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Danai LazarouILLNESS REPRESENTATIONS AS PREDICTORS OF AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR, DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME .................. 657

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Abstract

Social support networks is a central dimension of social capital and have a strong effect on individuals biological and mental health The present study are hold in Lesvos and Limnos and the aim was to record the social networks and support of students with severe learning diffi culties. The analysis of the data shows that there were social networks differences, which depends on students learning problems. Also it was found that teachers beliefs and

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attitudes correlate with their professional behavior to students with severe learning diffi culties.

Key Words: Supported networks, severe learning diffi culties, social networks, social capital.

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Albert, M, Becker, T, Mccrone, P. & Thornicroft, G. (1998). Social Net-works and Mental Health Service Utilisation: Literature Review. In-ternational Journal of Social Psychiatry, 44 (4), 248-266.

Belle, D. (1989). Gender differences in childrens social networks and sup-ports. In D. Belle (Ed.), Childrens social networks and social supports (pp. 173-188). New York: Wiley.

Berkman, L.F. & Glass, T., (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support and health. In LF. Berkman & I. Kawachi (ds), Social Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J.C. (1996). . . : .

Bourdieu, P. (1985). The forms of social capital, in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (ed. J. G. Richardson), New York, Greenwood, 241-258.

Bursuck, W. (1989). A comparison of students with learning disabilities to low achieving and higher achieving students on three dimensions of social competence. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 188-194.

Caplan, G. (1974). Support Systems and community mental health: Lec-tures on concept development. New York: Behavioral Publications.

Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychoso-matic Medicine, 38, 300-314.

Coie, J. D., Dodge, . . & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1990). Peer group behavior and social status. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 253-273). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Farmer, . & Hollowell, J. (1994) Social Networks in Mainstream Class-rooms Social Affi liations and Behavioral. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2(3), 143-155.

Fischer, C. S. (1982). To dwell among friends: Personal networks in town and city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

.indb 25 .indb 25 10/3/2011 9:31:00 10/3/2011 9:31:00

26 - -

Hallinan, M.T. (1978), The process of friendship formation. Social Net-works, 1, 193-210.

Hellermann, C. (2006). Migrating Alone: Tackling Social Capital? Wom-en from Eastern Europe in Portugal. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(6), 1135-52.

Herbert, . (1996). : , 1. (. . , ). : ( : 1976).

Kinney, D. A. (1993). From nerds to normals: The recovery of identity among adolescents from middle school to high school. Sociology of Education, 66, 21-40.

Ladd, G. W. (1990). Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: Predictors of childrens early school adjustment? Child Development, 61, 1081-1100.

Li, A. K. F. (1985). Early rejected status and later social adjustment: A 3-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 567-577.

Lin, N. (2000). Social capital: A theory of structure and action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Oakley, A. (1992). Social Support and Motherhood. Oxford: Blackwell.Perlmutter, B., Crocker, J., Corday, D., & Garstecki, D. (1983). Sociomet-

ric status and related personality characteristics of mainstreamed learn-ing disabled adolescents. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6, 20-30.

Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24.

Putnam, R., (2000). Bowling Alone - The Collapse and Revival of Ameri-can Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Salzinger, L.L. (1982). The ties that bind: the effect of clustering on dyadic relationships. Social Networks, 4, 117-45.

Walker, K., Macbride, A. & Vachon, M.L.S., (1997). Social support net-works and the crisis of bereavement. Social Science and Medicine, 11, 34-41.

Wehby, J., Symons, F., & Hollo, A. (1997). Promote appropriate assess-ment. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 5, 45-54.

Whiting, B. B., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.

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: , - (Eccles et al., 1993). , -, . - - . , .

, , - (Roeser, & Eccles, 1998).

.indb 76 .indb 76 10/3/2011 9:31:07 10/3/2011 9:31:07

77

: . . -, , - .

, - , - . - , . -, , .., . , . .

: Rutter et al., (1970). - .

, - , :

. . - . . ( ) .

(Goodman & Scott, 2005).

