Republic of the Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority CRS Onion Report.pdf · Onion (allium cepa L.), locally known as “sibuyas”, is commonly used as seasoning in many food

Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Statistics Authority BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

APRIL 2014

i

FOREWORD

The Philippine Statistics Authority - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA–

BAS) conducted Costs and Returns Survey (CRS) of Onion Production in August

2013. The CRS was designed to generate data on the cost structure of onion

production, average use of materials and labor inputs and measures of profitability

of onion farming in the five (5) major producing provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte,

Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental.

The costs and returns data contained in this report are presented by variety

(red onion and multiplier onion) and by province. This report includes other socio-

economic variables related to onion production. The reference period of the survey

is the last completed harvest within July 2012 to June 2013.

The PSA-BAS gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the

National Rice Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA). Further, the PSA-BAS

deeply appreciates the cooperation of the respondents who were interviewed by the

Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs) during the survey.

We welcome comments and suggestions from our various users for the

improvement of our data system on cost of production.

ROMEO S. RECIDE

Director

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Rationale 1

B. Objectives 1

II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY 2

A. Coverage 2

B. Reference Period 2

C. Sampling Frame 2

D. Sampling Design, Sample Size and Sample Selection Procedure 2

III. SURVEY OPERATION 3

A. Pre-survey Training 3

B. Data Collection 3

C. Supervision of Field Operations 4

IV. DATA PROCESSING 4

V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS 4

VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SURVEY FINDINGS 5

A. Characteristics of Onion Farmers 5

B. Farm Characteristics 6

C. Farm Practices 7

D. Input Usage 12

E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Onion by Variety 15

F. Other Information 20

STATISTICAL TABLES 26

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

1 Percentage distribution of onion farmers by sex, selected

provinces, July 2012-June 2013 27

2 Average age of onion farmers and percentage distribution

by age group, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 27

3 Percentage distribution of onion farmers by educational

attainment, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 28

4 Average farming experience of onion farmers and percentage

distribution by number of years engaged in onion production,

selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 28

5 Percentage distribution of onion farmers by main occupation,


6 Average farm size, area planted and harvested of onion focus

farm parcels, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 29

7 Average area planted and harvested by variety, selected


8 Percentage distribution of onion farm parcels by tenurial

status, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 30

9 Percentage of onion farmers by type of farm investment,


10 Percentage distribution of onion farmers by number of

cropping per year, selected provinces,

July 2012-June 2013 32

11 Percentage distribution of onion farmers by variety planted,


12 Percentage of onion farmers by source of seeds, selected


13 Percentage of onion farmers planting other crops, selected


14 Percentage distribution of onion farmers by variety planted and

method of planting, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 34

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15 Percentage distribution of onion farmers by month of planting

and harvesting, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 34

16a Percentage of onion farmers by method of land preparation and

type of labor used, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 35

16b Percentage of onion farmers by method of weeding, selected


17 Percentage of onion farmers by type of solid fertilizers

used and variety planted, selected provinces,

July 2012-June 2013 36

18 Percentage of onion farmers by type of liquid fertilizers used and

variety planted, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 36

19 Percentage of onion farmers by type of pesticides used and


20 Average quantity of planting materials used per hectare by

mode of acquisition and variety planted, selected


21 Average quantity of solid fertilizers applied per hectare by


22 Average quantity of liquid fertilizers applied per hectare by


23 Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare by


24 Average quantity of mulching materials used per hectare by


25 Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and

variety, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 40

26 Average labor utilization per hectare of onion production by

source of labor and variety planted, selected provinces,

July 2012-June 2013 40

27 Average labor utilization per hectare of red onion production

by farm activity, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 41

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28 Average labor utilization per hectare of multiplier onion

production by farm activity, selected provinces,

July 2012-June 2013 42

29 Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare,


30 Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs,


31 Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns per

hectare, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 46

32 Multiplier Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs,



Pangasinan, July 2012 - June 2013 49


Pangasinan, July 2012 - June 2013 51


Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013 52


Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013 54


Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013 55


Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013 57

39 Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns

per hectare, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013 58


Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013 60

41 Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns

per hectare, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013 61


Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013 63

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43a Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs

and returns of onion per hectare by major cost item,


43b Inter-provincial comparison of profitability of onion production,


44 Percentage distribution of onion produce by disposition item,


45 Percentage of onion farmers reporting on current level of

production in comparison with the same period last year,


46 Percentage of onion farmers with higher volume of production

this year by reason for change in production,


47 Percentage of onion farmers with lower volume of production

this year by reason for change in production,


48 Percentage of onion farmers reporting problems on production,

selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013 67

49 Percentage of onion farmers who sold produce by major buyer,


50 Percentage of onion farmers reporting problems on marketing

of produce, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 68

51 Percentage of onion farmers who availed of loans for onion

production and by source of loan, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013 69

52 Percentage of onion farmers who are aware and availed of benefit

from government programs/interventions in onion production,


53 Percentage of onion farmers who received benefit from

government programs/interventions on onion production,


54 Percentage of onion farmers who used the benefit received and

increased farm income, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 70

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55 Percentage of onion farmers by perceived effect of climate

change on their farming practices, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013 71

56 Percentage of onion farmers practicing natural farming using

organic fertilizers, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 71

57 Percentage of onion farmers who are members of farmers'

organization and by type of benefit received, selected

provinces, July 2012 - June 2013 72

58 Percentage distribution of onion farmers reporting on the plan

of farm operation, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013 72

59 Percentage of onion farmers reporting on the recommendations

to further improve the onion production, selected provinces,

July 2012-June 2013 73

1

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Rationale

Onion (allium cepa L.), locally known as “sibuyas”, is commonly used as

seasoning in many food preparation and the most indispensable culinary

ingredient in the world. Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp and

pungent or mild and sweet. Its pungent aroma and sharp taste makes it ideal for

spicing up meat, salads and vegetable dishes. It is also used to cure a wide array

of physiological disorders such as cough, obesity, insomnia, hemorrhoid and

constipation. Onions are rich in vitamins and minerals that are essential to our

body to fight against common cold, heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and

other diseases.

Widely cultivated in the Philippines are bulb onions (e.g. red creole and

yellow granex) which are grown from seeds, while multiplier onions (shallot or

native onion) are raised from bulbs which produce multiple shoots, each of which

forms a bulb. Onion production in the Philippines posted an average annual

growth rate of 4.94 percent over the past ten (10) years from 2004 to 2013. The

country produced 134,161 metric tons of onion in 2013.

Onions are grown both for the local and export markets. The profitability of

onion farming is one of the primary concerns of policy makers in setting up goals

and strategies as they look forward to developing the sector in a globally

competitive arena. This is similarly the concern of agribusiness players who are

interested to venture in onion farming. Hence, there is a growing demand for data

on costs and returns of production. However, the conduct of Costs and Returns

Survey has not yet been made a regular undertaking of the Philippine Statistics

Authority-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA-BAS) given the limited regular

budget of the Bureau. With the funding support from the National Rice Program

of the Department of Agriculture (D.A.), the PSA-BAS conducted the 2013 Costs

and Returns Survey of Onion Production.

B. Objectives

The general objective of the survey is to generate data on costs and returns of

onion production. Specifically, the survey aims to:

• establish an updated production costs structure;

• determine indicators of profitability such as gross and net returns,

returns above cash cost, returns above variable cost, etc.;

• come up with updated data sets on average use of material and labor

inputs; and,

• generate other related socio-economic variables.

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II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY

A. Coverage

The domain of the survey was the province. The 2013 Costs and Returns

Survey of Onion Production covered the five (5) onion producing provinces.

These were Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija and Mindoro

Occidental.

Onion farmers who harvested onion within the reference period and

knowledgeable on the details of onion farming, particularly on the investments,

material inputs, labor expenses incurred and the disposition of produce served as

samples of the survey.

B. Reference Period

The survey was conducted in August 2013. The reference period of the Costs

and Returns Survey of Onion Production was the last completed harvest within

July 2012 to June 2013.

C. Sampling Frame

The lists of onion producing barangays with cumulative share of 80 percent

based on the total area planted served as the sampling frame. These barangays

were identified using the information from the Barangay Agricultural Profiling

Survey (BAPS). The ranking of barangays was updated through interview of key

informants such as Municipal Agricultural Officers (MAOs), Agricultural

Technicians (ATs) and Barangay Officials.

D. Sampling Design, Sample Size and Sample Selection Procedure

A two-stage sampling design was employed with the barangay as the primary

sampling unit and the sample farmer as the secondary sampling unit. The

barangays were drawn using systematic sampling from an ordered list of

barangays. The sample farmers were identified in each sample barangay using

snowball approach during data collection.

The total number of sample barangays per province was fifteen or less. If the

number of major producing barangays that contributed to 80 percent based on

area planted were more than 15, 15 barangays were selected. Those provinces

with less than 15, all barangays were completely enumerated. The use of

systematic sampling ensured representation of the barangays in the province in

terms of area planted to onion. The total number of sample farmers per province

was set at 75 and equally allocated to the sample barangays. The list of sample

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barangays per province and corresponding number of farmers were provided to

the Provincial Operations Center (POC) prior to the survey.

During data collection, sample farmers were located using snowball

sampling. The names and addresses of onion farmers residing in the barangay

were obtained from the office of the barangay chairman or any other key

informants in the barangay. It served as the data collector’s starting point in

searching for potential sample farmers.

A set of screening questions was applied to confirm if those listed actually

harvested onion during the reference period and satisfied the other criteria for

enumeration.

Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified or not, he/she was asked to

identify other farmers of onion in the barangay to be added in the initial list. The

search continued, and the farmer who met the criteria specified in the screening

questions was qualified as sample for the survey and was interviewed using the

questionnaire for the 2013 Survey on Costs and Returns of Onion Production . If

the interview was successfully carried out (meaning, all the needed information

have been supplied), the household number, full name and residential address of

the sample farmer were written in the List of Sample Farmers. The enumerator

selected again any farmer in the list as the next potential sample for the survey.

The process continued until the required number of samples in the barangay was

covered.

III. SURVEY OPERATION

A. Pre-survey Training

Two (2) levels of training were conducted. This activity aimed to have

uniform understanding of the concepts and procedures used during the course of

field operations.

The first level training involved the selected Central Office (C.O.) Staff who

served as trainers in the next level of training. The second level training was for

the Provincial Operations Center (POC) Staff and Contractual Data Collectors

(CDCs).

B. Data Collection

Data collection was carried out by the Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs)

through personal (face-to-face) interview of the sample farmer in sample

barangays using structured questionnaire. The following activities were

performed during data collection:

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• The usual courtesy call on the Barangay Officials to get permission on the

conduct of the survey;

• Requested assistance from the Barangay Officials in identifying the names

and addresses of onion farmers residing in the barangay.

• Located the residences of the identified onion farmers and asked the

screening questions to determine if the potential sample farmer was

qualified for the survey.

• Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified for the survey or not,

he/she was asked to identify other onion farmers in the barangay which

were added in the list, then the search for potential sample farmers

continued until the required sample size for the barangay was achieved.

C. Supervision of Field Operations

Field supervision was conducted by POC Staff and selected Central Office

(C.O.) personnel. Among the tasks carried out by field supervisors were the

conduct of spot checking, monitoring of data collectors work, field editing of

survey returns, back-checking the work of CDCs and preparation of field

supervision report. These activities were undertaken to ensure the quality of data

that were collected.

IV. DATA PROCESSING

Editing and coding of survey returns were done twice. Initial editing of

questionnaires was done at the Provincial Operations Centers (POCs) upon

submission of the accomplished questionnaires by the CDCs. The POC staff served

as editors. Counter editing of questionnaires was done by selected personnel of

Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division (AASID), the lead

implementing unit at the Central Office (CO) upon submission of the edited and

coded survey returns.

Electronic data processing was done at Central Office using CSPro–based

data capture program that the Information and Communication Technology

Division (ICTD) developed. Training session on the use of data capture program

was conducted in preparation for the said activity. After the data encoding, data

cleaning was done at the AASID using MS Excel program. The output of the data

cleaning was the final set of raw data files which were used for the generation of

data tables.

V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS

Selected personnel of AASID conducted the review and analysis of the micro

data files to ensure consistency, completeness and verification of extreme values.

Extreme data were verified from the submitted questionnaires. The generated

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data tables were validated and compared with the results of the 2006 Costs and

Returns Survey of Onion Production and other relevant surveys.

VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SURVEY FINDINGS

A. Characteristics of Onion farmers

(Tables 1-5)

Sex, Age, Educational Attainment and Farming Experience

• In the five (5) provinces covered in the survey, majority of the onion farmers

at 95.07 percent were males. Onion farmers in Ilocos Norte were all males.

This constituted 90.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental.

• Average age of onion farmers was 49 years old. The oldest group of farmers

was found in Nueva Ecija with an average age of 51 years. Farmers in Ilocos

Norte, Ilocos Sur and Pangasinan had an average age of 50 years. The

youngest group of farmers was noted in Mindoro Occidental with an average

of 46 years.

• By age group, onion farmers belonging to 41 to 50 years and 51 to 60 years

comprised the biggest proportion at 29.59 percent each. Only 3.29 percent

were more than 70 years old. Among the provinces surveyed, Nueva Ecija

had the highest proportion of onion farmers belonging to age group 51 to 60

years at 36.62 percent and the least proportion at 1.41 percent were more

than 70 years of age. Those aged 41 to 50 years were noted higher in

Mindoro Occidental at 33.33 percent.

