PBBThe United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The UN Headquarters is situated in Manhattan, New York City and enjoys extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.Promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religionMain purpose of UN, to prevent war, has clearly not been achieved.The 2003 invasion of Iraq, UN resolutions have arguably been used as a justification for wars, rather than to prevent them. Research shows that the number of armed conflicts in the world rose steadily in the years after 1945 and has only begun to plateau or fall since the end of the Cold War.

Responsible for women's rights issues include United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, a commission of ECOSOC founded in 1946; the United Nations Development Fund for Women, created in 1976; and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, founded in 1979.UN ignores or enables human rights abusesIt has stood by during episodes of genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo and Yugoslavia among many others, tolerates some of the worlds worst dictatorships as members, and does nothing to improve the situation of women in developing nations. Indeed, where UN peacekeepers have been sent into war-torn countries, they have sometimes been guilty of the most horrendous human rights abuses themselves.As of 2011, the UNs Human Rights Council itself is comprised of members such as Saudi Arabia, Cuba and China

Primarily fight to keep peace between the countries. it gives a place for all the countries to come to and work out their problems or issues in a peaceful manner. UN decision-making procedures are very inefficient.

The General Assembly is little more than a forum for world leaders and ambassadors to lambaste each other. The Security Council is systemically unable to take decisive action in many of the worlds trouble-spots due to its outdated permanent membership structure, which gives five nations a totally disproportionate power to prevent the world body from acting against their interests. In the UNs 65 years, the veto has been used nearly 300 times

Provide humanitarian assistance to many poor countries and has fought terrorism

Many UN bodies are corrupt or compromised.The NGO UN Watch has accused the HRC focusing almost exclusively on alleged human rights abuses by Israel to the exclusion of almost every other country. There have been widespread allegations of corruption in UN bodies. It is for these reasons that the US long refused to pay its full dues to the United Nations and threatens to do so again in future, as well as withholding funding from UNESCO in 2011 after it voted to recognize Palestine as an independent state.

Most international co-operation can takes place outside UN framework

The major economic, political and trade issues around the world are almost all dealt with either through bilateral agreements between nations or by specialised bodies set up for that purpose the World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO and so on. In all of these fields the UN is little more than an irrelevance. Even where the UN does get involved in international affairs such as in the Libyan crisis of 2011 it is other bodies, in that case NATO, which serve as the vehicle for international cooperation

ENVIRONMENT- GREEN TECHThe term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes.Green technologies encompass various aspects of technology which help us reduce the human impact on the environment and create ways of sustainable development. Social equitability, economic feasibility and sustainability are the key parameters for green technologies. reduce carbon emissions and control temperature rise, which can be addressed by the use of green technologies such as sustainable manufacturing, green buildings, fuel efficient transportation, paperless offices, energy efficiency measures, waste recycling etc. Corporate Benefits: Green technologies like green buildings, energy efficiency measures, green manufacturing etc have qualified as energy and resource savers. Usage of efficient lighting, air-conditioning etc. not only saves money at the consumers end but it also results in significant savings at the power production end. Benefits to the Rural Areas: Green technologies involve humans in a much bigger way than conventional technologies and thereby empower them by giving them responsibilities and avenues to gain, learn and progress. Provision of bio-gas plants to rural households has empowered communities and has increased their productivity. Benefit to the urban areas: Taking into account the current chaotic situation of the cities of the world one can easily argue that they need to take urgent environment improvement measures. Cities which actively pursued their environmental concerns in the last ten years are showing a marked improvement in their environment quality parameters. Generate electricity, heat, or fuel for use within the establishment from: Wind (Aeolic) Energy Geothermal Energy Ocean (Tidal) Energy Hydropower Biomass Solar Power Land Fill Gas (LFG) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)Use of technologies or practices to reduce the creation or release of pollutants or toxic compounds as a result. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) methods that do not produce hazardous secondary waste or by-products Catalytic/Thermal destruction of NOX (or alternative methods of Nitrogen Oxides reduction/elimination including Fluidized Bed Combustion) Dioxins reduction/removal methods and/or practices Other Thermal Oxidizers or Wet Scrubbers to Neutralize Chemicals or Heavy Metals Solvent recovery systems Low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) paints and sealers

Natural Resource Conservation: Managing land resources Managing storm water Conserving soil, water, or wildlife Practice of no-tillage or conservation tillage agriculture Organic agriculture Agroforestry or permaculture Implementing a paperless office or reducing paper usage and consumption