- , , . . . , , -

.indb 77 .indb 77 10/3/2011 9:31:07 10/3/2011 9:31:07

78

, - , (Durlak, 2001).

, , -, - (, 2008) , , , . - -, , , , , ..

2.1. - -

2.1.1. :

- (-, 1999, . 31).

, - - . . , , - , , - , (-, 1999).

, , -, .. , , , - .

.indb 78 .indb 78 10/3/2011 9:31:08 10/3/2011 9:31:08

79

, , . , . , - . , , , , - .

2.1.1.1. ) .

, - . , , - .

) . - . . - , - .

) . . - , , .. , , - .

) . . - , .

) ( -, ). , . - (-, 1999).

.indb 79 .indb 79 10/3/2011 9:31:08 10/3/2011 9:31:08

80

:) , .)

( ).

2.1.2. - :

- - ( ) - , - (Kendall,1993). , , - - , -, ... (Meichenbaum, 1985).

: , . , , . : 1) ( Watson), 2) ( Skinner) 3) (Bandura, 1977)2.

: - , , , , . - , - .

. - , (Kendall, 1991, 1993). , - . 2. -

. 93 (Kendall, 2000).

.indb 80 .indb 80 10/3/2011 9:31:08 10/3/2011 9:31:08

81

, - . , - (Kendall, 2000).

, , - - , , - .

2.1.2.1. - . :) .

. , - , . , , , , , , ... , , . : . , -

, .. . . , , . , , , ...

. , , .. , - , , , . , - .) . -

, , .., , - .

.indb 81 .indb 81 10/3/2011 9:31:08 10/3/2011 9:31:08

82

- .

) . , - . , - . : . - , .., , , . .

) . , - , . , (. -, 1992, 1992, , 2004, , , 2004). . -

, -. . ) , , ) - , , ) .

, - , , Premack, .

2.1.2.1.1. , - -, .

:

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83

) -, ) ( ) ) . (, , ..) (, , 2004, , 2004) . - .

, . - , - . .., - .

. . . - .

-

, :

. ; - . - , , . . ; , ; - ; ; ( ) ; .

.indb 83 .indb 83 10/3/2011 9:31:08 10/3/2011 9:31:08

84

. - (/). (/ ). . .

2.1.2.2. 1.1. (Ellis, 1962, Beck, 1967): H -. (A-B-C-D-E).

I. = (Actual event) . II. B= (Belief) , .

- . - , ( ), .

III. C= (Consequencies) A .

IV. D= (Doubt) A . . , -.

V. E=

1.2. , .. -, , .

2.1.3.

, : ) : , ) : - , ) : , ) : - , ) -: , ... (. , 1997):

.indb 84 .indb 84 10/3/2011 9:31:08 10/3/2011 9:31:08

85

I. (-

) . . , , -, . .

II. ( ) .

III. , , ... , ...

IV. , -, .. , ..

V. .

I. , . II. . III. . IV. .

I. . -

-.

II. . III. ,

. - .

I. , ..

.. II. ,

, .

.indb 85 .indb 85 10/3/2011 9:31:09 10/3/2011 9:31:09

86

III. . IV.

.

I.

, - .

II. (, , ), .

III. .

3.

3.1.

1 . , .

. -. - .

, , - , ..,

: , . , 24 . . ; -, ; ; ;

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87

- . , - - . . -, , , , -. ; : ; ; ; ; , (- ).

2 , : - . - . . , :

. ; ; ; ; ; . ; ;

, , , .

.indb 87 .indb 87 10/3/2011 9:31:09 10/3/2011 9:31:09

88

3.2.

1 -, . , , - . , .., -, , , .. , , , .. , .

, , ..

2 , : , , (- ). . , - , .

. , , -, .. , - , - , , . .

: - .

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89

- , .

; ; ;

: ! ;

, ; ; -

, , .

: , - .

: - .

4.

.

. . . - . , . ( 15), . . , .

: , 8 . .

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. . - ( ). ( ) . -, . .

: / , , - .

: / - ( , ). -. , . / .

/ , , /. - / . .

