Repositioning Science, Technology and Innovation System to Meet the Challenges of Vision 20:2020

8/8/2019 Repositioning Science, Technology and Innovation System to Meet the Challenges of Vision 20:2020

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/repositioning-science-technology-and-innovation-system-to-meet-the-challenges 1/41

REPOSITIONING SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

SYSTEM TO MEET THE CHALLENGES OFVISION 20:2020

A Paper for Presentation at the

2010 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUMMIT

Theme “STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE QUANTUM LEAPFROM LABORATORIES TO THE MARKET”

By

Prof. O.O. ADEWOYE FMSN, FNSE, FAEng., FAS

Director General/ Chief Executive

NATIONAL AGENCY FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGINFRASTRUCTURE (NASENI)

9TH – 10TH AUGUST, 2010



2010 Science & Technology Summit

NATIONAL AGENCY FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE (NASENI) Page 2

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 The Objectives of the Paper.

1.2 Fast-tracked Economic Growth through Targeted R&D andReverse Engineering1.3 Social Matrix, Historical Perspective and Current Situation in the

Light of Vision 20:20201.2.1 Innovation, National Consensus; an historical perspective1.2.2 The Need for Shared Vision and Values1.2.3 Present State and Challenges

1.4 Vision 20: 2020 is Achievable

2.0 ROLE OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY ANDINNOVATION IN SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Knowledge-Enabled Manufacturing is Key to Fast-Tracking2.2 Role of S&T in the Creation and Sustenance of Modern

Manufacturing2.3 Modelling and Simulation is Fundamental to Sustainable

Development through Advanced Manufacturing2.4 Virtual Manufacturing, Key to Rapid Final Assembly of Boeing 7E72.5 Knowledge from Science and Education is more important than

Abundance of Raw Materials

3.0 MODELS AND FRAMEWORK FOR HARNESSING SETICAPABILITIES FOR MANUFACTURING

3.1 Next Generation Manufacturing Initiative (NGMTI)3.2 Functional Model for the MBE Roadmap3.3 Synergy amongst SETI Institutes and SME Development Agencies

4.0 NASENI INTERVENTION IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR

4.1 NASENI Advanced Manufacturing Technology Programme4.2 Virtual Manufacturing Laboratory (VML)4.3 High Power Computing (HPC) Laboratory4.4 Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Computer Aided Manufacturing

(CAM)4.5 The Establishment of Advanced Manufacturing Centres in Nine

Universities within the Niger Delta Area4.5.1 Objectives





4.5.2 Facilities, Equipment and Training4.5.3 AMT Training for Pioneer Staff of Nine NDDC AMTC

4.6 Rapid Prototyping (RP)4.7 Human Capacity Development in Engineering Design and

Development

5.0 CHALLENGES OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY &INNOVATION (SETI) AND WAY FORWARD FOR SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

5.1 Limitation in SETI Capacity5.2 SETI Capacity Building5.3 Keys to SETI Capacity Building for Economic Development and

Sustainability5.4 Science Governance is Important5.5 Technology Transfer Strategy

5.5.1 Innovation, Invention & Intellectual property5.5.2 Patents and Patenting5.5.3 Generating Innovation and moving it to the Market:

Invention, Development, Demonstration, Deployment (ID3)Chain

5.5.4 Indigenous Knowledge Strategy

6.0 THE WAY FORWARD6.1 Re-Definition of Extant Policies

6.2 Paradigm Shift

6.3 Linkages

7.0 OTHER AREAS OF NASENI’s INTERVENTION

8.0 CONCLUSION





1.0 INTRODUCTION

Vision 20: 2020, to those who have followed the trend of development in

Nigeria in the past, definitely would look bleak and totally impossible coupledwith the facts of Nigeria’s current economic ranking in the world and theobvious fact that those nations we are to overtake to achieve this vision are notresting on their oars in the development of their own nations.