Korea, China, U.SOnly one modern nation state has been divided nearly 68 years, suffered over four decades of harsh foreign occupation, and relies not on a peace treaty but a 60-year-old truce. That country is Koreaa tragedy by any standard in todays world.The Korean War (25 June 1950 27 July 1953) was a war between the Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), at one time supported by China and the Soviet Union. It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World WarII. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World WarII. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.The cause of the problem of North Korea is the lack of a peace treaty following the 1953 Armistice that halted the Korean War. Because there has been no permanent peace, the Korean Peninsula is inherently unstable in a neighborhood in which the interests of four major powers converge: China, Russia, Japan, and the United States.The world medias obsession with North Korea, its bizarre behavior and larger-than-life threats ignore the fact the North has remained a festering problem in international relations for decades. Since 1990, the almost exclusive international focus has been on Pyongyangs nuclear program. The Norths nuclear capability is extremely important and cannot be ignored, but the nuclear issue wont be solved by focusing on it alone.The only lasting way to solve the problems presented by North Korea is to bring about a permanent peace agreement for a peninsula still in a state of war that will lay the basis for eventual reunification. In the process, the nuclear issue will be resolved as part of comprehensive mutual security arrangements. It has been less an issue of North Korea possibly attacking the U.S. or Japan, but more the risk of it undertaking new provocations against South Korea. Because the South is highly motivated to respond to the Norths threats, there is the ever-present danger of miscalculation by either side. Small actions can easily be misinterpreted and tensions can ratchet up in the blink of an eye. A second Korean War easily could begin unintentionally in any number of ways.The North Korean leadership is not suicidal, but as some analysts conjecture, the regime knows its weaknesses and feels increasingly cornered. Under present conditions, it might risk it all because everything it holds dear, in its judgment, is already endangered. The North may choose to gamble on a lightning-fast reunification drive, seizing what territory it can, to bring it a greater chance of regime survival.For the past five years, South Korean policy has amounted to waiting for an impending North Korean collapse. The previous Lee Myung-bak administration thought the best way to deal with North Korea was to do little other than wait and pick up the pieces after it fell apart on its own accord. But this did not happen, even upon Kim Jong Ils death, and South Koreas policy of no engagement or aid to the North under almost any circumstances ended unsuccessfully. In fact, it arguably created a vacuum of relations that the North filled in 2010 when it sunk a South Korean naval vessel and shelled an island near the DMZ.The new South Korean administration of President Park Geun-hye, which took office in late February after the Norths third nuclear test, is attempting to establish a new policy of trust politict, designed to separate the nuclear issue from other aspects of inter-Korean relations. The precedent of the 1997-98 Four Party Talks, which included the U.S., China and the two Koreas. Its purpose was to lay the basis for the successful conclusion of a peace agreement which would bring lasting peace and stability to the Korean Peninsula and contribute greatly to the peace and stability of the entire region. These talks should have continued, but they fell apart because of mutual mistrust between the U.S. and North Korea. Discussion of a peace agreement should no longer be taboo in South Korea or the U.S., and only these two presidents can bring this sea change in policy direction. Interim steps will surely be needed, as noted by analyst Leon Sigal, but a treaty ending the Korean War must be the final goal.A Korean peace treaty is a vital necessity, and the joint responsibility of the two Koreas and four major powers. It is the only comprehensive solution, which can deal with all outstanding political and security issues as part of its settlement. Otherwise who knows what the next crisis on the Korean Peninsula will bring.German east and west conflict Cold warThe Cold War was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States with NATO and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in Warsaw Pact). Historians have not fully agreed on the dates, but 19471991 is common. It was "cold" because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars in Korea and Vietnam. The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences over capitalism and democracy. The Berlin Wall was both the physical division between West Berlin and East Germany from 1961 to 1989 and the symbolic boundary between democracy and Communism during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was erected in the dead of night and for 28 years kept East Germans from fleeing to the West. Its destruction, which was nearly as instantaneous as its creation, was celebrated around the world. The entire German territory was occupied by foreign armies, forming four occupation zones. In 1946 the United States and Britain formed the Bizone, which was later on joined by France to build the Trizone in 1949. The growing conflicts between the Western Allies and Russia led to the approval by the Western military governors of the new Basic Law on May 23, 1949, and on that date a new state, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or BRD) came into existence. Only a couple of months later, in the soviet occupation zone the new People's Council was convened for the first time on October 7, 1949, and on the same day the constitution of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or DDR) went into effect. During the following four decades, both German countries chose to follow completely different paths, both from a political as well as economical perspective. After a short but powerful period of peaceful manifestations in Eastern Germany, on November 9, 1989 the GDR border police unexpectedly opened the Berlin Wall.On October 3, 1990 the Eastern German Volkskammer agreed to the German unification, and on midnight that same day, the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany. East Germany was a state within the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period. From 1949 to 1990, it administered the region of Germany which was occupied by Soviet forces at the end of the Second World Warthe Soviet Occupation Zone of the Potsdam Agreement, bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it; as a result, West Berlin remained outside the control of the GDR West Germany (German: Westdeutschland) is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland or BRD) in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period is often referred to as the Bonn Republic by academic historians.

Currency exchangeIn finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one countrys currency in terms of another currency. Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which is open to a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers where currency trading is continuous: 24 hours a day except weekends. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).Increased demand for a currency can be due to either an increased transaction demand for money or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand is highly correlated to a country's level of business activity, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment levels. The more people that are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Currency exchange rates affect travel, exports, imports and the economy. The Impact on TravelersIf US$1 buys 0.7euros,U.S.citizens will be more reluctant to travel across the pond. That's because everything from food to souvenirs would be more expensive - about 43% more expensive than if the two currencies were trading atparity. The Impact on Corporations and EquitiesThe impact that this scenario would have on corporations (particularly large multi-nationals) is a little more complex because these businesses often conduct transactions in a number of different currencies and tend to obtain theirraw materialsfrom a wide variety of sources. By definition, these decreased margins would likely have an adverse impact on overall corporate profits, and therefore onequityvaluations in the domestic market. In other words, stock prices may drop due to these lower earnings and forecasts for future profit potential.