Republican Republican Politics:Politics:

Harding, Coolidge, Harding, Coolidge, and Hooverand Hoover

Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding Twenty-Ninth President Twenty-Ninth President

(1921-1923)(1921-1923) Born: November 2, Born: November 2,

1865 1865 Did not approve of the Did not approve of the

League of NationsLeague of Nations Won election with 60% Won election with 60%

of the national vote.of the national vote. Successfully cut taxes Successfully cut taxes

and designed budgetand designed budget Scandelous Scandelous

administration and administration and ineffective governor ineffective governor

Died: August 2, 1923 Died: August 2, 1923

Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge Thirtieth President Thirtieth President

(1923-1929)(1923-1929) Born: July 4, 1872 Born: July 4, 1872 Became President Became President

when Warren G. when Warren G. Harding diedHarding died

Isolationist foreign Isolationist foreign policypolicy

Favored tax cuts and Favored tax cuts and limited aid to farmers limited aid to farmers

Died: January 5, 1933 Died: January 5, 1933

Herbert Clark HooverHerbert Clark Hoover Herbert Hoover was born in Herbert Hoover was born in

West Branch, Iowa in 1874. West Branch, Iowa in 1874. He was a member of the He was a member of the

inaugural class at Stanford inaugural class at Stanford University where he studied University where he studied geology.geology.

Hoover’s wife, the former Lou Hoover’s wife, the former Lou Henry, was athletic and Henry, was athletic and brilliant. She was the first brilliant. She was the first woman to graduate from woman to graduate from Stanford and met Herbert in the Stanford and met Herbert in the geology lab. geology lab.

Lou Hoover spoke five Lou Hoover spoke five languages, assisted her husband languages, assisted her husband in his geology and engineering in his geology and engineering work, often translating his work, often translating his articles and books. articles and books.

She was a world traveler and She was a world traveler and often assisted her husband in often assisted her husband in the cultural necessities for the cultural necessities for international business. international business.

Hoovers’ Mining CareerHoovers’ Mining Career Herbert made a specialty Herbert made a specialty

of turning around of turning around struggling operations struggling operations with organization and with organization and technology technology

His wife helped translate His wife helped translate his work and bridge the his work and bridge the cultural gaps in foreign cultural gaps in foreign nations. Their work made nations. Their work made them wealthy.them wealthy.

They were forced to flee They were forced to flee China for a time during China for a time during the Boxer Rebellion, an the Boxer Rebellion, an insurrection aimed at insurrection aimed at purging the nation of purging the nation of western influence. western influence.

While in London, at the While in London, at the outbreak of the First outbreak of the First World War, the Hoovers World War, the Hoovers organized an impromptu organized an impromptu organization to evacuate organization to evacuate expatriated and expatriated and vacationing Americans vacationing Americans from Europe. from Europe.

BelgiumBelgium During WWI, Germany invaded During WWI, Germany invaded

Belgium on the way France. Belgium on the way France. Britain and France placed a Britain and France placed a

blockade on the Central Powers blockade on the Central Powers which kept them from importing which kept them from importing food. food.

Germany no longer had enough Germany no longer had enough food for its own population, let food for its own population, let alone occupied countries such as alone occupied countries such as Belgium.Belgium.

Hoover, living in London, Hoover, living in London, organized his entire mining firm as organized his entire mining firm as a relief operation for Belgium. a relief operation for Belgium.

Hoover negotiated with the Allied Hoover negotiated with the Allied nations to allow the relief ships nations to allow the relief ships through the blockade and through the blockade and negotiated with the Germans to not negotiated with the Germans to not attack the ships with submarines. attack the ships with submarines.

““Hooverizing”Hooverizing” Woodrow Wilson placed Woodrow Wilson placed

Hoover in charge of Hoover in charge of agricultural production for the agricultural production for the American war effort. American war effort.

Hoover was immediately Hoover was immediately successful.successful.