• There were 31.78 percent of onion farmers who finished high school

education, 24.11 percent completed elementary level and 9.32 percent were

college graduates. In Pangasinan, about 51.35 percent of onion farmers were

high school graduates. Those who earned college degree were biggest in

Ilocos Sur at 16.90 percent. About 29.58 percent of the onion farmers in

Nueva Ecija attained elementary education.

• Farming experience of onion farmers averaged 16 years. This ranged from

11 years in Mindoro Occidental to 22 years in Nueva Ecija. Onion farmers

with farming experience of less than 11 years accounted for 44.38 percent

and those with more than 30 years comprised 10.68 percent. The biggest

proportions of onion farmers with less than 11 years of experience were

reported in Ilocos Sur at 53.52 percent and Mindoro Occidental at 64 percent.

In Nueva Ecija, 30.99 percent had 21 to 30 years of farming experience.

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Main Occupation

• Crop farming was the main occupation of 93.15 percent of the onion farmers.

Meanwhile, a few of the onion farmers at 3.84 percent worked as officials of

the government and special interest organizations, corporate executives,

managing proprietors and supervisors. Some 1.64 percent were plant and

machine operators/assemblers. Across provinces surveyed, Ilocos Sur

reported the biggest percentage of onion farmers at 98.59 percent whose

main occupation was crop farming. Ilocos Norte had the least proportion at

85.14 percent. In Ilocos Norte, about 8.11 percent of the onion farmers were

government officials, managers and supervisors.

B. Farm Characteristics

(Tables 6–9)

Farm Size and Area Planted/Harvested to Onion

• On the average, the size of onion farms in the provinces covered was 0.71

hectare. This area ranged from 0.26 hectare in Ilocos Norte to 1.48 hectares

in Mindoro Occidental.

• For this survey, the area planted/harvested of the focus parcel of onion farm

averaged 0.49 hectare. The biggest area planted and harvested to onion was

noted in Nueva Ecija at 0.79 hectare. It was smallest in Ilocos Norte at 0.17

hectare.

• By variety, area planted/harvested to red onion averaged 0.66 hectare. The

average area cultivated to red onion was 0.79 hectare in Nueva Ecija, 0.71

hectare in Mindoro Occidental and 0.48 hectare in Pangasinan. For

multiplier onion variety, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur reported an average

area of 0.17 hectare and 0.29 hectare, respectively.

Tenurial Status

• In the representative provinces, 30.96 percent of onion farm parcels were

fully owned, 37 percent were tenanted, 11.51 percent were leased / rented

and 11.23 percent were held under owner-like possession. The remaining

9.33 percent comprised other tenurial systems like mortgaged, amortized,

rent free and held under CLT/CLOA.

• The proportions of fully owned parcel were biggest in Nueva Ecija at 53.52

percent and in Pangasinan at 39.19 percent. Tenanted farm parcels

comprised 64.79 percent in Ilocos Sur and 62.16 percent in Ilocos Norte. The

onion farm parcels in Mindoro Occidental were dominated by those held

under owner-like possession at 26.67 percent and under leased or rental

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arrangement at 28 percent. Amortized farm parcels were reported only in

Nueva Ecija at 1.41 percent and Mindoro Occidental at 1.33 percent. The

proportion of rent free farm parcels was bigger in Pangasinan at 5.41

percent.

Farm Investments

• When asked on the use of owned farm investment such as work animals on

the focus parcel of onion farm, 21.64 percent of the farmers had carabao and

3.56 percent had cattle. Ownership of carabao was cited by 47.89 percent in

Nueva Ecija and 41.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. There were 8.11

percent who had cattle in Pangasinan. As to farm building and other

structures, 19.18 percent owned farm house and 4.11 percent had

warehouse/ storage. Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental recorded the

biggest percentage of onion farmers with farm house at 40.85 percent and

25.33 percent, respectively.

• For farm machineries, irrigation pump was reported by 69.86 percent of the

onion farmers. By province, ownership of irrigation pump was cited by

45.07 percent in Nueva Ecija to 85.92 percent in Ilocos Sur. Meanwhile,

farmers with two-wheel tractor comprised 15.89 percent while those with

four-wheel tractor were mentioned by 2.19 percent. In Nueva Ecija, about

33.80 percent reported having two-wheel tractor.

• The common farm tools and implements were sprayer, spade and bolo as

reported by 80 percent, 63.29 percent and 56.71 percent, respectively. Some

30.96 percent had harrow and 33.97 percent had plow. Reports on

ownership of post hole digger, spading fork, sleds, weighing scales, hoes,

rakes and sprinklers ranged from 4.38 percent to 30.41 percent.

Provincewise, Nueva Ecija had the biggest percentage of onion farmers with

sprayer, spade and bolo at 89 to 90 percent. Harrow and plow were popular

in Mindoro Occidental with 55 to 57 percent reporting.

C. Farm Practices

(Tables 10–19)

Number of Croppings

• One cropping per year was adopted by all onion farmers in Pangasinan,

Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental. In Ilocos Norte, 79.73 percent reported

one cropping and the rest had two croppings a year. On the other hand, the

practice of two croppings was common among 77.46 percent of the onion

farmers in Ilocos Sur and the remaining 22.54 percent had one cropping.

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Variety Planted

• Across the five (5) provinces covered, cultivation of red onion was

mentioned by 60.27 percent of the onion farmers. Multiplier onion was

planted by 39.73 percent.

• By province, farmers in Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental

planted solely the red onion variety. Growing of multiplier onion was

reported by all the farmers in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur.

Source of Seeds

• The major source of onion seeds was the traders with 53.97 percent of the

onion farmers reporting. There were 29.86 percent who obtained seeds

from their own production. Input dealer was cited by 9.04 percent and co-

farmers by 4.93 percent. Only few sourced their seeds from seed growers

and cooperatives.

• Traders were the primary source of onion seeds of 95.95 percent in

Pangasinan and 84 percent in Mindoro Occidental. Seeds from own

produced were reported by 64.86 percent of the farmers in Ilocos Norte and

85.92 percent in Ilocos Sur. Some 29.58 percent in Nueva Ecija availed seeds

from input dealers.

Other Crops Planted After Onion

• Planting of other crops after onion was a common practice of onion farmers.

Across the provinces covered in the survey, about 84.11 percent planted

palay and 19.73 percent cultivated corn. There were few who reported

planting of vegetables, condiments, legumes and nuts, tobacco and

watermelon.

• Cultivation of palay after onion was reported by all the sample onion farmers

in Ilocos Sur and Mindoro Occidental. This practice was reported by 91.89

percent in Ilocos Norte and 73.24 percent in Nueva Ecija.

• Those who planted corn were 37.84 percent in Pangasinan, 22.54 percent

each in Ilocos Sur and Nueva Ecija, and 16.22 percent in Ilocos Norte.

• Planting of vegetables was usually adopted by 23.94 percent in Nueva Ecija

and 12.16 percent in Ilocos Norte.

9

Variety Planted by Method of Planting

• Direct seeding of multiplier onion variety was practiced by 37 percent of

farmers across the representative provinces. This method was adopted by

13.15 percent of farmers growing the red onion variety. On the other hand,

transplanting was commonly done by 47.12 percent of the farmers who

planted red onion. Only few at 2.74 percent did transplanting of multiplier

onion.

• In Mindoro Occidental, transplanting was the only method used in planting

red onion. This was reported by 94.37 percent in Nueva Ecija and 40.54

percent in Pangasinan. The use of direct seeding for red onion was noted by

59.46 percent of the farmers in Pangasinan.

• For the multiplier onion variety, all farmers in Ilocos Sur performed the

direct seeding method. In Ilocos Norte, there were 86.49 percent who

practiced direct seeding method and 13.51 percent used the transplanting

method.

Months of Planting and Harvesting

• Planting of onion usually took place during the months of October to January

while harvesting was conducted mostly from March to April.

• By province, October was the planting month of 59.15 percent of the onion

farmers in Ilocos Sur and 40.54 percent in Ilocos Norte. There were 40.54

percent in Pangasinan and 56.34 percent in Nueva Ecija who planted onion

during December. In Mindoro Occidental, planting was done in January as

reported by 61.33 percent of the onion farmers.

• Harvesting of onion during December prevailed in 59.15 percent of farmers

in Ilocos Sur. January and March were the common harvesting months of

37.84 percent in Ilocos Norte and 58.11 percent in Pangasinan, respectively.

Those who harvested onion in April were noted among 68 percent in

Mindoro Occidental and 54.93 percent in Nueva Ecija.

Method of Land Preparation

• In the five (5) provinces covered, the use of two-wheel tractor for land

preparation was reported by 51.23 percent of the onion farmers. There were

43.29 percent who used the four-wheel tractor. The use of draft animal for

land preparation was cited by 10.96 percent.

• Two-wheel tractor was commonly used in Mindoro Occidental as noted

among 97.33 percent of the farmers. In Nueva Ecija, land preparation using

10

two-wheel tractor was reported by 87.32 percent and the usage of four-

wheel tractor was mentioned by 70.42 percent of the onion farmers. Man-

animal labor was employed by 24 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 8.45

percent each in Ilocos Sur and Nueva Ecija.

Method of Weeding

• Across the provinces surveyed, there were 95.34 percent of onion farmers

who used chemicals to remove weeds in their farms while 83.29 percent did

manual weeding.

• In Mindoro Occidental, all the sample onion farmers practiced both manual

weeding and chemical application in controlling weeds. Likewise, in Nueva

Ecija, chemical spraying was performed by all the sample onion farmers.

There were 92.96 percent in Nueva Ecija who did manual weeding. More

farmers in Pangasinan at 91.89 percent performed manual weeding.

Chemical application in Pangasinan was reported by 89.19 percent. In Ilocos

Norte and Ilocos Sur, chemical spraying was more adopted than the manual

method of weeding.

Users of Fertilizers

• Majority of the onion farmers indicated high preference for solid form of

inorganic fertilizers than the organic fertilizers.

• The application of the solid organic fertilizer was common in Nueva Ecija as

reported by 36.62 percent of the farmers who planted red onion. It was also

used by 11.27 percent in Ilocos Sur who planted the multiplier onion variety.

The users of organic fertilizers were less than 5 percent in Pangasinan,

Mindoro Occidental and Ilocos Norte.

• The commonly applied grades of inorganic fertilizers in solid form were

complete (14-14-14) and urea (46-0-0). For the red onion variety, urea (46-

0-0) was used by 74.65 to 84 percent of the farmers in Nueva Ecija,

Pangasinan and Mindoro Occidental. Likewise, this type of inorganic fertilizer

was utilized for multiplier onion by 54.05 percent in Ilocos Norte and 83.10

percent in Ilocos Sur.

• The usage of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) for the red onion variety was

reported by 82.43 percent of farmers in Pangasinan, 90.14 percent in Nueva

Ecija and 61.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. For multiplier onion, the

application of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) was popular among 73.24

percent of farmers in Ilocos Sur.

11

• Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) was another common solid inorganic fertilizer

which was used by 35 to 38 percent of the farmers who planted red onion in

Mindoro Occidental, Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija. Its application for

multiplier onion was also reported by 60.81 percent in Ilocos Norte.

• For the liquid type of fertilizers, the percentage of farmers who applied

organic fertilizers for red onion was higher in Pangasinan at 4.05 percent and

for multiplier onion, in Ilocos Sur at 5.63 percent.

• More users of inorganic fertilizers for the red onion variety such as foliar

type of fertilizer were noted in Pangasinan at 9.46 percent. For multiplier

onion, the usage of Greenbee was dominant in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur

with 13.51 percent and 9.86 percent of farmers reporting, respectively.

Users of Pesticides

• The use of liquid form of herbicide/weedicide was popular among the

representative provinces. It was reported by 95.45 percent of farmers who

planted red onion and by 93.10 percent who planted multiplier onion.

• In particular, all sample farmers who planted red onion in Mindoro

Occidental applied the liquid form of herbicide/weedicides. There were

94.37 percent in Nueva Ecija and 91.89 percent in Pangasinan who used the

liquid form of herbicides. Of those who planted multiplier onion, 89.19

percent in Ilocos Norte and 97.18 percent in Ilocos Sur applied the liquid

herbicide/weedicides to control weeds.

• Likewise, the liquid form of insecticides was widely used than solid form.

This was noted among 86 to 97 percent of farmers in Pangasinan, Mindoro

Occidental and Nueva Ecija who cultivated the red onion variety. Users of

liquid insecticides for multiplier onion were observed mostly in Ilocos Sur

with 87.32 percent reporting.

• The solid form of fungicides was more preferred than the liquid form. Major

users of solid fungicides were observed in Mindoro Occidental at 82.67

percent of farmers who planted red onion. The smallest proportion was

noted in Pangasinan at 41.89 percent. For multiplier onion, about 39.44

percent in Ilocos Sur and 25.68 percent in Ilocos Norte applied the solid type

of fungicides.

• A few farmers used rodenticides and organic pesticides. These were reported

only by those who planted red onion in Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija.

12

D. Input Usage

(Tables 20–28)

Planting Materials

• In the production of onion, the planting materials used were bulb for

multiplier onion and seeds for red onion. Across the provinces surveyed, the

average quantity of seeds of red onion used was 5.04 kilograms per hectare.

Seeding rates per hectare averaged 3.51 kilograms in Mindoro Occidental,

5.32 kilograms in Nueva Ecija and 6.87 kilograms in Pangasinan.

• For multiplier onion, an average of 642.27 kilograms of bulb per hectare was

used as planting materials. This ranged from 618.30 kilograms in Ilocos

Norte to 656.81 kilograms in Ilocos Sur.

