


119899minus 1

DR (1 + DR)119899 (5)









EQ119863119860=

119898

sum

119890=1(119876

ED119890times EFED119890) (6)



119860) for the




119862119863

119860= 119876119863

119860times UC119863119860times

1(1 + DR)119879119889

(7)


















EQcon22_x

EQcon1NEQcon1

2


BIM data


Userinputdata




10

Equipment


middot







22 Vehicle ~ middot

23 ~ middot

24 ~ middot

25 ~ middot









26 ~27


33 LCAresult

~34 ~

35 LCCresult ~





EQc2

Y33 = SUM(E33X33)Y34 = SUM(E34X34)

Y35 = SUM(E35X35)

(kg)

(m2)

(m3)

(kg)

(m3)

Weight (kg)







Unit cost ($m2)

Initial costs ($)



Total CIns

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

C1 F2

E33 = E3 lowast E28


UCA UCN



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

EE1

EEk

EV1

EVj

QE1_e

QE1_g QE

1_d QE2_e QE

2_gQE2_d QE

i_e QEi_g QE

i_d

QV1_e QV

1_g QV1_d QV

2_eQV2_g QV

2_d QVi_e QV

i_g QVi_d

QM1

EV minus QM1

EA minus QM1

EL minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

EA minus QMi

EL minus QMi

EQcon21_e

EQcon11

EQcon21_g EQcon2


2_gEQcon2

2_d

CInsA CIns

N

FC3

EFM1 EFM

2 EFMi



2emission











CNMR


BIM data






7

Userinputdata


Operate







~


20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)
















Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)


UCE

CE




simulation

information


i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A


CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N



~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data


Userinputdata





11Equipment




14 ~




QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)








Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED


E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6


information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity


System A System N



A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra














(3))

EQ119874119860= (119876119864

119886timesEF119864119886) times 119899 (3)









119889) for



the details)

119862MR119860=

119897

sum

119889=1(119876


1(1 + DR)119879119889

) (4)

where 119862MR119860











119862119864

119860= (119876119864


119899minus 1

DR (1 + DR)119899 (5)









EQ119863119860=

119898

sum

119890=1(119876

ED119890times EFED119890) (6)



119860) for the




119862119863

119860= 119876119863

119860times UC119863119860times

1(1 + DR)119879119889

(7)


















EQcon22_x

EQcon1NEQcon1

2


BIM data


Userinputdata




10

Equipment


middot







22 Vehicle ~ middot

23 ~ middot

24 ~ middot

25 ~ middot









26 ~27


33 LCAresult

~34 ~

35 LCCresult ~





EQc2

Y33 = SUM(E33X33)Y34 = SUM(E34X34)

Y35 = SUM(E35X35)

(kg)

(m2)

(m3)

(kg)

(m3)

Weight (kg)







Unit cost ($m2)

Initial costs ($)



Total CIns

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

C1 F2

E33 = E3 lowast E28


UCA UCN



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

EE1

EEk

EV1

EVj

QE1_e

QE1_g QE

1_d QE2_e QE

2_gQE2_d QE

i_e QEi_g QE

i_d

QV1_e QV

1_g QV1_d QV

2_eQV2_g QV

2_d QVi_e QV

i_g QVi_d

QM1

EV minus QM1

EA minus QM1

EL minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

EA minus QMi

EL minus QMi

EQcon21_e

EQcon11

EQcon21_g EQcon2


2_gEQcon2

2_d

CInsA CIns

N

FC3

EFM1 EFM

2 EFMi



2emission











CNMR


BIM data






7

Userinputdata


Operate







~


20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)
















Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)


UCE

CE




simulation

information


i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A


CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N



~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data


Userinputdata





11Equipment




14 ~




QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)








Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED


E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6


information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity


System A System N



A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra
























EQcon22_x

EQcon1NEQcon1

2


BIM data


Userinputdata




10

Equipment


middot







22 Vehicle ~ middot

23 ~ middot

24 ~ middot

25 ~ middot









26 ~27


33 LCAresult

~34 ~

35 LCCresult ~





EQc2

Y33 = SUM(E33X33)Y34 = SUM(E34X34)

Y35 = SUM(E35X35)

(kg)

(m2)

(m3)

(kg)

(m3)

Weight (kg)







Unit cost ($m2)

Initial costs ($)