/ , , .. , . , , .

- . , . , (/) .

: .

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: ) , ) -, ) .

15. / - 15, . , /, - - .. , (). , . -, , - ( ).

, .

-1. ; ; / -2. ; - . 3. ; 4. ; ;5. -6. .

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, /, - . . ( ), - , , , .., / , (, , , ), , .

, , , , . , - . , - .

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, (1992). . . - & . (.), . : .

-, ., (.) (1999) : . 8 : .

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, ., (2004) . : - .

, .., (2001). : , , , . : .

-, ., (1985) , .

, ., (1996) . : . : .

, ., (1997) . : . : .

, .,(1997) . : . : .

- ., (. ) (2007) . , - , . .

-, ., , .., , ., (2004) - . . - & . (.). . : .

, ., ., (2008) . - . : .

, ., ., ., (2008) -, . -

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, . : Gutenberg.

, ., Chimienti, J., (1998) : . : .

, ., & Chimienti, J., (1998) -: . . : .

, ., Chimienti, J., (2002) . . . . . : .

, . (1995) , , (. ). : .

, ., (.) (2005) : . - . . : .

, ., (.) (2005) : . - . . : .

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,

, , - , - /- (learning strategies) (Rubin 1975, Stern 1983, Oxford 1990, OMalley & Chamot 1990, Cohen 1998).

, . , - -. : (production strategies), (communication strategies) (learning strategies) (Tarone 1980).

) - - (.. 2).

(2002) - , -

.indb 97 .indb 97 10/3/2011 9:31:10 10/3/2011 9:31:10

98

( 2, 2, - ) . :

i) . - , , , , , .

ii) . - . , .

iii) , - , ) , - , ) , - , ) , - , ) - ) , , .

) (, , - ) - , - . , Cook (1993), .

.indb 98 .indb 98 10/3/2011 9:31:10 10/3/2011 9:31:10

99

Tarone (1980), - . :

1. (avoidance), -, . 2. (paraphrase) . , - . 3. (transfer) . - , . 4. (seek for help)1. , , - . 5. (imitation) - .

) , , - - 2 .

(2004), - - , ( ), .

, , Duffy & Roehler (1993), , - - , , , -. , -

1. - , .. (- ) ( ).

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, .

. - , Rubin (1981), Wenden (1983) Oxford (1990). , OMalley Chamot (1990) , . -, - , , .

1.1.

, / - (behaviorism) . 1930, Skinner (1938) - . , / , . , -. - -. -. O Farnham-Diggory (1977, 2003), , , , .

, 1950,

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101

- , , , , -, . . , - . - 1969. -, (, 2003). - . Pimsleur & Quinn (1971, 2003), , .

, , - , - , - , , .

1.2.

, , , , - , , - (Oxford 1990, OMalley & Chamot 1990).

, ( , ). - , ,

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102

(OMalley & Chamot 1990). , , .

Cook (1993), - (.. - , , , .. , ), ( - -, ), ( - , ) , -, ( , ). Oxford (1990) (self-directed), - (problem oriented), (action undertaking), - (communicative competence) (infl uenced by a variety of factors).

Stern (1983) - - , -. , - .

Seliger (1984) o -, . , Seliger , .

Dansereau (1985) - (primary strategies),

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103

(.. -) (support strategies), - , , , , .. ( ).

Weinstein & Mayer (1986) - , , Chamot (1987), .

Rubin (1989) - , Oxford (1990) / , - - -, .

, Wode (1993) - , - , , .

O Ellis (1994) - , - . , - , . Ellis (1994), - , - -. , , - Stern .

Apeltauer (1997) -

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104

, , .

Cohen (1998) - . , . - . -, , - , .

- , -. (2004). , - , - -, - . (2004), / , - . , , - , , , .. , , , , - .

(2002), - . - , , ,

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105

, .

1.2.1.

- . - . - - .

Lily Wong-Fillmore (1976) , . - . , , Wong-Fillmore - , . , . - , . (. 1).

1. Wong-Fillmore

1 , .

1 . .

2 , , .

2 .