For the year 2007, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA) World Fact Book listed Nigeria as the 41st on theList of Developed Economies based on GDP, while the World Bank listedNigeria as the 40th in its own analysis. The three sources listed USA, Japan,Germany, China and United Kingdom as the first five. In order to achieve theVision 20: 2020; for Nigeria to be among the first twenty most developedeconomies of the world by Year 2020, the nation’s economy needs to develop ata rate fast enough to overtake more than 20 countries within the next 10 years;countries like Indonesia, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Hong Kongamongst others.

A “tall order” this may seem, but it is achievable. From studies on what leadingeconomies of the world are doing to achieve and maintain their current status inthe world, two subtle ideologies are the underlining factors; Knowledge andManufacturing. These two factors aids the ability of nations to competeglobally.

National competitiveness is the ability of a nation to produce goods and servicesthat meet the test of foreign competition while its citizen earn a standard of living that is both rising and sustainable, not merely employment of citizens atlow wages. The achievement of these objectives depends on the the efficiencyby which an economy utilizes its natural resource, labor, capital and technology.The only meaningful concept of national competitiveness is the value of theoutput produced by a unit labour and capital.

In order to make Small businesses in Nigeria competitive, the role of Scienceand Engineering cannot be overemphasised. This popular quotation by theformer United Nation Secretary General; Mr. Kofi Anan in 2004 readily comesto mind: “In the world of the 21stcentury, critical issues related to Science and Technology confront every nation…Today, no nation that wants to shapeinformed policies and take effective action on such issues can be without its ownindependent capacity in Science and Technology (S&T)” [1] Even though

Nigeria is blessed with a myriad of highly skilled professionals in Science andEngineering both at home and in Diaspora, the value of such human capital is





yet to be transformed into sustainable national development. This places a bigquestion mark on how these human resources have been managed in the pastand a clamour for a better means of managing them for a sustainable nationaldevelopment.

1.1 Objectives of this PaperThis paper seeks to highlight the roles of Science and Engineering capabilitiesin the production of goods and services for global competitiveness; identifiesthe challenges in managing indigenous Science and Engineering capabilitiesand proposes a framework for harnessing these resources for sustainablenational development.

1.2 Fast-tracked Economic Growth through Targeted R&D and Reverse

EngineeringIn the short run and given the present technology disparities between and thedeveloped and rich nations of the US and Europe, developing nations can onlyreally get into the game of national economic development through fast-tracking and leap-frogging. These two essentially call for Targeted-projectbased Science, technology and education. Histories of the US, Japan and Chinateach us this fact. The early success of Boeing Corporation benefited fromgenerous grants from the US government to aid its reverse engineering of German Technology. The phenomenal rise of both Japan and China through thedexterous utilisation of reverse engineering and subsequent innovation is nonews to all. Fast-tracking in the Nigerian case has to be seen in the context of the publicly stated objectives of being one of the twenty largest economies bythe year 2020 and realising the ideologically stated Seven Point Agenda of thepresent administration. The realisation of the above stated objectives calls forthe economy to grow at an annual rate of twelve and half percentage point. Theachievement of this phenomenal rate makes Science and the utilisation of Science the real major business of all for the next ten years.

1.3 Social Matrix, Historical Perspective and Current Situation in theLight of Vision 20:2020

1.3.1 Innovation, National Consensus; an historical perspectiveThe extent of the development of endogenous capacity of a nation or indeedimportant component parts of it depends on a number of critical factors. Someof these include history, geography, its standing in international circles and of course its ability to construct a consensus to define its national goal. A nationunder the threat of war or other natural forces will develop the capability todefend itself. For instance, a large part of the Netherlands is below sea level,

and has suffered from severe flooding in the past. It has continued to flourishby being the best in hydraulic engineering. Nigeria needs to develop a





consensus in order to construct and maintain a coherent science and technologypolicy. This latter is of strategic importance to nations. [2]

1.3.2 The Need for Shared Vision and Values

Usually in the Political Economy of any society there is a fundamental nexusbetween the economic base and the political super structure. In the same vein,sometime when you have a visionary leadership, the technological base of thesociety is also properly propelled by a vision. An example of this is when LatePresident Kennedy said to his people that “America shall land a man on themoon”. The present administration has also provided a political vision, andhopefully, several years to come so much development would have taken placein Nigeria. In order words, if it is very important for Nigeria to be able toemerge as a nation of prosperity, there must be a grand vision and the grandvision is being provided right now. However, this grand vision must besustained for a long time for Nigerians to benefit. The vision must translate to aMission Statement, which will govern the system as a whole.