• As to the source of planting materials, bigger quantities of the red onion

seeds were reportedly purchased while bulbs of multiplier onion were

mostly own produced by the farmers.

Fertilizers

• The application of solid organic fertilizer averaged 248.47 kilograms per

hectare for red onion and 83.45 kilograms for multiplier onion. Nueva Ecija

reported the biggest usage of organic fertilizer for red onion at 615.31

kilograms per hectare. Meanwhile, organic fertilizer was highly applied in

multiplier onion by the farmers in Ilocos Sur at 108.35 kilograms per hectare.

• For the solid form of inorganic fertilizer, the most common grades applied in

both onion varieties were complete (14-14-14), urea (46-0-0), ammonium

sulfate (21-0-0) and ammonium phosphate (16-0-0). The usage of fertilizer

in a one hectare farm of red onion averaged from 96.16 kilograms for

ammonium sulfate to 279.08 kilograms for complete fertilizer (14-14-14).

Nueva Ecija recorded the biggest quantities applied per hectare at 368.65

kilograms of complete fertilizer (14-14-14), 221.11 kilograms of urea (46-0-

0) and 173.58 kilograms of ammonium phosphate (16-20-0). Ammonium

sulfate was highly utilized in Pangasinan and Mindoro Occidental at around

100 kilograms per hectare each. For onion multiplier, it was urea (46-0-0)

which had the biggest usage averaged at 245.85 kilograms per hectare.

Application rates per hectare were high in Ilocos Sur at 269.03 kilograms of

urea (46-0-0) and 183.85 kilograms of complete fertilizer (14-1414). In

Ilocos Norte, bigger volume of ammonium sulfate at 227.15 kilograms was

utilized in a one hectare of multiplier onion. On the other hand, crop giant

posted the least application rates for both onion varieties.

• In the case of liquid form of fertilizers, minimal quantity at less than 1 liter

per hectare per type was applied across the provinces surveyed.

13

• By province, farmers in Mindoro Occidental used the biggest quantity of

organic fertilizer at 0.76 liter per hectare of red onion.

• For onion multiplier, greenbee was the commonly used liquid fertilizer at

0.44 liter per hectare. By province, usage of greenbee in Ilocos Norte and

Ilocos Sur averaged 0.57 liter and 0.36 liter per hectare, respectively.

• In terms of the nutrient content of fertilizers, the solid form of fertilizers

applied in red onion comprised of 198.98 kilograms of nitrogen, 67.97

kilograms of phosphorus and 53.15 kilograms of potassium per hectare. For

onion multiplier, the solid fertilizers used contained 178.50 kilograms of

nitrogen, 35.33 kilograms of phosphorus and 24.18 kilograms of potassium

per hectare.

• By province, Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija were heavy users of nitrogen

amounting to 207.67 kilograms and 200.05 kilograms per hectare,

respectively, for red onion variety. The nitrogen contents of solid fertilizer

applied for one hectare of multiplier onion were estimated at 166.20

kilograms in Ilocos Norte and 185.96 kilograms in Ilocos Sur.

Mulching Materials

• Rice stalk was the major mulching material used in the provinces surveyed.

An average of 288.56 kilograms of rice stalk was utilized per hectare of red

onion. Nueva Ecija indicated the biggest usage at 608.15 kilograms per

hectare. On the other hand, farmers who planted multiplier onion used an

average of 2,644.80 kilograms of rice stalk per hectare. Heavy users were

farmers in Ilocos Norte at 4,552. kilograms per hectare of multiplier onion.

• Other mulching materials used for red onion production were rice hull, cogon

and banana stalk.

Pesticides

• On the average, the quantities of liquid herbicides/weedicides used were 6.83

liters per hectare for red onion and 3.28 liters per hectare for multiplier

onion. Higher application rates were noted in Pangasinan at 9.48 liters per

hectare for red onion and in Ilocos Norte at 3.83 liters per hectare for

multiplier onion.

• The use of liquid insecticides averaged 3.66 liters per hectare for red onion

and 1.73 liters per hectare for multiplier onion. Bigger usage of liquid

insecticides was reported by the red onion farmers in Pangasinan at 4.08

liters per hectare. For the solid type of insecticides, the average application

rates per hectare were 0.77 kilogram for red onion and 0.45 kilogram for

14

multiplier onion. Nueva Ecija farmers used larger amount of solid

insecticides at 1.66 kilograms per hectare for red onion. Ilocos Sur farmers

applied more of this type at 0.53 kilogram in a one hectare farm planted to

multiplier onion.

• The solid form of fungicide was more preferred than the liquid form. Solid

fungicides application averaged 2.31 kilograms per hectare of red onion and

1.64 kilograms per hectare of multiplier onion. Farmers in Mindoro

Occidental who planted red onion reported higher usage of solid fungicides

at 3.26 kilograms per hectare. Liquid fungicides were applied at an average

of only 0.28 liter per hectare and 0.08 liter per hectare of farm cultivated to

red onion and multiplier onion, respectively. In Pangasinan, farmers used

0.57 liter of liquid fungicides in a one hectare farm of red onion.

• Rodenticides in solid type were applied only in Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija at

average rates of 1.12 kilograms and 0.02 kilogram per hectare, respectively.

Only Nueva Ecija reported the use of organic pesticides for red onion farm.

Labor Utilization

• The average labor utilization in the production of red onion was 231.93

mandays per hectare. It ranged from 185.53 mandays in Pangasinan to

249.53 mandays in Nueva Ecija. For multiplier onion, the labor requirement

averaged 166.71 mandays per hectare. This was 183.60 mandays in Ilocos

Norte and 156.47 mandays in Ilocos Sur.

• Hired workers provided the bulk of labor input at 178.32 mandays per

hectare of red onion and 92.97 mandays per hectare of onion multiplier.

Exchange labor provided the least labor inputs at 1.63 and 2.10 mandays per

hectare of red onion and onion multiplier, respectively.

• Among the farm activities in red onion production, transplanting, manual

weeding and harvesting utilized the biggest labor inputs averaged at 43.76

mandays, 38.00 mandays and 42.91 mandays, respectively. In the production

of multiplier onion, the major activities were cleaning/sorting, harvesting,

direct seeding, and irrigating that recorded higher labor requirements

averaged at 36.72 mandays, 26.72 mandays, 26.42 mandays, and 23.54

mandays, respectively.

15

E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Onion by Variety

All Provinces

Red Onion

(Tables 29-30)

• Production of red onion entailed an average cost of P130,886 per hectare.

On a per kilogram basis, the cost of production was computed at 10.98.

• Cash expenses which comprised 78.93 percent of the total production cost

amounted to P103,303 per hectare. The biggest cash cost item was hired

labor valued at P32,429 per hectare.

• Non-cash costs at P8,382 per hectare shared 6.40 percent. Harvesters’ share

was the main expense item contributing P5,838 per hectare.

• About 14.67 percent or P19,201 per hectare were imputed costs of which

operator’s labor accounted for the biggest cost item at P6,404 per hectare.

• Production of red onion averaged 11,924.23 kilograms per hectare worth

P234,843. Returns above cash costs were estimated at P131,540 per hectare.

Returns above cash and non-cash costs stood at P123,158. Considering all

production costs, farmers netted P103,957 per hectare.

• A gain of about P0.79 was realized for every peso of investment in red onion

production.

• On the average, variable cost of production amounted to P116,358 per

hectare and this corresponded to 88.90 percent of all costs. Fixed costs

averaged P14,527 and shared 11.10 percent.

Multiplier Onion

(Tables 31–32)

• On the average, the cost of producing multiplier onion was P112,212 per

hectare. This was equivalent to P13.31 per kilogram.

• Cash expenses amounted to P58,597 per hectare or 52.22 percent of the total

costs. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizers were the major cash outlays

valued at P18,493 and P12,997 per hectare, respectively.

• Non-cash costs at P33,008 per hectare shared 29.42 percent while imputed

costs at P20,607 per hectare contributed 18.36 percent. Planting materials

(bulb) were the biggest among the non-cash cost items worth P19,701. Both

operator and family labor comprised the bulk of imputed costs at P8,535 and

P4,564 per hectare, respectively.

16

• Farmers produced an average of 8,432.30 kilograms of multiplier onion

during the reference period. With farmgate price of P21.33 per kilogram,

farmers grossed P179,899 per hectare. Returns above cash costs averaged

P121,303 per hectare. After subtracting non-cash costs, returns settled at

P88,295 per hectare. Accounting for all costs, farmers netted P67,687 per

hectare. For every peso invested in producing multiplier onion, farmers

gained P0.60.

• Average variable cost of production was computed at P103,933 per hectare

or 92.62 percent of total production costs. On the other hand, fixed costs at

7.38 percent averaged P8,279 per hectare.

Pangasinan

Red Onion

(Tables 33–34)

• In Pangasinan, the average cost of red onion production amounted to

P132,625 per hectare or P12.75 per kilogram.

• Cash outlays at P112,802 per hectare contributed 85.05 percent in total

production cost. Hired labor at P29,712 per hectare and planting materials

at P20,908 per hectare accounted for the bulk of cash expenses.

• Non-cash costs were estimated at P 1,039 per hectare. Landowner’s share

comprised the main non-cash expense item at P633 per hectare.

• The imputed costs which constituted 14.16 percent of all cost amounted to

P18,784 per hectare. Of this amount, P6,161 per hectare were spent for the

cost of operator labor.

• Onion farmers in Pangasinan grossed P241,345 per hectare from an average

production of 10,404.97 kilograms of red onion. Farm receipts over cash

costs were estimated at P128,543 per hectare. Above cash costs and non-

cash costs, farmers earned P127,504 per hectare. After deducting all costs,

net returns amounted to P108,720 per hectare.

• For every peso of investment in red onion production, farmers gained P0.82.

• Of the total production cost, variable costs contributed 89.99 percent and

this amounted to P119,352 per hectare. Fixed costs were valued at P13,273

per hectare.

17

Nueva Ecija

Red Onion

(Tables 35-36)

• The average cost of producing red onion in Nueva Ecija was P141,587 per

hectare. On a per kilogram basis, production cost averaged P11.19.

• About 74.58 percent of the production cost or P105,595 per hectare went to

cash expenses. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizer were the leading cost

items amounting P37,898 and P19,107 per hectare, respectively.

• Imputed costs at P19,380 per hectare contributed 13.69 percent while non-

cash costs at P16,612 per hectare shared 11.73 percent. The bulk of the

costs came from operator labor at P7,165 per hectare and harvester’s share

at P15,050 per hectare.

• Red onion production in Nueva Ecija averaged 12,648.36 kilograms per

hectare. Farm price averaged P20.48 per kilogram. This corresponded to

gross returns of P259,064 per hectare.

• Returns above cash costs averaged P153,470 per hectare. Returns above

cash and non-cash costs amounted to P136,857 per hectare. Net returns

stood at P117,477 per hectare. For every peso invested in red onion

production, farmers gained P0.83.

• Average variable cost of production was computed at P127,247 per hectare

or 89.87 percent of all costs. Fixed costs shared 10.13 percent or P14,340

per hectare.

Mindoro Occidental

Red Onion

(Tables 37-38)

• Farmers planting red onion in Mindoro Occidental incurred an average cost

of P118,334 per hectare. The cost per kilogram was computed at P9.71.

• Cash costs constituted about 79.80 percent of the total costs or P94,435 per

hectare. The leading expenditure item was hired labor at P28,456 per

hectare.

• Non-cash costs amounted to P4,606 per hectare of which rental for land was

the biggest item valued at P3,245.

• About 16.30 percent or P19,292 per hectare were imputed costs. Of this

amount, P5,760 and P4,603 per hectare were the costs of operator labor and

family labor, respectively.

18

• Production of red onion in Mindoro Occidental averaged 12,183.29

kilograms per hectare. Gross earnings reached P204,696 per hectare at a

farm price of P16.80 per kilogram. Returns above cash costs were

P110,261 per hectare while returns above cash and non-cash costs

amounted to P105,654 per hectare. Net earnings stood at P86,362 per

hectare. A P0.73 was earned for every peso invested in red onion

production.

• Variable costs of production at 86.84 percent of the production costs were

estimated at P102,759 per hectare. Fixed costs amounted to P15,575 per

hectare.

Ilocos Norte

Multiplier Onion

(Tables 39–40)

• On a per hectare basis, the cost of production of multiplier onion in Ilocos

Norte averaged P106,861. It was estimated at P14.36 per kilogram.

• Cash costs amounted to P59,178 or shared 55.38 percent in total costs. Main

contributor was hired labor amounting to P19,519 per hectare. This was

followed by inorganic fertilizers at P11,805 and fuel costs at P7,251.

• Non-cash outlays comprised 23.60 percent and equivalent to P25,215 per

hectare. Of this amount, landowner’s share was valued at P10,203 per

hectare. Bulbs used as planting materials amounted toP8,440 per hectare.

• Imputed costs computed at P22,468 represented 21.03 percent of the total

cost. Operator labor accounted for the biggest cost at P11,275 per hectare.

• Farmers in Ilocos Norte produced an average of 7,441.31 kilograms per

hectare of multiplier onion and grossed P181,237. The average farm price

was P24.36 per kilogram.

• After deducting cash costs, returns were computed at P122,059 per hectare.

Returns after cash and non-cash costs averaged P96,844. Onion farmers

netted P74,376 per hectare. For every peso invested to produce multiplier

onion, farmers gained P0.70.

• On the average, variable costs of production were estimated at P101,204

per hectare. This corresponded to 94.71 percent of all costs. The remaining

were fixed costs valued at P5,657 per hectare.