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106

3 .

3 . .

4 .

5 .

Skehan 1989

, . - . , , .

, , - - . , , - .

H , .

, , - - ; - .

Wong-Fillmore (Naiman , Frohlich , Todesco), Stern (1978) , , . - , , . Skehan

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(1989), , , , - , - .

34 , - , , , .

: 1: .

: 1. 2. -

3. -

4. , -

, - .

2: .

. 2, : 1. -

( , 2 1)

2. - .

3: - .

( ) (.. - ).

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108

: 1. - -

2.

- -

3. .. - .

4: .

- .

5: -.

, 2. - - . , - , -, - , .

, , Naiman et al . (1978) . :

( 16 34 ) , - , .. , , -, , , ..

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109

, .

2.

Stern, Naiman et al. Wong-Fillmore

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 2

1. 2.

3.

1.

2. 3.

4.

5.

Bialystok (1981), , - - . , (practicing), (monitoring) - (elaboration). , (1981:33, 2003). - 2.

, Cohen & Aphek (1981) , .. , - . , , ,

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110

, -. - , . , .

Politzer & McGroarty (1985) 37 , - , -. : i) 14 , ii) 15 iii) 22 . - , . - , . , Skehan (1989), - , . , Skehan, , - -. , - .

. Politzer & McGroarty - . - ,

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111

.

Chesterfi eld & Chesterfi eld (1985) , 5 6 -. 14 - . , - . Rubin, Bialystok Tarone ( ) , , .

Chesterfi eld - , Rubin (1994) OMalley et al. (1985a), - . Skehan (1989), - , - .

Chesterfi eld & Chesterfi eld . - . ) ) . , - , .

- , - (receptive) , (repetition), (memorization) (for-mulaic expressions). , -

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112

, .. , , , .. (elaboration) (monitor-ing). , - OMalley et al. (1985a), - , . ( ) - , Purdie & Oliver (1999) Lan & Oxford (2003). , , , , - , (. ) .

1.2.2. Rubin (1981), Wenden (1983) Oxford (1990)

Rubin (1981) , - - . , , , , - . , - , , , .

- . , - :

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113

i. /: - , - -. - . - .

ii. : - , -, -.

iii. : , -, - , , - .

iv. : , -, , .., .

v. : .

vi. : ( ), .

-. , -, ..

, , Rubin (1989) - , - (

.indb 113 .indb 113 10/3/2011 9:31:13 10/3/2011 9:31:13

114

2004). , , - , - , , , , - .. , , , , -, , -, .. , - .. , .

. - (on the spot learning strategies , Rubin) - (out-of-class activities ) (Skehan 1989).

Wenden (1983), , - (self-directed learning) . , - . Wenden - 8 , , .

:

.indb 114 .indb 114 10/3/2011 9:31:13 10/3/2011 9:31:13

115

3.

1: ; 2: ;

3: ; 4: ; 5: ;

6: ; 7: ; 8: ;

;

Wenden - Brown (Brown et al. 1983) . , - (self-monitoring) Brown Wenden. -, , , -. Wenden , OMalley & Chamot (1990), , - Wenden . , , - .

, (Metacognition: an expanded view on the cognitive abilities of L2 learners, 1987) Wenden, , - . -

.indb 115 .indb 115 10/3/2011 9:31:13 10/3/2011 9:31:13

116

-. , - - , .

Oxford (1985, 1990) : . Oxford , , , , , , - . , , .

(Oxford, 1985) , , , Rubin OMalley/Chamot . 1990, , .

- ( ) . - -, , -. , - .

, Oxford , .

) (.. ) . -, 1 2.

) (.. , ..)

.indb 116 .indb 116 10/3/2011 9:31:13 10/3/2011 9:31:13

117

. , 2.

) (.. , ..) -, . , - .

( 4, . 118).

, - .

) - , - , -.

) -, .

) (, ..).

- ( 4, . 120).

, - .

Oxford SILL (Strategy Inventory for Language Learning), .