In addition to rationalizing the In addition to rationalizing the American production system, American production system, Hoover convinced Americans Hoover convinced Americans that it was patriotic to go that it was patriotic to go without in war time. without in war time.

Cutting back became known Cutting back became known as “Hooverizing,” rationing as “Hooverizing,” rationing was one way that World War I was one way that World War I affected people on the home affected people on the home front. front.

Seeking to manage domestic Seeking to manage domestic consumption in order to feed consumption in order to feed the U.S. Army and to assist the U.S. Army and to assist Allied armies and civilians., Allied armies and civilians., the U.S. Food Administration the U.S. Food Administration declared “Food Will Win the declared “Food Will Win the War.”War.”

““They will be fed!”They will be fed!” Following the war, Hoover Following the war, Hoover

turned the United States Food turned the United States Food Administration into a relief Administration into a relief organization for the devastated organization for the devastated populations, including the populations, including the defeated Central Powers, in defeated Central Powers, in Europe. Europe.

American aid fed two million American aid fed two million people per day in Poland alone. people per day in Poland alone.

When a critic accused Hoover When a critic accused Hoover of helping the Bolsheviks by of helping the Bolsheviks by providing food aid to the Soviet providing food aid to the Soviet Union, Hoover responded in Union, Hoover responded in the following speech, “Twenty the following speech, “Twenty million people are starving. million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they Whatever their politics, they will be fed.”will be fed.”

Secretary of CommerceSecretary of Commerce With Hoover was invited to With Hoover was invited to

serve in the cabinet as serve in the cabinet as Secretary of Commerce of Secretary of Commerce of Republican President Warren Republican President Warren G. Harding. G. Harding.

While many members of the While many members of the Harding cabinet were Harding cabinet were implicated in controversies and implicated in controversies and scandals, Hoover remained scandals, Hoover remained unscathed and, thus, retained unscathed and, thus, retained his post under Calvin Coolidge.his post under Calvin Coolidge.

By the 1920’s the American By the 1920’s the American economy was transformed, economy was transformed, industry and commerce, rather industry and commerce, rather than agriculture, now provided than agriculture, now provided the backbone of the American the backbone of the American economy. economy.

As Commerce Secretary, As Commerce Secretary, Hoover was in the middle of Hoover was in the middle of the economic transformation, the economic transformation, leading to the impression, that leading to the impression, that Herbert Hoover was Herbert Hoover was everywhere. everywhere.

Prohibition of Intoxication Prohibition of Intoxication LiquorsLiquors

The Eighteenth Amendment The Eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1919. was passed in 1919.

This Amendment started This Amendment started prohibition in the United prohibition in the United States that lasted through States that lasted through the 1920s and was a major the 1920s and was a major issue throughout the entire issue throughout the entire decade. decade.

It was supposed to decrease It was supposed to decrease criminal activity but criminal activity but normally law abiding normally law abiding citizens were breaking the citizens were breaking the law by making, drinking or law by making, drinking or selling alcohol. selling alcohol.

The Volstead Act The Volstead Act The 18th Amendment The 18th Amendment

was ratified in 1919 and was ratified in 1919 and took effect in 1920. took effect in 1920.

The Volstead Act The Volstead Act clarified the new rules clarified the new rules surrounding prohibition. surrounding prohibition.

President Wilson vetoed President Wilson vetoed the Volstead Act on the Volstead Act on constitutional grounds. constitutional grounds.

His veto was overridden His veto was overridden by Congress. by Congress.

Special stamps were required for medicinal liquors under the Volstead Act.

"A Noble Experiment" "A Noble Experiment"

The sale, The sale, transport, and transport, and consumption of consumption of intoxicating intoxicating beverages became beverages became illegal.illegal.

Many law-abiding Many law-abiding Americans defied Americans defied the regulations.the regulations.

The black market The black market for alcohol was a for alcohol was a boon for organized boon for organized crime.crime.

Detroit police discover a clandestine still