Total CIns

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

C1 F2

E33 = E3 lowast E28


UCA UCN



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

EE1

EEk

EV1

EVj

QE1_e

QE1_g QE

1_d QE2_e QE

2_gQE2_d QE

i_e QEi_g QE

i_d

QV1_e QV

1_g QV1_d QV

2_eQV2_g QV

2_d QVi_e QV

i_g QVi_d

QM1

EV minus QM1

EA minus QM1

EL minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

EA minus QMi

EL minus QMi

EQcon21_e

EQcon11

EQcon21_g EQcon2


2_gEQcon2

2_d

CInsA CIns

N

FC3

EFM1 EFM

2 EFMi



2emission











CNMR


BIM data






7

Userinputdata


Operate







~


20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)
















Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)


UCE

CE




simulation

information


i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A


CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N



~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data


Userinputdata





11Equipment




14 ~




QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)








Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED


E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6


information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity


System A System N



A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










EQcon22_x

EQcon1NEQcon1

2


BIM data


Userinputdata




10

Equipment


middot







22 Vehicle ~ middot

23 ~ middot

24 ~ middot

25 ~ middot









26 ~27


33 LCAresult

~34 ~

35 LCCresult ~





EQc2

Y33 = SUM(E33X33)Y34 = SUM(E34X34)

Y35 = SUM(E35X35)

(kg)

(m2)

(m3)

(kg)

(m3)

Weight (kg)







Unit cost ($m2)

Initial costs ($)



Total CIns

Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

C1 F2

E33 = E3 lowast E28


UCA UCN



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)

EE1

EEk

EV1

EVj

QE1_e

QE1_g QE

1_d QE2_e QE

2_gQE2_d QE

i_e QEi_g QE

i_d

QV1_e QV

1_g QV1_d QV

2_eQV2_g QV

2_d QVi_e QV

i_g QVi_d

QM1

EV minus QM1

EA minus QM1

EL minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

EA minus QMi

EL minus QMi

EQcon21_e

EQcon11

EQcon21_g EQcon2


2_gEQcon2

2_d

CInsA CIns

N

FC3

EFM1 EFM

2 EFMi



2emission











CNMR


BIM data






7

Userinputdata


Operate







~


20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)
















Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)


UCE

CE




simulation

information


i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A


CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N



~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data


Userinputdata





11Equipment




14 ~




QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)








Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED


E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6


information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity


System A System N



A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










CNMR


BIM data






7

Userinputdata


Operate







~


20 LCCresult21 ~

L19 = SUM(D19H19)

L20 = D20CN

MRL21 = SUM(D21K21)
















Material i

UCA UCN

Total CE

Total CMR

Total EQE

Unit cost1 ($m3)


UCE

CE




simulation

information


i

EQEH

EQEHW EQE

AC EQEV EQE

A


CMRA

UCMR1N

UCMR2N

UCMR1A

UCMR2A

System A System N



~EQED1_e EQED

1_g EQED1_d EQED

2_e EQED2_g EQED

2_d EQEDi_x

~QED1_e QED

1_g QED1_d QED

2_e QED2_g QED

2_d QEDi_e QED

i_g QEDi_d


BIM data


Userinputdata





11Equipment




14 ~




QEDQ QEDQ

Y16 = SUM(E16X16)Y17 = SUM(E17X17)


C1 F2

(m3)








Total CD

factors (LCI DB)

Total EQED


E12 = E4 lowast G11

E17 = (E3 lowast E5)(1 + E7)Ê6


information

per hour

QM1

EV minus QM1

QMi

EV minus QMi

FC3

EEDm

UCDA UCD

N

CDA CD

N

capacity


System A System N



A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










A B C


2Construction

3

4Operation

5

6 Disposal


Total EQcon1

Total EQcon2

Total EQE

Total EQED







Total CIns

Total CE

Total CMR

Total CD

LCCO2




1

z

xy

3 2

(a)

Alternative model 1

3 2

1

z

xy

(b)













Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra












Quantity data

























LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra












LCA results(kg)


Manufacturing







LCCA results(US $)





BIM data


Userinputdata



10

Equipment

(kg)

(kg)










31 LCAresult

821028941 19011751 84004132 18944462 0 13608 81414414 0 651 10037933 LCC





(m2)

(m3)

Unit cost ($m2)



capacityper hour

capacityper hour

(LCI DB)


vehicles

C1 F2 FC3




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(kg)

(years)








times105

(6 yrs) (7 yrs)











00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

($)








Masonry wallgt



(years)





25

20

15

10

5

times105




7 Conclusions







Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










Acknowledgment


References
















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra
















Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra









Documents

Research Article BIM Application to Select Appropriate Design …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2015/281640.pdf · 2019-07-31 · Advancements in building materials and technology