.indb 117 .indb 117 10/3/2011 9:31:13 10/3/2011 9:31:13

118

4. Oxford (1990).

(creating mental connection)

(grouping) (elaboration) (contextu-alization)

(Using sounds and im-ages)

(using images) (establishing semantic fi eld) (key word) (representing sounds in memory)

(revision) (fre-quently)

(us-ing actions)

(re-produce naturally an action) (using me-chanical techniques)

- -

(in-telligent guessing)

(using linguistic indication) (using other indications)

(using U1) (asking help) (mime) (avoidance) (choosing the conversation theme)- (adapt or change a message) (word coinage) (paraphrase)

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119

(using language)

(revision) (using sounds and graphics) (using patterns) (recombination) - (using language in authentic situations)

- (accepting and sending messages)

(understanding rapidly) (using cogni-tive resources for accepting and send-ing messages)

(analyze thought)

(arrive at conclusion) (analyze expressions) (comparing with L1) (translation) (transfer)

(making structures)

(notes) (summarizing) (underline)

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120

4. Oxford (1990).

(concentrate on learning)

(examine the matter) (directed attention) (de-layed production)

(learning plan-ning)

(investigate how a language is learned) (advance organize) (directed attention) - (identify the object of learning task) (research occasions to practice language)

(Evaluating learn-ing)

(self-monitoring) (self-evaluating

-

(reduce stess)

(using relaxation) (using music) (using humor)

-(self-encourage-ment)

(self-reinforcement) (taking responsibili-ties) (reward)

-(asking questions)

(ex-emplifi cation) (correction by sb)

(cooperation with other)

(coopera-tion with someone with the same age) (coop-eration with L1 speakers)

, Oxford - . ,

.indb 120 .indb 120 10/3/2011 9:31:14 10/3/2011 9:31:14

121

, (Drnyei 2005) .

, OMalley & Chamot (1990), , Rubin, , , , , . - Oxford OMalley/Chamot 3.4, . OMalley & Chamot (1990) , - . , , Oxford - OMalley & Chamot.

, - , . Oxford, - , - . , Papaefthymiou-Lytra (1987), , .

, (-, 2003). , OMalley & Chamot - Anderson (1985) .

OMalley & Chamot , , Oxford

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122

(1992), , - , , , , , / . - - .

Oxford, - , , , , , , .

OMalley & Chamot, - . , - . , , , (Tudor, 1996) - . , , , .

, , , OMalley & Chamot .

1.3. , OMalley & Chamot (1990)

1.1 ( ), - 20 1960. ,

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123

. , (2003), , , .

, .

, 19 W. James 1890, U. Neisser , 1967.

, , - . (2003), , , , . , , , , . , , - , - , (Neisser 1976).

, - , - . ( - ), .

, - . - -

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124

. ( ) ( ), , , .

, , . , Neisser, , -, -. , , .

Anderson (1976) , , - , , - .

(Posner 1969, Conrad , C. 1972, Coltheart M. 1972a, Seymour 1976, Anderson J.R. & Reber L. M. 1979, Baddeley A.D. 1979) . , -, - . , , - , , .. - . - , .

, ( 2003). - .

1.3.1.

, - .

Roth (1986), -

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125

, -, , , , , ..

Kagan & Havemann (1980) , , -. , , , .

, - - . , (Locke, Berkley, Hume), , , - , (Weth-eimer, Koffka, Kohler), - - (, 2003).

, , -, - . , Neisser (1967, 2003) , . Coltheart (1972a), , , , . , .

, - , , - . , , - . - .

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126

Posner (1969), Coltheart (1972a) Seymour (1976), , , . . , - .

, - . Sternberg (1966) Neisser (1967) , .

- . , -, , . , , , , . , , - .

, - . , - , , , , , .

- , . ( Neisser - , ).

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127

1.3.2.

. .

: ) , ) , (, 2003).

, . -, ( ) , .

, - , , , - . - .

, , - .

Tulving & Thompson (1973) - , , - . .

, - (.. , , ..), . , - - .

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128

. - , , , , , - ( .. ).

, - - .