19

Ilocos Sur

Multiplier Onion

(Tables 41-42)

• In Ilocos Sur, the average production cost per hectare of multiplier onion

was P115,459. This was equivalent to P12.78 per kilogram.

• About 50.45 percent of the production cost or P58,244 per hectare were

cash costs. Of this amount, P17,871 and P 13,720 were spent for hired labor

and inorganic fertilizers, respectively.

• Non-cash costs at 32.68 percent corresponded to P37,736 per hectare. Bulb

as planting material was the main expense item valued at P26,532 per

hectare.

• The remaining 16.87 percent comprised the imputed costs which amounted

to P19,479 per hectare. The biggest imputed costs were the payment for

operator labor at P6,872, rental value of owned land at P4,817 and family

labor at P4,358.

• Gross earnings of farmers who planted multiplier onion were estimated at

P179,088 per hectare from an average production of 9,033.54 kilograms.

Farm price was placed at an average of P19.82 per kilogram.

• Returns over cash costs were P120,844 per hectare. After cash and non-cash

costs were subtracted, farmers netted P 83,108 per hectare. A net profit of

P63,629 per hectare was realized after all costs were deducted. There was a

net gain of P0.55 for every peso of investment in the production of

multiplier onion.

• Average variable costs valued at P105,589 per hectare corresponded to

91.45 percent of the production costs. The rest were fixed costs at P9,870

per hectare.

Inter-Provincial Comparison

(Table 43a-43b)

• The average cost of producing a hectare of red onion ranged from P118,334

in Mindoro Occidental to P141,587 in Nueva Ecija.

• Cash costs comprised the bulk of the total production costs. The biggest

cash costs were noted in Pangasinan at P112,802 and the least in Mindoro

Occidental at P94,435. Non-cash costs contributed the smallest portion of

the total costs of producing red onion in Pangasinan, Mindoro Occidental

and Nueva Ecija at P1,039, P4,606 and P16,612, respectively. Imputed costs

were lower in Pangasinan at P18,784 per hectare.

20

• Returns above cash costs ranged from P110,261 in Mindoro Occidental to

P153,470 in Nueva Ecija. Receipts over cash and non-cash outlays were

highest in Nueva Ecija at P136,857. The smallest was recorded in Mindoro

Occidental at P105,654.

• Farmers in Nueva Ecija had the biggest net returns amounting to P117,477

per hectare. Least earners were recorded in Mindoro Occidental with

P86,362 per hectare. For every peso of investment in red onion production,

farmers in Nueva Ecija gained the biggest at P0.83 while farmers in Mindoro

Occidental earned the least at P 0.73.

• Cost of producing multiplier onion was higher in Ilocos Sur at P115,459 per

hectare than in Ilocos Norte with P106,861 per hectare. Cash outlays in

Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur were estimated at P59,178 per hectare and

P58,244 per hectare, respectively. Imputed costs were higher in Ilocos Norte

at P22,468. On the other hand, Ilocos Sur reported bigger non-cash costs at

P37,736 per hectare.

• Returns above cash costs in Ilocos Norte were P122,059 per hectare while

P120,844 in Ilocos Sur. Net receipts after subtracting cash and non-cash costs

were higher in Ilocos Norte at P96,844 per hectare compared to Ilocos Sur at

P83,108 per hectare. Net earnings were P74,376 in Ilocos Norte and P63,629

in Ilocos Sur. Net profit-cost ratios were 0.70 and 0.55 in Ilocos Norte and

Ilocos Sur, respectively.

F. Other Information

(Tables 44–59)

Disposition of Produce

• On the average, the bulk of the total volume of onion produced at 90.20

percent were sold. The proportion of volume sold was highest in Nueva

Ecija at 96.09 percent. The lowest was noted in Ilocos Norte at 81.69

percent.

• About 4.17 percent of the total volume of onion production were allotted for

seed purposes while 3.11 percent were landowner’s share. Given away

accounted for 1.26 percent and those wasted was 1.18 percent. Among the

provinces surveyed, Ilocos Norte indicated the biggest percentage of onion

production that was used for planting materials (bulb) at 10.11 percent

followed by Ilocos Sur at 6.04 percent. Landowner’s shares were higher in

Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur at more than 5 percent each.

21

Production Compared with Last Year

• When compared with the production last year, there were 46.03 percent of

onion farmers reported that their productions were lower this year. About

32.05 percent had production higher this year. Some 16.99 percent cited

that their productions were about the same.

• Mindoro Occidental had the biggest proportion of onion farmers at 54.67

percent who had lower production this year. This was likewise cited by

53.52 percent in Ilocos Sur. The smallest proportion was noted in Nueva

Ecija at 32.39 percent. However, Nueva Ecija indicated the biggest

percentage at 54.93 percent whose volume of production was higher this

year compared to last year. In Pangasinan, there were 36.49 percent who

stated that their production levels were the same.

• Among those farmers who had production higher this year, the effect of

favorable weather was the main reason for the change in production. This

was reported by 40.17 percent of onion farmers. The use of good quality

seeds was reported by 25.64 percent. Some 17.95 percent cited the usage of

fertilizer and 15.38 percent stated increase in area as the reasons for higher

production.

• Across the provinces surveyed, good weather condition was mentioned by

77.78 percent of the onion farmers in Pangasinan. In Ilocos Sur, half of the

onion farmers who had higher production this year mentioned the use of

good quality seeds. Fertilizer usage was the reason given by 26.09 percent

in Ilocos Norte. There were 36 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 33.33

percent in Ilocos Sur who cited increase in area that caused higher

production this year relative to last year.

• Of those who had lower production this year, the common reasons were

unfavorable weather condition and occurrence of pest and diseases as

reported by 55.95 percent, and by 45.83 percent, respectively. The usage of

low quality seeds was reasoned out by 15.48 percent while 12.50 percent

stated the decrease in area.

• Pangasinan had the biggest proportion of onion farmers at 75.86 percent

who said bad weather as the main reason for the lower production. There

were 65.79 percent in Ilocos Sur and 63.41 percent in Mindoro Occidental

who cited the occurrence of pests and diseases. Low quality seeds caused

lower production to around 26 percent each in Nueva Ecija and Mindoro

Occidental.

22

Problems Related to Production

• The incidence of pests and diseases was the primary production problem

encountered by 50.96 percent of the onion farmers. Bad weather/calamities

and high costs of inputs were reported by 41.64 percent and 38.36 percent

of onion farmers, respectively. There were 27.95 percent who were

constrained by the lack of capital. A few cited problems on rough

road/inadequate transport facilities, irrigation, poor soil condition and poor

quality of seeds.

• Those who reported problem on pests and diseases were biggest in Mindoro

Occidental at 64 percent and in Ilocos Sur at 60.56 percent. Likewise, in

Mindoro Occidental, there were 69.33 percent of onion farmers who cited

problem on high cost of inputs. Bad weather condition was a major

production problem among 63.51 percent of the onion farmers in

Pangasinan. Lack of capital was mentioned by 38 to 45 percent of the onion

farmers in Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan and Mindoro Occidental.

Major Buyers of Produce

• Across the provinces surveyed, wholesalers and agents were the major

buyers of 36.26 percent and 31.04 percent of the onion farmers,

respectively. Wholesaler-retailer was cited by 17.58 percent and assembler

by 12.91 percent. A few at 2.47 percent of the onion farmers mentioned

exporter as their major buyer of produce.

• About half of the onion farmers interviewed in Pangasinan and Ilocos Sur

transacted with wholesalers and agents, respectively. Those who sold their

produce to wholesaler-retailer were biggest in Mindoro Occidental at 34.67

percent. Transaction of onion farmers with assembler was mentioned by

42.47 percent in Ilocos Norte. There were 9.86 percent in Ilocos Sur and

2.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental whose primary buyers were the

exporters.

Problems Related to Marketing

• Unstable price condition was the dominant marketing problem among

85.21 percent of the onion farmers. Low price of produce followed with

49.04 percent reporting. No market outlet was the concern of some 11.78

percent. Minor problems mentioned were rough roads/high transport costs,

lack of marketing information and poor quality of produce.

• The biggest proportions of onion farmers who reported problem on

unstable prices were noted in Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija

ranging from 89 to 94 percent. There were 62 to 67 percent in Ilocos Norte

23

and Mindoro Occidental who had problem on low price of produce. Ilocos

Sur recorded the biggest percentage of onion farmers at 32.39 percent

reporting no market outlet as their problem.

Access to Credit

• During the reference period, about 37.53 percent of the onion farmers

availed of loans for onion production. It ranged from 12.16 percent in Ilocos

Norte to 53.52 percent in Ilocos Sur.

• The major sources of loans were the private individuals as reported by

72.06 percent of the farmer-borrowers in the provinces surveyed.

Borrowings from cooperatives were identified by 13.97 percent and from

banks by 8.82 percent. There were 5.15 percent who sourced loans from

microfinance institutions.

• The biggest proportions of those who borrowed from private individuals

were noted in Pangasinan at 86.11 percent, Nueva Ecija at 73.91 percent

and Mindoro Occidental at 73.33 percent. In Ilocos Sur, 28.95 percent

obtained loans from cooperatives. Microfinance institutions were the major

source of loans among 44.44 percent in Ilocos Norte.

Access to Extension Services

• Across the five (5) provinces, awareness of government

programs/interventions related to onion production was cited by 48.77

percent of the onion farmers. The proportions of this group of farmers

ranged from 22.97 percent in Pangasinan to 81.69 percent in Nueva Ecija.

• Of those onion farmers who were aware of government programs and

interventions, only 14.61 percent of them availed of benefits. Ilocos Sur

posted the biggest proportion of this group of onion farmers who availed of

benefits at 36.11 percent. This was followed by Nueva Ecija at 17.24 percent.

Less than 5 percent were recorded in Ilocos Norte and Mindoro Occidental.

Onion farmers in Pangasinan did not report any availment of benefits from

the government programs and interventions.

• Training on farming technology was the most availed type of benefit from

the government programs and interventions as reported by 53.85 percent.

Availment of seeds was mentioned by 30.77 percent and of fertilizer and

other inputs by 15.38 percent. The least availed benefits were the provision

of irrigation facilities, post-harvest facilities and tools.

• Across the representative provinces, all onion farmers in Mindoro

Occidental who availed of benefits were recipients of training on farming

24

technology. This type of benefit was also received by 76.92 percent in Ilocos

Sur. Support in terms of fertilizers and other inputs was provided to all the

farmer-recipients in Ilocos Norte. There were 70 percent in Nueva Ecija

who benefited from seed distribution.

• According to 73.08 percent of the onion farmers who benefitted from the

government programs and interventions, 61.54 percent reported that these

benefits helped increase their farm income.

• By province, all onion farmers in Mindoro Occidental who used the benefits

received from the government programs and interventions said that these

helped increase their income. In Nueva Ecija, only 40 percent used the

benefits. Of this group, 40 percent reported an increase in income.

Farm Practices Affected by Climate Change

• About 63.84 percent of the onion farmers in the five (5) provinces cited that

climate change affected their farming practices. Specifically, this was stated

by 50.70 percent in Ilocos Sur to 78.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental.

• As to the effect of climate change, decrease in yield was reported by 68.24

percent followed by change in cropping pattern by 26.61 percent. The

decrease in yield was cited by 90.38 percent in Ilocos Norte. The change in

cropping pattern was identified by 60.98 percent in Pangasinan.

Farm Practices in Organic Farming

• Across the five (5) provinces covered, 9.59 percent of the onion farmers

practiced organic/natural farming using solely organic fertilizers in their

farms. This practice was more adopted in Nueva Ecija as reported by 33.80

percent of farmers. There were 5 to 8 percent in Mindoro Occidental and

Ilocos Sur adopted the same practice. There was no reported practice in

Pangasinan.

Membership in Organization and Type of Benefit Received

• Only 33.42 percent of onion farmers in the five (5) provinces were members

of farmers’ organizations. The proportion was highest in Ilocos Sur at 85.92

percent and least in Nueva Ecija at 2.82 percent.

• Training/seminars were the common benefits received by the onion farmer-

member with 24.59 percent reporting. Some 9.84 percent received

financial/credit support from the organization. Availment of irrigation

25

services and farm equipment was cited by 12.30 percent of the farmer-

members.

• All farmer-members of the organization in Nueva Ecija were beneficiaries of

training/seminars. These benefits were also provided to 66.67 percent in

Pangasinan. In Mindoro Occidental, 50 percent and 58.33 percent of the

farmer-members were recipients of training/seminars and input support,

respectively. Ilocos Norte reported that 38.46 percent of the farmer-

members received irrigation services and farm equipment.

Plans of Onion Farmers

• About 60.55 percent of onion farmers in the five (5) provinces covered had

plans to maintain their current operation and 33.42 percent wanted to

expand their operation. The rest planned to stop their operation, decrease

their farm area and shift to other crops.

• By province, onion farmers who would maintain their current operation

ranged from 46.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental to 74.32 percent in Ilocos

Norte. Those who planned to expand operation were higher in Mindoro

Occidental at 53.33 percent and Nueva Ecija at 42.25 percent.

Recommendations to Further Improve Onion Production

• Across the representative provinces, there were 86.58 percent of the onion

farmers who recommended price support to encourage the production of

onion. Financial support was cited by 49.59 percent while regulation on the

price of farm inputs was mentioned by 47.40 percent. Some 28.49 percent

suggested provision of new/modern farming technologies. About 0.55 to

8.49 percent reported addressing environmental concerns, implementing

land reform program, provision of infrastructure facilities, soil testing

analysis and improvement of irrigation services.