, - . , . - , , - . , , ( ) - . , , - , .

, , -. - , . .

, . Sternberg (1966), , -

.indb 128 .indb 128 10/3/2011 9:31:15 10/3/2011 9:31:15

129

. , . - , .

, . , , , OMalley Chamot .

1.4. OMalley Chamot (1990)

OMalley Chamot (1990) - ) ) .

-. , - , , . OMalley Chamot - : ) , ) ) .

, , - . () ( ), .

: 1. -

, .. -.

.indb 129 .indb 129 10/3/2011 9:31:15 10/3/2011 9:31:15

130

2. . 3. , -

. 4.

.

, , - . , , , - .

: 1. . 2. -

. 3.

. 4. , . 5. -

. 6. -

. 7. . 8. .

, / .

: 1. ,

, 2. 3. .

, OMalley Chamot, 5.

.indb 130 .indb 130 10/3/2011 9:31:15 10/3/2011 9:31:15

131

5. OMalley Chamot (1990)

-

-

OMalley Chamot , - - (. ), - - , , , - Rubin .

Drnyei (2005) - -

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132

OMalley & Chamot , Oxford. , OMalley Chamot , Anderson (1983, 1985).

, , - . Drnyei, - .

, , - , , .

2.

. Spolsky (1985) , , - : (), - (), (), (), ( ).

Sparks & Granschow (1993, 1995) -, , - . , (language aptitude), (stress), (attitudes) (motivation), .

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133

(. ) - , , , , , . , , , , , , .

Gardner (1985), , : ) , ) , ) ) , , , , - - .

, -, - .

. Gardner, , , , , , . - , , , , , .

, - , .

: -, , , , , , .

- , , - , .

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134

2.1.

- . , - , - . Grenfell Harris (1994) - , .

Rubin Thompson (1994), - , , - , - , - .

Kuhl & Kraska (1989) - , , Volet (1997) , .

Chamot OMalley (1986) Abraham Vann (1987), , - , . Ehrman (1996), -, , - .

, -, Wong Fillmore (1976)

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135

- . Chesterfi eld & Chesterfi eld (1985) - , Pardon Waxman (1988) . - (2003, 2004), , - , , (2007) - . , .

2.2.

- , , (Politzer 1983, Oxford & Nyikos 1989, Oxford & Burry-Stock 1995, Green & Oxford 1995, Sheorey 1999). , , - Green Oxford - (Green & Oxford , 1995).

, Oxford, Nyikos & Crookall (1987) 1.200 - (SILL), , , . ,

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136

. -, , : 1) - (metacognitive strategy-organization), 2) (monitoring), 3) (cognitive strategy - grouping), 4) - (cognitive strategy - repetition) (cognitive strategy - imagery), 5) - (cognitive strategy - elaboration), 6) - 2 , 7) 2, 8) 2 .

Powell (1986) - , (Held, Alderton, Foley & Segall 1993, Lynn 1994, Rosen 1995), . , , , - (Linn & Petersen 1985, Demetriou & Efklides 1987, 1992). , , , -, , , - 0,2% (- 2001).

, (2004), - / , ( Chamot & OMalley ) , , - (Ehrman & Oxford, Oxford & Nyikos 1989). , , -

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137

- (Eakins B.W. & Eakins R.G. 1978, 2004).

- - (Lompscher, Artelt, Schellhas & Blib 1995) , -, (Zimmerman & Martizez-Pons 1990, 1997, 1998).

Zoubir-Shaw & Oxford (1994) - - . , .

6.

/

-

- -

-

Politzer (1983) , ,

-

Ehrman & Oxford (1989)

-, -

Oxford & Nyikos (1989)

, , ,

-, , -

Nyikos (1987) -

-

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138

Oxford, Park-Oh, Ito & Sumrall (1993)

-, -,

Zoubir-Shaw & Oxford (1994)

-

(2003: 40)

7.

/-

vs -

()

-

Bedell (1993b)

, -

Yang (1992) -

Chang (1990) Nogushi (1991) -

,

Dreyer (1992) -, -

Green (1991) - -, -

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139

Green & Oxford (1993)

- -, -,-

(2003: 41)

, , Peacock (2001), Peacock & Ho (2003), Griffi ths (2003) Tercanlioglu (2004), - .

2.3.

, Alexander Schwa-nanenfl ugel (1994) (1998), . , Artelt, Schellhas Lompscher (1994) - -, . , - - (Jonassen & Grabowski 1993, Artelt, Schellhas, Lompscher 1995). , , ( 1997). , Zimmerman Martinez-Pons (1990), , , , .

(Watanabe 1990, Chang 1991, Green 1992, Bedell 1993, Park 1994, Griffi ths 2003, Peacock & Ho 2003) .

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140

- , , .

, - - . Skehan (1989), - , . , .

- - , , (Halbach 1999).

, , - , (Brown et al . 1983).

2.4.

1) - , 2) , -, 3) - , , , 2 (Derry & Mur-phy 1986, Pearson & Dole 1987, Hillocks 1994) .

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141

- , , , , , .. - - .

1970 , , - , . , , , - (Brown et al . 1983).

(, , ) - . Dansereau (1985), ( Murder). , , , .

- 2 Derry (1984). , -, , , - . Weinstein (Weinstein & Underwood 1985) -, - - . , , - ,

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142

, .

, -, - , . Paris (1988a) :

, - , . , - , . , - -. , - - .

, Carroll (1981) Anderson (1985), - 2, - .

, - , . OMalley Chamot - - (deductive strategies), - , - .

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143

, , - (Chesterfi eld and Chesterfi eld 1985, Pardon and Waxman 1988), , OMalley Chamot (1990), , - , .

2.5.

Kluwe Friedrichsen (1985), - . - , . , - (Nilsson 1987). , , , , .

Gardner MacIntyre (1993) - - , Schumann & Schumann (1977) Larsen-Freeman Long (1991) .

Stern (1983), , , .

, , - , / - .

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144

, , , , .

2.5.1.

(stress) - (Tobias 1986, Ey-senck et al. 1987, Booth-Butterfi eld 1991). - (Ely 1986, MacIn-tyre & Gardner 1991, MacIntyre 1994, Vanzile-Tamsen 1998). (MacIntyre & Gardner 1991) .

, - , , (Spielberg 1983).

, , .

- , .. , - , , ..

. , Wigfi eld Sarason (1989), , -. , , , , (Pintrich & Schunk 1996, 2002).

Hagtvet (1983) , ,

.indb 144 .indb 144 10/3/2011 9:31:17 10/3/2011 9:31:17

145

Efklides (1997) Efklides, Papadaki, Papantoniou Kiosseoglou (1999).

Eysenck (1979) Spielberg (1983) - - , . , , (Swain & Burnaby 1976) (Genesee & Hamayan 2000).

MacIntyre & Gardner (1991), , - , , - . Spielberg (1983), , , .. . - , , - , .

Culler & Holahan (1980) Hodapp & Henneberger (1983) - . - - , , . , , , -, . - , , , - , . , Sarason (1986), , - , .

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146

2.5.2.

Beebe (1983) (self-esteem), - , . (Chern 1993, Eisele 1996, Sutarso 1996) - . - , (Rubin 1999).

H Parsons (1983) : ) ( , - ), ) - ( , , - , ) ) ( , ).

Krashen (1988) - -. - , . - .

, , . Rubin (1999) . , - , ( 2002).

, , - ,

.indb 146 .indb 146 10/3/2011 9:31:18 10/3/2011 9:31:18

147

, , - . , - , ( 2004).

2.5.3.

- , , (Heckhausen 1991).

: , - (Atkinson 1964). () (Ach 1910, 2002), (Hebb 1949).

O Wundt (1896, 2002) , . -, Ach (1910, 2002) Hebb (1949) -, . - , .

James (1890, 2002) : . , - , - , -, , , . Kuhl (1985), ,

.indb 147 .indb 147 10/3/2011 9:31:18 10/3/2011 9:31:18

148

.

, - , - (), .