• The proportion of onion farmers who sought for price support ranged from

78.38 percent in Pangasinan to 95.77 percent in Ilocos Sur. Mindoro

Occidental accounted for the biggest percentage of onion farmers at 84

percent and 72 percent who recommended regulation of prices of farm

inputs and provision of new/modern farming technologies, respectively.

There were 78.38 percent in Pangasinan proposing financial support to

improve onion production.

STATISTICAL TABLES

27

Table 1. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by sex,

selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Male Female

All Provinces 95.07 4.93

Ilocos Norte 100.00

Ilocos Sur 94.37 5.63

Pangasinan 95.95 4.05

Nueva Ecija 94.37 5.63

Mindoro Occidental 90.67 9.33

Province

Table 2. Average age of onion farmers and percentage distribution by age group,


< 31 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70

All Provinces 49 5.21 18.36 29.59 29.59 13.97 3.29

Ilocos Norte 50 4.05 17.57 29.73 25.68 20.27 2.70

Ilocos Sur 50 7.04 16.90 25.35 29.58 16.90 4.23

Pangasinan 50 4.05 20.27 27.03 31.08 12.16 5.41

Nueva Ecija 51 2.82 11.27 32.39 36.62 15.49 1.41

Mindoro Occidental 46 8.00 25.33 33.33 25.33 5.33 2.67

Age Group (years)Province

Average Age

(years)

28

Table 3. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by educational attainment, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

Elementary

Level

Elementary

Graduate

High School

Level

High School

Graduate

College

Level

College

GraduateVocational

All Provinces 7.67 24.11 13.70 31.78 9.59 9.32 3.84

Ilocos Norte 5.41 25.68 9.46 33.78 9.46 6.76 9.46

Ilocos Sur 9.86 15.49 14.08 28.17 12.68 16.90 2.82

Pangasinan 4.05 25.68 6.76 51.35 4.05 5.41 2.70

Nueva Ecija 11.27 29.58 11.27 23.94 11.27 9.86 2.82

Mindoro Occidental 8.00 24.00 26.67 21.33 10.67 8.00 1.33

Province

Table 4. Average farming experience of onion farmers and percentage distribution by number

of years engaged in onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

< 11 11 - 20 21 - 30 > 30

All Provinces 16 44.38 28.22 16.71 10.68

Ilocos Norte 17 39.19 31.08 20.27 9.46

Ilocos Sur 14 53.52 28.17 9.86 8.45

Pangasinan 17 41.89 28.38 17.57 12.16

Nueva Ecija 22 22.54 25.35 30.99 21.13

Mindoro Occidental 11 64.00 28.00 5.33 2.67

Province

Average Farming

Experience

(years)

Years

29

Table 5. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by main occupation, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

Officials of the Government

and Special Interest

Organizations, Corporate

Executives, Managers

Managing Proprietors and

Supervisors

Service

Workers and

Shop and

Market Sales

Workers

Farmers,

Forestry

Workers and

Fishermen:

Field Crop

Farmers

Craft and

Related

Trades

Workers

Plant and

Machine

Operators

and

Assemblers

All Provinces 3.84 0.55 93.15 0.82 1.64

Ilocos Norte 8.11 85.14 2.70 4.05


Pangasinan 1.35 97.30 1.35

Nueva Ecija 2.82 1.41 95.77

Mindoro Occidental 5.33 1.33 89.33 4.00

Province

Table 6. Average farm size, area planted and harvested of onion focus farm parcels,


(in hectare)

Farm Size Area Planted Area Harvested

All Provinces 0.7078 0.4865 0.4865

Ilocos Norte 0.2591 0.1672 0.1672

Ilocos Sur 0.3230 0.2873 0.2873

Pangasinan 0.4836 0.4836 0.4836

Nueva Ecija 0.9810 0.7911 0.7911

Mindoro Occidental 1.4773 0.7047 0.7047

Province

30

Table 7. Average area planted and harvested by variety, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

(in hectare)

Area PlantedArea

HarvestedArea Planted

Area

Harvested

All Provinces 0.6582 0.6582 0.2260 0.2260

Ilocos Norte 0.1672 0.1672

Ilocos Sur 0.2873 0.2873




Province

Red Onion Multiplier Onion

Table 8. Percentage distribution of onion farm parcels by tenurial status, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

Fully

Owned

Leased/

RentedTenanted Amortized

Rent

Free

Owner-like

Possession

Held Under

CLT/CLOAMortgaged

All Provinces 30.96 11.51 36.99 0.55 2.47 11.23 1.10 5.21

Ilocos Norte 17.57 62.16 1.35 12.16 6.76

Ilocos Sur 21.13 5.63 64.79 1.41 4.23 2.82

Pangasinan 39.19 8.11 37.84 5.41 8.11 1.35

Nueva Ecija 53.52 15.49 12.68 1.41 2.82 4.23 2.82 7.04

Mindoro Occidental 24.00 28.00 8.00 1.33 1.33 26.67 1.33 9.33

Province

31

Table 9. Percentage of onion farmers by type of farm investment, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

All

ProvincesIlocos Norte Ilocos Sur Pangasinan Nueva Ecija

Mindoro

Occidental

Work Animal

Carabao 21.64 6.76 1.41 10.81 47.89 41.33

Cattle 3.56 2.70 5.63 8.11 1.41

Farm House 19.18 5.41 7.04 17.57 40.85 25.33

Warehouse/Storage 4.11 2.70 7.04 1.35 9.86

Farm Machinery

Two-Wheel Tractor 15.89 2.70 4.23 13.51 33.80 25.33

Four-Wheel Tractor 2.19 4.05 4.23 2.67

Irrigation Pump 69.86 79.73 85.92 74.32 45.07 64.00

Others a/

9.86 12.16 2.82 1.35 19.72 13.33

Farm Tools and Implements

Plow 33.97 5.41 16.90 35.14 54.93 57.33

Harrow 30.96 1.35 16.90 28.38 53.52 54.67

Sprayer 80.00 78.38 81.69 75.68 88.73 76.00

Weeder 0.55 2.82

Spade 63.29 27.03 29.58 85.14 90.14 84.00

Bolo 56.71 47.30 39.44 85.14 90.14 22.67

Hoe 28.22 1.35 16.90 63.51 50.70 9.33

Sled 10.96 8.11 9.86 14.86 12.68 9.33

Spading fork 9.04 2.70 13.51 26.76 2.67

Post Hole Digger 4.38 1.41 13.51 7.04

Rake 29.32 4.05 44.59 56.34 41.33

Weighing Scale 18.08 13.51 23.94 16.22 23.94 13.33

Sprinkler 30.41 18.92 1.41 45.95 12.68 70.67

a/ Others include engine, generator, air plotter, power sprayer and transmission

Farm Investment

Farm Buildings and Other Structures

32

Table 10. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by number of cropping per year,


One

Cropping

Two

Croppings




Pangasinan 100.00

Nueva Ecija 100.00

Mindoro Occidental 100.00

Province

Table 11. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by variety planted,




Ilocos Norte 100.00

Ilocos Sur 100.00

Pangasinan 100.00

Nueva Ecija 100.00


Province

33

Table 12. Percentage of onion farmers by source of seeds, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

TraderSeed

GrowerCooperative Co-Farmer

Own

Produced

Input

Dealer

All Provinces 53.97 1.64 0.82 4.93 29.86 9.04

Ilocos Norte 20.27 1.35 14.86 64.86

Ilocos Sur 1.41 4.23 1.41 7.04 85.92

Pangasinan 95.95 1.35 1.35 1.35

Nueva Ecija 66.20 1.41 1.41 1.41 29.58


Province

Table 13. Percentage of onion farmers planting other crops, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Palay Corn Vegetables CondimentsLegumes

and NutsNon-food Crops

a/Fruits

b/

All Provinces 84.11 19.73 8.22 1.64 1.92 0.27 0.27

Ilocos Norte 91.89 16.22 12.16 6.76 6.76

Ilocos Sur 100.00 22.54 1.41 1.41

Pangasinan 55.41 37.84 4.05 1.35 1.35

Nueva Ecija 73.24 22.54 23.94 2.82


a/ Tobacco

b/ Watermelon

Province

34

Table 14. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by variety planted and method of planting,


Direct Seeding Transplanting Direct Seeding Transplanting

All Provinces 13.15 47.12 36.99 2.74


Ilocos Sur 100.00




Multiplier OnionProvince

Red Onion

Table 15. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by month of planting and harvesting, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

July August September October November December January February March April May June

Planting

All Provinces 0.82 1.64 26.58 18.90 26.58 21.92 3.01 0.55

Ilocos Norte 40.54 31.08 10.81 6.76 8.11 2.70

Ilocos Sur 4.23 8.45 59.15 21.13 1.41 5.63

Pangasinan 33.78 21.62 40.54 4.05

Nueva Ecija 8.45 56.34 35.21


Harvesting

All Provinces 0.82 1.64 16.16 12.33 11.78 27.12 28.49 1.64

Ilocos Norte 22.97 37.84 18.92 9.46 8.11 2.70

Ilocos Sur 4.23 8.45 59.15 21.13 7.04

Pangasinan 2.70 35.14 58.11 4.05

Nueva Ecija 2.82 42.25 54.93


Province2012 2013

35

Table 16.a. Percentage of onion farmers by method of land preparation and type of labor used,


Two-Wheel Tractor Four-Wheel Tractor

All Provinces 10.96 51.23 43.29

Ilocos Norte 6.76 14.86 18.92


Pangasinan 6.76 55.41 52.70

Nueva Ecija 8.45 87.32 70.42


Province Man-AnimalMan-Machine

Table 16.b. Percentage of onion farmers by method of weeding,


Manual Chemical Spraying







Province

36

Table 17. Percentage of onion farmers by type of solid fertilizers used and variety planted,


All

ProvincesPangasinan

Nueva

Ecija

Mindoro

Occidental

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Organic Fertilizer 13.18 1.35 36.62 2.67 7.59 4.05 11.27

Inorganic Fertilizer

Urea (45-0-0) 2.73 2.70 1.41 4.00 6.21 5.41 7.04

Urea (46-0-0) 79.09 78.38 74.65 84.00 68.28 54.05 83.10

Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 36.82 37.84 38.03 34.67 44.14 60.81 26.76

Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 30.91 18.92 42.25 32.00 22.07 17.57 26.76

Complete (12-12-12) 0.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.41

Complete (14-14-14) 77.73 82.43 90.14 61.33 56.55 40.54 73.24

Complete (16-16-16) 10.00 2.70 26.67 2.76 5.63

Crop Giant (15-15-15) 19.09 21.62 28.17 8.00 17.93 12.16 23.94

Crop Giant (19-19-19) 10.00 6.76 21.13 2.67 24.83 12.16 38.03

Zinc Sulfate (Zinc 21%) 2.27 7.04

Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 8.64 9.46 16.00 2.07 2.70 1.41

Foliar Fertilizer 13.18 6.76 8.45 24.00 7.59 6.76 8.45

Atlas Nitro 3.64 1.35 9.86

Others a/

2.27 6.76

Fertilizer


a/ Others include ammonium chloride, potassium and zagro

Table 18. Percentage of onion farmers by type of liquid fertilizers used and variety planted,


All

ProvincesPangasinan

Nueva

Ecija

Mindoro

Occidental

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Organic Fertilizer 2.27 4.05 1.41 1.33 2.76 5.63


Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.69 1.35

Green Bee 11.72 13.51 9.86

Orgamin 1.36 4.00

Foliar Fertilizer 5.91 9.46 5.63 2.67 2.07 4.23

Fertilizer


37

Table 19. Percentage of onion farmers by type of pesticides used and variety planted,


Rodenticides

Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid

Red Onion

All Provinces 95.45 20.00 90.45 67.27 16.36 1.36 0.45 1.82

Pangasinan 91.89 16.22 86.49 41.89 24.32 2.70

Nueva Ecija 94.37 32.39 97.18 77.46 14.08 1.41 1.41 5.63

Mindoro Occidental 100.00 12.00 88.00 82.67 10.67

Multiplier Onion

All Provinces 0.69 93.10 22.07 73.10 32.41 3.45

Ilocos Norte 1.35 89.19 22.97 59.46 25.68 2.70

Ilocos Sur 97.18 21.13 87.32 39.44 4.23

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides

Organic

PesticidesVariety Planted /

Province

Table 20. Average quantity of planting materials used per hectare by mode of acquisition and variety planted,


(in kilogram)

All

SourcesPurchased

Own

ProducedReceived

All

SourcesPurchased Received

Red Onion

All Provinces 5.04 4.97 0.08

Pangasinan 6.87 6.84 0.03

Nueva Ecija 5.32 5.15 0.18


Multiplier Onion

All Provinces 642.27 99.17 537.91 5.19 1.50 1.50

Ilocos Norte 618.30 206.46 405.54 6.30 3.98 3.98

Ilocos Sur 656.81 34.07 618.22 4.51

Variety Planted /

Province

Bulb Seed

38

Table 21. Average quantity of solid fertilizers applied per hectare by variety planted, selected provinces,

July 2012 - June 2013

(in kilogram)

All

ProvincesPangasinan

Nueva

Ecija

Mindoro

Occidental

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Organic Fertilizer 248.47 11.18 615.31 19.24 83.45 42.42 108.35


Urea (45-0-0) 7.32 13.97 0.18 10.41 9.99 10.30 9.81

Urea (46-0-0) 244.57 278.89 221.11 246.26 245.85 207.64 269.03

Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 96.16 100.60 88.57 101.23 133.83 227.15 77.22

Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 126.72 66.37 173.58 117.79 63.09 32.73 81.51

Complete (12-12-12) 0.35 0.89 3.43 1.01 4.90

Complete (14-14-14) 279.08 286.57 368.65 178.81 148.74 90.87 183.85

Complete (16-16-16) 21.06 4.19 54.87 6.87 11.03

Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.56 0.94 0.51 0.36 0.72 0.44 0.90

Crop Giant (19-19-19) 0.30 0.36 0.46 0.08 1.42 1.10 1.62

Zinc Sulfate (Zinc 21%) 1.33 3.44

Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 17.54 19.00 35.19 2.44 2.42 2.45

Foliar Fertilizer 1.42 0.19 0.18 3.58 1.82 4.14 0.42

Atlas Nitro 8.98 1.40 22.25

Others a/

1.13 4.55

Fertilizer


a/ Others include ammonium chloride, potassium and zagro

Table 22. Average quantity of liquid fertilizers applied per hectare by variety planted,


(in liter)

All

ProvincesPangasinan

Nueva

Ecija

Mindoro

Occidental

All

Provinces

Ilocos

Norte

Ilocos

Sur

Organic Fertilizer 0.31 0.11 0.02 0.76 0.03 0.05


Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.03 0.08

Green Bee 0.44 0.57 0.36

Orgamin 0.02 0.04

Foliar Fertilizer 0.29 0.28 0.20 0.39 0.06 0.10

Fertilizer


39

Table 23. Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare by variety planted,


Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l)

Red Onion

All Provinces 198.98 67.97 53.15

Pangasinan 207.67 54.28 52.40

Nueva Ecija 200.05 86.60 51.88


Multiplier Onion

All Provinces 178.50 a/ 35.33 a/ 24.18 a/

Ilocos Norte 166.20 0.01 19.66 0.01 14.57 0.01

Ilocos Sur 185.96 44.84 30.00

a/ Less than 0.01 liter

Phosphorous PotassiumVariety Planted /

Province

Nitrogen

Table 24. Average quantity of mulching materials used per hectare by variety planted,


(in kilogram)

Rice Stalk Rice Hull Cogon Banana Stalk

Red Onion

All Provinces 288.56 25.99 0.39 0.01

Pangasinan 118.76 15.37 0.03

Nueva Ecija 608.15


Multiplier Onion

All Provinces 2,644.80

Ilocos Norte 4,552.00

Ilocos Sur 1,487.70

Variety Planted /

Province

40

Table 25. Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and variety, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Rodenticides

Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Solid (kg) Liquid (l)

Red Onion

All Provinces 6.83 0.77 3.66 2.31 0.28 0.28 0.01 0.03

Pangasinan 9.48 0.29 4.08 2.24 0.57 1.12

Nueva Ecija 5.79 1.66 3.53 1.47 0.19 0.02 0.02 0.07


Multiplier Onion

All Provinces 0.01 3.28 0.45 1.73 1.64 0.08

Ilocos Norte 0.02 3.83 0.32 1.66 1.65 0.05

Ilocos Sur 2.95 0.53 1.77 1.63 0.10

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides Organic PesticidesVariety Planted /

Province

Table 26. Average labor utilization per hectare of onion production by source of labor and variety planted,


(manday)

Operator

LaborFamily Labor

Exchange

LaborHired Labor All Sources

Red Onion

All Provinces 34.96 17.02 1.63 178.32 231.93

Pangasinan 32.36 13.73 0.52 138.93 185.53

Nueva Ecija 37.14 9.25 2.96 200.18 249.53


Multiplier Onion

All Provinces 46.70 24.94 2.10 92.97 166.71

Ilocos Norte 59.12 25.19 3.18 96.11 183.60

Ilocos Sur 39.17 24.79 1.45 91.06 156.47

Variety Planted / Province

41

Table 27. Average labor utilization per hectare of red onion production by farm activity,


(manday)

All

ProvincesPangasinan Nueva Ecija

Mindoro

Occidental

Seedbed Preparation

Clearing of Fields 2.10 0.75 3.57 1.45

Plowing

Man 0.01 0.02

Man-Animal 0.72 0.09 1.05 0.81

Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 1.02 0.18 1.25 1.34

Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.01

Fertilizer Application 0.39 0.11 0.42 0.54

Pesticide Application 0.36 0.07 0.45 0.46

Plotting / Levelling 2.37 0.72 1.86 4.03

Mulching 1.03 0.45 0.89 1.58

Irrigating 4.05 4.29 5.44 2.40

Sorting of bulbs 0.11 0.45

Planting of seeds/bulbs 2.38 1.62 1.99 3.30

Manual Weeding 9.88 1.95 14.13 10.72

Chemical Spraying 0.52 0.17 0.52 0.77

Pulling/Separating of seedlings 10.92 5.34 13.37 12.10

Land Preparation

Clearing of Fields 6.34 8.48 8.76 2.30

Plowing

Man 0.09 0.04 0.21

Man-Animal 1.43 0.67 1.89 1.46

Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 4.12 1.00 4.83 5.47

Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.70 0.57 1.05 0.41



Plotting / Levelling 7.36 10.44 4.75 8.04

Mulching 0.61 0.51 0.77 0.51

Irrigating 3.57 1.70 2.63 5.84

Planting

Direct Seeding 1.47 5.39 0.36

Transplanting 43.76 13.59 48.26 59.41

Care of Crops


Thinning 3.52 11.66 1.65

Manual Weeding 38.00 31.03 46.76 33.41


Irrigating 16.60 26.83 11.76 14.81

Harvesting 42.91 29.62 45.53 49.14

Hauling of Produce

Man 1.86 2.12 2.02 1.52

Man-Animal 1.21 0.03 2.34 0.81

Man-Machine 1.53 1.44 0.75 2.42

Drying 0.01 0.04

Cleaning/Sorting 7.65 11.45 6.40 6.41

Bundling 1.05 3.57 0.34 0.09

Others a/

0.89 2.30

a/ Others include bagging and furrowing

Farm Activity

42

Table 28. Average labor utilization per hectare of multiplier onion production by farm activity,


(manday)

All

ProvincesIlocos Norte Ilocos Sur

Seedbed Preparation

Clearing of Fields 0.05 0.12

Plowing

Man 0.04 0.10

Man-Animal 0.01 0.03

Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) b/ 0.01

Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) b/ b/

Fertilizer Application 0.01 0.02

Pesticide Application 0.01 0.03

Plotting / Levelling 0.24 0.64

Mulching 0.03 0.08

Irrigating 0.67 1.76

Sorting of bulbs

Planting of seeds/bulbs 0.24 0.64

Manual Weeding 0.04 0.12

Chemical Spraying 0.02 0.05

Pulling/Separating of seedlings 0.44 1.16

Land Preparation

Clearing of Fields 1.75 1.70 1.78

Plowing

Man 0.07 0.02 0.10

Man-Animal 0.30 0.55 0.15

Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 0.07 0.17

Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.20 0.13 0.24

Fertilizer Application 0.78 0.75 0.80

Pesticide Application 0.66 0.86 0.54

Plotting / Levelling 0.49 0.06 0.74

Mulching 6.23 10.49 3.65

Irrigating 3.63 4.47 3.13

Planting

Direct Seeding 26.42 24.43 27.62

Transplanting 3.22 7.11 0.86

Care of Crops

Pesticide Application 4.04 2.69 4.86

Thinning 0.17 0.25 0.12

Manual Weeding 8.39 7.32 9.04

Fertilizer Application 1.98 1.82 2.08

Irrigating 23.54 18.86 26.38

Harvesting 26.72 30.79 24.24

Hauling of Produce

Man 4.38 6.90 2.85

Man-Animal 0.21 0.17 0.24

Man-Machine 0.79 0.74 0.83

Drying 5.89 9.55 3.67

Cleaning/Sorting 36.72 37.98 35.96

Bundling 6.92 9.49 5.35

Others a/

1.35 1.53 1.24

a/ Others include bagging and furrowing

b/ Less than 0.01 manday

Farm Activity

43

Table 29. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Quantity Unit Value (P)

Production 11,924.23 kg. 234,843 154,574 19.69

Area harvested = 144.805 ha.

Number of farms = 220

CASH COSTS 103,303 67,994 8.66

Planting materials

Seeds 4.96 kg. 14,418 9,490 1.21

Organic fertilizers

Solid 229.67 kg. 467 307 0.04

Liquid 0.03 li. 21 14 c/

Inorganic fertilizers

Solid 805.83 kg. 18,120 11,926 1.52

Liquid 0.16 li. 102 67 0.01

Soil ameliorants

Solid 2.36 kg. 32 21 c/

Liquid 0.01 li. 6 4 c/

Mulching materials 17.61 kg. 9 6 c/

Pesticides

Solid 3.37 kg. 1,670 1,099 0.14

Liquid 10.80 li. 7,930 5,219 0.67

Hired labor 177.97 mandays 32,429 21,345 2.72

Land tax 421 277 0.04

Caretaker/overseer's wages 1,502 988 0.13

Other permanent employee's salary 124 82 0.01

Rentals:

Land 483 318 0.04

Machine 528 348 0.04

Animals 63 42 0.01

Tools and equipment 44 29 c/

Fuel 151.93 li. 6,864 4,518 0.58

Oil 3.58 li. 502 330 0.04

Transport cost of inputs 431 284 0.04

Interest payment on crop loan 3,034 1,997 0.25

Landowner's share 6,656 4,381 0.56

Irrigation fee 308 203 0.03

Storage cost 802 528 0.07

Electricity 69 45 0.01

Food expense 2,876 1,893 0.24

Repairs 2,456 1,616 0.21

Others a/

937 617 0.08

NON-CASH COSTS 8,382 5,517 0.70

Organic fertilizers

Liquid 0.28 li. 41 27 c/


Liquid 0.14 li. 21 14 c/

Mulching materials 276.45 kg. 423 278 0.04

Hired labor in kind 0.36 mandays 64 42 0.01

Harvesters' share 287.09 kg. 5,838 3,843 0.49

Caretaker/overseer's wages 14.70 256 169 0.02

Rentals:

Land 83.81 1,430 942 0.12

Landowner's share 16.68 288 189 0.02

Irrigation fee 1.38 21 14 c/

ItemPer Hectare Per Farm

(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

44

Table 29. (Concluded)


IMPUTED COSTS 19,201 12,638 1.61

Planting materials

Seeds 0.08 kg. 195 128 0.02

Organic fertilizers

Solid 18.80 kg. 52 34 c/

Liquid 0.01 li. 1 b/ c/


Solid 0.69 kg. 16 10 c/

Soil ameliorants

Solid 0.17 kg. 1 1 c/

Mulching material 20.89 kg. 21 14 c/

Pesticides

Liquid 0.01 li. 1 b/ c/

Operator labor 34.96 mandays 6,404 4,215 0.54

Family labor 17.02 mandays 2,993 1,970 0.25

Exchange labor 1.63 mandays 350 230 0.03

Depreciation 1,460 961 0.12

Interest on operating capital 4,309 2,836 0.36

Rental value of owned land 3,389 2,230 0.28

Transport cost of inputs 10 7 c/

TOTAL COSTS 130,886 86,150 10.98

GROSS RETURNS 234,843 154,574 19.69

RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 131,540 86,580 11.03

123,158 81,063 10.33

NET RETURNS 103,957 68,425 8.72

NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.79 0.79 0.79

COST PER KILOGRAM 10.98

a/ Others include red bag and twine

b/ Less than P1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS

45

Table 30. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)

Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram

VARIABLE COSTS 116,358 76,588 9.76

Planting materials 14,613 9,619 1.23

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 518 341 0.04

Liquid 63 41 0.01

Inorganic

Solid 18,136 11,937 1.52

Liquid 122 81 0.01

Soil ameliorant

Solid 34 22 b/

Liquid 6 4 b/

Mulching materials 452 298 0.04

Pesticides

Solid 1,670 1,099 0.14

Liquid 7,931 5,220 0.67

Labor

Hired labor 32,493 21,387 2.72

Operator labor 6,404 4,215 0.54

Family labor 2,993 1,970 0.25

Exchage labor 350 230 0.03

Caretaker/overseer's wages 1,758 1,157 0.15


Rentals:

Machine 528 348 0.04

Animals 63 42 0.01

Tools and equipment 44 29 b/

Fuel 6,864 4,518 0.58

Oil 502 330 0.04



Storage cost 802 528 0.07

Electricity costs 69 45 0.01

Food expense 2,876 1,893 0.24

Repairs 2,456 1,616 0.21

Harvesters' share 5,838 3,843 0.49


Others a/

937 617 0.08

FIXED COSTS 14,527 9,562 1.22

Land tax 421 277 0.04

Lease rental 1,914 1,260 0.16





TOTAL COSTS 130,886 86,150 10.98


b/ Less than P 0.01

Item

46

Table 31. Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 8,432.30 kg. 179,899 40,660 21.33



CASH COSTS 58,597 13,244 6.95

Planting materials

Bulb 94.59 kg. 1,952 441 0.23

Seeds 1.50 kg. 441 100 0.05

Organic fertilizers

Solid 66.67 kg. 272 61 0.03

Liquid 0.03 li. 23 5 c/


Solid 618.18 kg. 12,851 2,905 1.52

Liquid 0.53 li. 146 33 0.02


Pesticides

Solid 2.10 kg. 1,090 246 0.13

Liquid 5.10 li. 4,035 912 0.48


Land tax 91 20 0.01


Rentals:

Land 442 100 0.05

Machine 96 22 0.01

Animals 23 5 c/


Fuel 103.36 li. 4,853 1,097 0.58

Oil 5.10 li. 537 121 0.06


Interest payment on crop loan 1,113 252 0.13

Landowner's share 4,362 986 0.52


Electricity 1,297 293 0.15

Food expense 2,641 597 0.31

Repairs 2,160 488 0.26

Others a/

643 145 0.08


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

47



NON-CASH COSTS 33,008 7,460 3.91

Planting materials

Bulb 542.49 kg. 19,701 4,453 2.34

Organic fertilizers

Solid 15.26 kg. 15 3 c/

Mulching materials 2,311.44 kg. 3,652 825 0.43

Rentals:

Machine 11.38 299 68 0.04

Landowner's share 455.05 9,341 2,111 1.11

IMPUTED COSTS 20,607 4,658 2.44

Planting materials

Bulb 5.19 kg. 80 18 0.01

Organic fertilizers

Solid 1.53 kg. 8 2 c/


Solid 0.03 kg. 6 1 c/

Mulching material 99.32 kg. 166 37 0.02




Depreciation 782 177 0.09

Interest on operating capital 2,272 513 0.27

Rental value of owned land 3,580 809 0.42


Others b/

179 40 0.02

TOTAL COSTS 112,212 25,362 13.31

GROSS RETURNS 179,899 40,660 21.33


88,295 19,956 10.47

NET RETURNS 67,687 15,298 8.03




b/ Others include red bag and twine

c/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


48

Table 32. Multiplier Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 103,933 23,490 12.33


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 295 67 0.03

Liquid 23 5 c/

Inorganic

Solid 12,857 2,906 1.52

Liquid 146 33 0.02

Soil ameliorant

Solid b/ b/ c/

Liquid b/ b/ c/

Mulching materials 4,161 940 0.49

Pesticides

Solid 1,090 246 0.13

Liquid 4,035 912 0.48

Labor

Hired labor 18,493 4,180 2.19


Family labor 4,564 1,032 0.54


Caretaker/overseer's wages b/ b/ c/


Rentals:

Machine 396 89 0.05

Animals 23 5 c/


Fuel 4,853 1,097 0.58

Oil 537 121 0.06



Storage cost b/ b/ c/

Electricity costs 1,297 293 0.15


Repairs 2,160 488 0.26

Harvesters' share b/ b/ c/


Others a/

822 186 0.10

FIXED COSTS 8,279 1,871 0.98

Land tax 91 20 0.01

Lease rental 442 100 0.05





TOTAL COSTS 112,212 25,362 13.31


b/ Less than P 1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01

Item

49

Table 33. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Pangasinan, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 10,404.97 kg. 241,345 116,710 23.20



CASH COSTS 112,802 54,549 10.84

Planting materials

Seeds 6.83 kg. 20,908 10,111 2.01

Organic fertilizers

Solid 11.18 kg. 45 22 b/

Liquid 0.08 li. 17 8 b/


Solid 774.25 kg. 17,408 8,418 1.67

Liquid 0.28 li. 168 81 0.02

Pesticides

Solid 3.65 kg. 1,461 707 0.14

Liquid 14.10 li. 7,285 3,523 0.70


Land tax 390 189 0.04

Caretaker/overseer's wages 286 139 0.03


Rentals:

Land 154 74 0.01

Machine 458 222 0.04

Animals 46 22 b/

Tools and equipment 151 73 0.01

Fuel 213.12 li. 9,493 4,591 0.91

Oil 2.77 li. 385 186 0.04





Food expense 2,873 1,389 0.28

Repairs 4,306 2,082 0.41

Others a/

117 57 0.01

NON-CASH COSTS 1,039 502 0.10


Hired labor in kind 0.31 mandays 45 22 b/

Rentals:

Land 12.58 220 106 0.02



(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

50



IMPUTED COSTS 18,784 9,083 1.81

Planting materials

Seeds 0.04 kg. 114 55 0.01

Organic fertilizers

Liquid 0.03 li. 3 1 b/


Solid 2.79 kg. 64 31 0.01

Mulching material 4.19 kg. 6 3 b/

Pesticides

Liquid 0.03 li. 3 1 b/




Depreciation 2,533 1,225 0.24



TOTAL COSTS 132,625 64,135 12.75

GROSS RETURNS 241,345 116,710 23.20


127,504 61,659 12.25

NET RETURNS 108,720 52,575 10.45




b/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


51

Table 34. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Pangasinan, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 119,352 57,717 11.47


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 45 22 c/

Liquid 20 9 c/

Inorganic

Solid 17,472 8,449 1.68

Liquid 168 81 0.02

Soil ameliorant

Solid b/ b/ c/

Liquid b/ b/ c/


Pesticides

Solid 1,461 707 0.14

Liquid 7,288 3,524 0.70

Labor

Hired labor 29,757 14,390 2.86


Family labor 2,578 1,247 0.25




Rentals:

Machine 458 222 0.04

Animals 46 22 c/

Tools and equipment 151 73 0.01

Fuel 9,493 4,591 0.91

Oil 385 186 0.04




Electricity costs b/ b/ c/

Food expense 2,873 1,389 0.28

Repairs 4,306 2,082 0.41



Others a/

117 57 0.01

FIXED COSTS 13,273 6,419 1.28

Land tax 390 189 0.04



Depreciation 2,533 1,225 0.24



TOTAL COSTS 132,625 64,135 12.75


b/ Less than P 1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01

Item

52

Table 35. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 12,648.36 kg. 259,064 204,953 20.48



CASH COSTS 105,595 83,539 8.35

Planting materials

Seeds 5.14 kg. 13,115 10,376 1.04

Organic fertilizers

Solid 566.85 kg. 1,096 867 0.09

Liquid 0.02 li. 43 34 b/


Solid 879.82 kg. 19,032 15,056 1.50

Liquid 0.20 li. 76 60 0.01

Soil ameliorants

Solid 6.09 kg. 83 66 0.01

Liquid 0.02 li. 16 13 b/

Mulching materials 45.40 kg. 23 18 b/

Pesticides

Solid 3.16 kg. 1,231 974 0.10

Liquid 9.58 li. 6,980 5,522 0.55


Land tax 609 482 0.05


Rentals:

Land 747 591 0.06

Machine 814 644 0.06

Animals 39 31 b/

Tools and equipment 18 14 b/

Fuel 91.42 li. 4,027 3,186 0.32

Oil 3.51 li. 495 391 0.04





Storage cost 2,067 1,635 0.16


Food expense 3,363 2,661 0.27

Repairs 2,560 2,025 0.20

Others a/

1,997 1,580 0.16

NON-CASH COSTS 16,612 13,142 1.31


Hired labor in kind 0.73 mandays 136 108 0.01

Harvesters' share 740.11 kg. 15,050 11,906 1.19

Rentals:

Land 32.76 494 391 0.04


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

53



IMPUTED COSTS 19,380 15,332 1.53

Planting materials

Seeds 0.18 kg. 430 340 0.03

Organic fertilizers

Solid 48.46 kg. 134 106 0.01

Soil ameliorants

Solid 0.43 kg. 4 3 b/








TOTAL COSTS 141,587 112,014 11.19

GROSS RETURNS 259,064 204,953 20.48


136,857 108,272 10.82

NET RETURNS 117,477 92,939 9.29




b/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


54

Table 36. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 127,247 100,668 10.06


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 1,230 973 0.10

Liquid 43 34 c/

Inorganic

Solid 19,032 15,056 1.50

Liquid 76 60 0.01

Soil ameliorant

Solid 87 68 0.01

Liquid 16 13 c/


Pesticides

Solid 1,231 974 0.10

Liquid 6,980 5,522 0.55

Labor

Hired labor 38,035 30,090 3.01


Family labor 1,742 1,379 0.14



Other permanent employee's salary b/ b/ c/

Rentals:

Machine 814 644 0.06

Animals 39 31 c/


Fuel 4,027 3,186 0.32

Oil 495 391 0.04



Storage cost 2,067 1,635 0.16


Food expense 3,363 2,661 0.27

Repairs 2,560 2,025 0.20

Harvesters' share 15,050 11,906 1.19


Others a/

1,997 1,580 0.16

FIXED COSTS 14,340 11,345 1.13

Land tax 609 482 0.05

Lease rental 1,242 982 0.10





TOTAL COSTS 141,587 112,014 11.19


b/ Less than P 1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01

Item

55

Table 37. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 12,183.29 kg. 204,696 144,242 16.80



CASH COSTS 94,435 66,545 7.75

Planting materials

Seeds 3.51 kg. 11,409 8,040 0.94

Organic fertilizers

Solid 19.24 kg. 83 58 0.01


Solid 748.57 kg. 17,633 12,425 1.45

Liquid 0.05 li. 84 59 0.01

Pesticides

Solid 3.41 kg. 2,277 1,605 0.19

Liquid 9.87 li. 9,376 6,607 0.77


Land tax 243 171 0.02


Rentals:

Land 426 300 0.03

Machine 272 191 0.02

Animals 101 71 0.01

Fuel 174.82 li. 8,098 5,706 0.66

Oil 4.22 li. 589 415 0.05





Food expense 2,359 1,662 0.19

Repairs 1,093 770 0.09

Others a/

365 257 0.03

NON-CASH COSTS 4,606 3,246 0.38

Organic fertilizers

Liquid 0.76 li. 114 80 0.01


Liquid 0.38 li. 57 40 b/


Caretaker/overseer's wages 40.26 703 495 0.06

Rentals:

Land 186.30 3,245 2,287 0.27


Irrigation fee 3.78 57 40 b/


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

56



IMPUTED COSTS 19,292 13,595 1.58








Transport cost of inputs 28 20 b/

TOTAL COSTS 118,334 83,386 9.71

GROSS RETURNS 204,696 144,242 16.80


105,654 74,451 8.67

NET RETURNS 86,362 60,857 7.09




b/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


57

Table 38. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 102,759 72,411 8.43


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 83 58 0.01

Liquid 114 80 0.01

Inorganic

Solid 17,633 12,425 1.45

Liquid 141 99 0.01

Soil ameliorant

Solid b/ b/ c/

Liquid b/ b/ c/


Pesticides

Solid 2,277 1,605 0.19

Liquid 9,376 6,607 0.77

Labor

Hired labor 28,456 20,052 2.34


Family labor 4,603 3,243 0.38




Rentals:

Machine 272 191 0.02

Animals 101 71 0.01

Tools and equipment b/ b/ c/

Fuel 8,098 5,706 0.66

Oil 589 415 0.05




Electricity costs b/ b/ c/

Red Bag b/ b/ c/

Food expense 2,359 1,662 0.19

Repairs 1,093 770 0.09



Others a/

365 257 0.03

FIXED COSTS 15,575 10,975 1.28

Land tax 243 171 0.02

Lease rental 3,671 2,587 0.30





TOTAL COSTS 118,334 83,386 9.71


b/ Less than P 1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01

Item

58

Table 39. Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 7,441.31 kg. 181,237 30,308 24.36



CASH COSTS 59,178 9,896 7.95

Planting materials

Bulb 194.34 kg. 3,580 599 0.48

Seeds 3.98 kg. 1,168 195 0.16

Organic fertilizers

Solid 38.38 kg. 65 11 0.01


Solid 577.72 kg. 11,686 1,954 1.57

Liquid 0.65 li. 119 20 0.02


Pesticides

Solid 2.00 kg. 994 166 0.13

Liquid 5.54 li. 3,764 629 0.51


Land tax 126 21 0.02

Rentals:

Machine 110 18 0.01

Animals 24 4 c/


Fuel 150.97 li. 7,251 1,213 0.97

Oil 2.55 li. 321 54 0.04


Interest payment on crop loan 652 109 0.09

Landowner's share 2,836 474 0.38




Repairs 2,187 366 0.29

Others a/

556 93 0.07

NON-CASH COSTS 25,215 4,217 3.39

Planting materials

Bulb 417.66 kg. 8,440 1,411 1.13


Rentals:

Machine 30.14 793 133 0.11



(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

59



IMPUTED COSTS 22,468 3,757 3.02

Planting materials

Bulb 6.30 kg. 63 11 0.01

Organic fertilizers

Solid 4.04 kg. 20 3 c/


Solid 0.08 kg. 16 3 c/

Mulching material 263.03 kg. 438 73 0.06


Family labor 25.19 mandays 4,903 820 0.66






Others b/

151 25 0.02

TOTAL COSTS 106,861 17,870 14.36

GROSS RETURNS 181,237 30,308 24.36


96,844 16,195 13.01

NET RETURNS 74,376 12,438 10.00





c/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


60

Table 40. Multiplier Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 101,204 16,924 13.60


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 85 14 0.01

Liquid b/ b/ c/

Inorganic

Solid 11,702 1,957 1.57

Liquid 119 20 0.02

Soil ameliorant

Solid b/ b/ c/

Liquid b/ b/ c/

Mulching materials 7,047 1,178 0.95

Pesticides

Solid 994 166 0.13

Liquid 3,764 629 0.51

Labor

Hired labor 19,519 3,264 2.62


Family labor 4,903 820 0.66




Rentals:

Machine 903 151 0.12

Animals 24 4 c/


Fuel 7,251 1,213 0.97

Oil 321 54 0.04






Repairs 2,187 366 0.29



Others a/

707 118 0.10

FIXED COSTS 5,657 946 0.76

Land tax 126 21 0.02

Lease rental b/ b/ c/

Interest payment on crop loan 652 109 0.09




TOTAL COSTS 106,861 17,870 14.36


b/ Less than P 1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01

Item

61

Table 41. Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013


Production 9,033.54 kg. 179,088 51,449 19.82



CASH COSTS 58,244 16,733 6.45

Planting materials

Bulb 34.07 kg. 965 277 0.11

Organic fertilizers

Solid 83.84 kg. 398 114 0.04

Liquid 0.05 li. 36 10 c/


Solid 642.73 kg. 13,558 3,895 1.50

Liquid 0.45 li. 162 47 0.02


Pesticides

Solid 2.16 kg. 1,147 330 0.13

Liquid 4.83 li. 4,200 1,207 0.46


Land tax 69 20 0.01


Rentals:

Land 711 204 0.08

Machine 88 25 0.01

Animals 23 6 c/

Fuel 74.47 li. 3,398 976 0.38

Oil 6.66 li. 669 192 0.07




Electricity 1,850 532 0.20


Repairs 2,144 616 0.24

Others a/

696 200 0.08

NON-CASH COSTS 37,736 10,841 4.18

Planting materials

Bulb 618.22 kg. 26,532 7,622 2.94

Organic fertilizers

Solid 24.51 kg. 25 7 c/




(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)

62



IMPUTED COSTS 19,479 5,596 2.16

Planting materials

Bulb 4.51 kg. 90 26 0.01







Transport cost of inputs 15 4 c/

Others b/

196 56 0.02

TOTAL COSTS 115,459 33,170 12.78

GROSS RETURNS 179,088 51,449 19.82


83,108 23,876 9.20

NET RETURNS 63,629 18,280 7.04





c/ Less than P 0.01


(P)

Per Kilogram

(P)


63

Table 42. Multiplier Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)


VARIABLE COSTS 105,589 30,334 11.69


Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 422 121 0.05

Liquid 36 10 c/

Inorganic

Solid 13,558 3,895 1.50

Liquid 162 47 0.02

Soil ameliorant

Solid b/ b/ c/

Liquid b/ b/ c/

Mulching materials 2,410 692 0.27

Pesticides

Solid 1,147 330 0.13

Liquid 4,200 1,207 0.46

Labor

Hired labor 17,871 5,134 1.98


Family labor 4,358 1,252 0.48




Rentals:

Machine 88 25 0.01

Animals 23 6 c/

Tools and equipment b/ b/ c/

Fuel 3,398 976 0.38

Oil 669 192 0.07


Irrigation fee b/ b/ c/


Electricity costs 1,850 532 0.20

Red Bag b/ b/ c/


Repairs 2,144 616 0.24



Others a/

892 256 0.10

FIXED COSTS 9,870 2,835 1.09

Land tax 69 20 0.01






TOTAL COSTS 115,459 33,170 12.78


b/ Less than P 1.00

c/ Less than P 0.01

Item

64

Table 43a. Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs and returns per hectare

by major cost item, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

(in peso)

Cash

Costs

Non-cash

Costs

Imputed

Costs

Total

Costs

Gross

Returns

Red Onion

Pangasinan 112,802 1,039 18,784 132,625 241,345

Nueva Ecija 105,595 16,612 19,380 141,587 259,064

Mindoro Occidental 94,435 4,606 19,292 118,334 204,696

Multiplier Onion

Ilocos Norte 59,178 25,215 22,468 106,861 181,237

Ilocos Sur 58,244 37,736 19,479 115,459 179,088

Province/

Variety Planted

Table 43b. Inter-provincial comparison of profitability of onion production,


(in peso)

Returns Above

Cash Costs

Returns Above

Cash and Non-cash

Costs

Net

Returns

Net Profit-cost

Ratio

Red Onion

Pangasinan 128,543 127,504 108,720 0.82

Nueva Ecija 153,470 136,857 117,477 0.83

Mindoro Occidental 110,261 105,654 86,362 0.73

Multiplier Onion

Ilocos Norte 122,059 96,844 74,376 0.70

Ilocos Sur 120,844 83,108 63,629 0.55

Province/

Variety Planted

65

Table 44. Percentage distribution of onion produce by disposition item


Sold /

To be Sold

Harvesters'

Share

Other

Laborers'

Share

Landowner's

Share

Land

Lease/

Rental

For

Home

Consumption

All Provinces 90.20 0.30 0.02 3.11 0.76 0.43

Ilocos Norte 81.69 5.90 0.46

Ilocos Sur 89.78 5.26 0.41

Pangasinan 95.16 0.21 0.36

Nueva Ecija 96.09 5.97 0.06 0.03 1.16


Province

Table 44. (Continued)

Given

Away

Paid to

Creditor

Used/

To be Used

for Seeds

Wastage Processor Others a/

All Provinces 1.26 0.05 4.17 1.18 b/ 0.14

Ilocos Norte 1.24 10.11 0.18 0.43

Ilocos Sur 1.41 0.14 6.04 0.42 b/


Nueva Ecija 1.26 0.19 0.70 0.50


a/ Others include irrigation fee and storage fee

b/ Less than 0.01 percent

Province

66

Table 45. Percentage of onion farmers reporting on current level of production in comparison

with the same period last year, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Higher This Year Lower This Year About The Same

All Provinces 32.05 46.03 16.99

Ilocos Norte 31.08 50.00 10.81

Ilocos Sur 16.90 53.52 22.54

Pangasinan 24.32 39.19 36.49

Nueva Ecija 54.93 32.39 12.68


Province

Table 46. Percentage of onion farmers with higher volume of production this year by reason

for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Increase

in Area

Good

Weather

Good Quality

of Seeds

Used

Fertilizer

Adequate

Water SupplyOthers

a/

All Provinces 15.38 40.17 25.64 17.95 1.71 5.13

Ilocos Norte 8.70 34.78 30.43 26.09 4.35

Ilocos Sur 33.33 16.67 50.00 16.67 8.33

Pangasinan 5.56 77.78 16.67 16.67

Nueva Ecija 5.13 48.72 23.08 20.51 2.56 2.56


a/ Others include good soil condition and proper farm management

Province

Reasons For Change in Production

67

Table 47. Percentage of onion farmers with lower volume of production this year by reason

for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Decrease

in Area

Bad

Weather

Pests and

Diseases

Low Quality

of Seeds

Inadequate

Water Supply

Poor Quality

of Produce

All Provinces 12.50 55.95 45.83 15.48 1.19 4.17

Ilocos Norte 13.51 64.86 27.03 10.81 5.41

Ilocos Sur 15.79 50.00 65.79 5.26 2.63

Pangasinan 75.86 48.28 10.34

Nueva Ecija 8.70 47.83 8.70 26.09 4.35 8.70

Mindoro Occidental 19.51 43.90 63.41 26.83 2.44 4.88

Province

Reasons For Change in Production

Table 48. Percentage of onion farmers reporting problems on production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Pests

and

Diseases

High

Cost of

Inputs

Bad

Weather/

Calamities

Lack of

Capital

Rough or

Poor Road/

Inadequate

Transport

Facilities

Inadequate

Supply of

Water/

Irrigation

Problem

Poor

Soil

Condition

Poor

Quality

of Seeds

All Provinces 50.96 38.36 41.64 27.95 3.01 2.74 1.64 1.92

Ilocos Norte 40.54 40.54 44.59 9.46 6.76 4.05 2.70

Ilocos Sur 60.56 50.70 39.44 38.03 1.41 1.41

Pangasinan 45.95 18.92 63.51 41.89 2.70 1.35 2.70

Nueva Ecija 43.66 11.27 40.85 4.23 1.41 1.41 1.41 7.04


Province

68

Table 49. Percentage of onion farmers who sold produce by major buyer,


Agent WholesalerWholesaler-

retailerExporter Assembler Consumer

All Provinces 31.04 36.26 17.58 2.47 12.91 0.27

Ilocos Norte 12.33 28.77 16.44 42.47

Ilocos Sur 53.52 28.17 1.41 9.86 9.86

Pangasinan 28.38 50.00 21.62

Nueva Ecija 38.03 38.03 12.68 9.86 1.41


Province

Table 50. Percentage of onion farmers reporting problems on marketing of produce,


Unstable

Prices

Rough Roads/

High Transport

Cost

Low Price

of Produce

No Buyer/

Market

Outlet

Lack of

Marketing

Information

All Provinces 85.21 3.01 49.04 11.78 4.11

Ilocos Norte 68.92 1.35 62.16 4.05 4.05

Ilocos Sur 88.73 59.15 32.39 7.04

Pangasinan 93.24 6.76 41.89 2.70 6.76

Nueva Ecija 94.37 2.82 14.08 1.41 1.41


Province

69

Table 51. Percentage of onion farmers who availed of loans for onion production and

by source of loan, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Cooperative BankPrivate

Individual

Microfinance

Institution

All Provinces 37.53 13.97 8.82 72.06 5.15

Ilocos Norte 12.16 11.11 44.44 44.44

Ilocos Sur 53.52 28.95 5.26 63.16 2.63

Pangasinan 48.65 2.78 5.56 86.11 5.56

Nueva Ecija 32.39 26.09 73.91


Source

Province

Percentage of

Onion Farmers

Who Availed Loan

Table 52. Percentage of onion farmers who are aware and availed of benefit from government programs/

interventions in onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Aware of Government

Programs/Interventions

Availed of Benefit from Government

Programs/Interventions




Pangasinan 22.97



Province

70

Table 53. Percentage of onion farmers who received benefit from government programs/

interventions on onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Seeds

Fertilizer

and Other

Inputs

Training on

Farming

Technology

Irrigation

Facilities

Post

Harvest

Facilities

Tools a/

All Provinces 30.77 15.38 53.85 3.85 3.85 3.85

Ilocos Norte 100.00

Ilocos Sur 7.69 7.69 76.92 7.69 7.69 7.69

Pangasinan

Nueva Ecija 70.00 10.00 30.00


a/ Rubber hose

Province

Table 54. Percentage of onion farmers who used the benefit received and increased farm income,


Used the Benefit Received

from the GovernmentIncreased Farm Income



Ilocos Sur 100.00 76.92

Pangasinan



Province

71

Table 55. Percentage of onion farmers by perceived effect of climate change on their farming practices,


Change in

Cropping

Pattern

Decrease in

Number of

Cropping

Increase

in Input

Usage

Decrease

in Yield

Decrease in

Frequency

of Plowing

Others a/

All Provinces 63.84 26.61 10.30 9.44 68.24 0.86 5.15

Ilocos Norte 70.27 11.54 3.85 7.69 90.38 5.77

Ilocos Sur 50.70 22.22 16.67 63.89 2.78

Pangasinan 55.41 60.98 7.32 12.20 46.34 2.44 2.44

Nueva Ecija 63.38 31.11 22.22 55.56 15.56


a/ Others include crop deseases and poor quality of produce

Affected

By Climate

Change

Province

Effect

Table 56. Percentage of onion farmers practicing natural farming using organic fertilizers,


All Provinces 9.59

Ilocos Norte 1.35

Ilocos Sur 8.45

Pangasinan

Nueva Ecija 33.80


Province Practice Natural Farming Using Organic Fertilizers

72

Table 57. Percentage of onion farmers who are members of farmers' organization and by type

of benefit received, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Training/

Seminars

Financial/

Credit

Support

Inputs

Support

Marketing

Support

Irrigation

and Farm

Equipment

All Provinces 33.42 24.59 9.84 14.75 0.82 12.30

Ilocos Norte 35.14 11.54 3.85 3.85 38.46

Ilocos Sur 85.92 8.20 9.84 14.75 1.64

Pangasinan 28.38 66.67 14.29 4.76 9.52



Province

Members of

Farmers'

Organization

Benefits received

Table 58. Percentage distribution of onion farmers reporting on the plan of farm operation,


Maintain Current

OperationExpand Operation Others

a/

All Provinces 60.55 33.42 6.03

Ilocos Norte 74.32 16.22 9.46

Ilocos Sur 64.79 19.72 15.49

Pangasinan 60.81 35.14 4.05

Nueva Ecija 56.34 42.25 1.41


a/ Others include decrease in farm area, stop planting operation, shift to other crop and

some are undecided due to lack of capital and planting materials

Province

73

Table 59. Percentage of onion farmers reporting on the recommendations to further improve

the onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013

Price

Support

Improve

Irrigation

Services

Infrastructure

Facilities

Regulate

Price of

Farm Inputs

Financial

Support

All Provinces 86.58 8.49 5.75 47.40 49.59

Ilocos Norte 90.54 8.11 2.70 45.95 24.32

Ilocos Sur 95.77 1.41 39.44 59.15

Pangasinan 78.38 17.57 14.86 20.27 78.38

Nueva Ecija 78.87 5.63 4.23 46.48 33.80


Province


Soil

Testing/

Analysis

Land

Reform

Program

Environmental

Concern

New/Modern

Farming

Technologies

Others a/

All Provinces 6.85 1.37 0.55 28.49 12.33

Ilocos Norte 9.46 22.97 12.16

Ilocos Sur 7.04 1.41 26.76 26.76

Pangasinan 4.05 4.05 2.70 13.51 1.35

Nueva Ecija 4.23 1.41 5.63 18.31


a/ Others include input support from the government, use of organic fertilizer, marketing support and prevent importation

Province

Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Statistics Authority (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics)

Ben-Lor Bldg., 1184 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division

Tel. No. 372-3823

[email protected]

http://www.bas.gov.ph

Documents

Republic of the Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority CRS Onion Report.pdf · Onion (allium cepa L.), locally known as “sibuyas”, is commonly used as seasoning in many food