Ach (1910, 2002) , :

1. , - () , 2. , , 3. , - 4. , .

-. , - , , (-) .

, , - , - . -, , , - - .

(language aptitude) -, (Gardner 1985).

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149

, Gardner, : (integrative) - (instrumental). , - . , , .

Gardner Lambert (1972) Gardner (1985) . , - , , - . - , , . Drnyei & Thurrell (1991), , (intermediate level). , - . -, .

Ramage (1990) , - , , , , - .

, , , (intrinsic) - (extrinsic) (Brown 1991). -, - , , . , - (Spaulding 1992). (Clement and Kruidenie r 1985), / (Skehan 1989) - (Drnyei 1991).

OMalley & Chamot (1990)

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150

, Oxford Shearin (1994) - .

Dole (1996) Tuckman (1994), . - -, - , , (Ely 1986, Scarcella and Oxford 1992, Gardner 1996).

Crookes & Schmidt (1991) - . -, .

, , .

2.6.

. - (Nenniger 1992). . , - , . - - .

(1997), , - .

.indb 150 .indb 150 10/3/2011 9:31:18 10/3/2011 9:31:18

151

, , , .. .

Gardner Lambert (1959) : - (integrative motivation) (instrumental motivation).

- 2, - 2.

, , - , .

(Okada, Oxford & Abo 1996, Schmidt et al. 1996, Cohen & Dornyei 2002). , - / . Oller Perkins ( Ellis 1994) -, . , - - -, (Machiavellian Motivation).

, Ramage (1990) - . - 2. . - Ellis (1994), - .

( ) (- 1997). , 4.5.1, .

.indb 151 .indb 151 10/3/2011 9:31:18 10/3/2011 9:31:18

152

, , , , - (Krau 1982). , - (Entwistle 1992, Nenniger 1992).

Murray (1938), - , ( ), - , - (- ).

, McClelland A tkinson 1953. , , , , - , - . - , .

1) , 2) , , , 3) . , 1) , 2) , , 3) . , Atkinson (1964), : .

- - . , McKeachie, Pintrich, Lin Smith (1986) -

.indb 152 .indb 152 10/3/2011 9:31:18 10/3/2011 9:31:18

153

, - . , Pintrich De Groot (1990), , - .

Pokay Blumenfeld (1990) - , , - . - . , , , .

, Schiefele (1991), Renninger (1998), Krapp (1999), Pintrich (1999) , , , .

, , - , - .

2.7.

Gardner Lambert (1972) , . Gardner (1985, 1979) , -, . Brown (1980), , , , .

.indb 153 .indb 153 10/3/2011 9:31:19 10/3/2011 9:31:19

154

: ) , ) ) ( 2002). - .

Gardner (1985), - , - . . , - , , , , - .

Guiora, Brannon Dull (1975) , - , , , - - . , .

, . , , - - . . , - - .

Trylong (1987) , , () . - , -

.indb 154 .indb 154 10/3/2011 9:31:19 10/3/2011 9:31:19

155

. , , . Trylong , .

(-) , -. .

2.8.

, , , . , - .

- . Burstal (1975) ( ) - . , , - , . , , . , - - , , , .

, Genesee, Lindholm, Saunders & Christian (2005) . - - , -

.indb 155 .indb 155 10/3/2011 9:31:19 10/3/2011 9:31:19

156

( 2). - , . , - , , , - .

, - 1 2. - 1 2, 2, - . Svanes (1988) .

Svanes (1988) 2 . , . , . , - . , , Svanes 2. - : 1) , 2) 3) . , .

, Svanes 2, , ( ) ( - ).

.indb 156 .indb 156 10/3/2011 9:31:19 10/3/2011 9:31:19

157

, , .

Psaltou-Joycey (2008), 177 - , , , , - , . .

, - . - , , - -, , . , - . , - , , - -, .

, Chang (1991), Oh (1992), Bedell (1993), Rossi-Le (1995), Griffi ths & Parr (2000), Usuki (2000, Psal-tou-Joycey 2008).

, - 2. , ..,