All the present cleavages in our political system must be ironed out. There is theneed for elites as body to subscribe to the same vision to believe that Nigeriacan be developed within a certain number of years, that Nigeria can be built, canbe uplifted can be maximally catapulted within a given short period of time. Inthe last century, Italy probably changed their governments every other year butthere was a consensus amongst the elites that their economy could grow at avery reasonable rate, and so it did. So there will be need for an ideologicalparadigm shift among Nigerian Elite to accept the vision of the economicdevelopment and stay with it so as to allow rapid increase in gross domesticproduct.

1.3.3 Present State and ChallengesBrain Drain has been fingered as a major cause of the inability of the NigerianScience and Engineering capabilities to transform into sustainable nationaldevelopment. Nigerians in Diaspora are estimated at between 17-20 million, asignificant fraction of these are professionals. There are about 5,000 Nigeriamedical doctors practising in North America. This continuous outflow of skilledlabour has contributed to widening the gap in S&T between Africa and othercontinents. Even the United Nations once stated that the “emigration of Africanprofessionals to the West is one of the greatest obstacles to Africa’sdevelopment”

In view of this, Government initiated actions to turn “brain-drain” to “brain-gain” by inaugurating the ‘Nigerian Diaspora Day’ - a day in July of every

year. This forum aims at facilitating active participation of Nigerians inDiaspora in the developmental process. The first Nigerian Diaspora day took





place in July 2006 concurrent with the Diaspora 2 nd science and technologyconference.

Other challenges to harnessing Nigerian Science and Engineering capabilities

for sustainable national development includes the following:• Lack of conducive integrated policy and institutional framework • Under-developed technology and innovation promotion capabilities• Short-term thinking and reactive mode action• System linkage failures and poor coordination• Disconnection of application of new technologies from socio-

economic problems• Scientific institutions with strong and inflexible disciplinary focus• Low technology and innovation intensity in industry• Lack of funding for technology acquisition and diffusion• Absence of adequate equipment and infrastructure• Commodities-based economy (selling of wosi-wosi)

All these have led the nation to the present status in the international scene. Asdescribed in the following figures, Nigeria ranks 66 th on the Group Descriptionof Knowledge Index and 95 th on the Global Competitiveness Ranking for theyear 2007. This means that for Nigeria to achieve its goal of being one of the

first twenty most developed economies by the year 2020, a new approach of thinking and doing things ought to be sought.





7

WHERE WE AREWHERE WE AREWHERE WE AREWHERE WE ARE ----

Group Description of Knowledge IndexGroup Description of Knowledge IndexGroup Description of Knowledge IndexGroup Description of Knowledge Index

Group I Frontier Countries

Group II Fast Followers

Group III Fast Followers

Group IV Lagging Followers

1.United States2.Japan3.Sweden4.Germany5.Switzerland6.France7.United Kingdom8.Canada9.Italy10.Finland11.Israel12.Korea, Republic of13.Austria14.Hong Kong, China15.Belgium16.Spain17.Netherlands18.China19.Norway20.Denmark

21.India22.Portugal23.Ireland24.Poland25.Hungary26.Slovenia27.Turkey28.Australia29.Czech Republic30.Mexico31.Slovak Republic32.Greece33.Romania34.Brazil35.Bulgaria

36.Ukraine37.Croatia38.Pakistan39.Malaysia40.South Africa41.Bangladesh42.New Zealand43.Belarus44.Thailand45.Estonia46.Tunisia47.Philippines48.Russian Federation49.Lithuania50.Latvia51.Jamaica52.Jordan53.Argentina54.Egypt, Arab Rep.55.Indonesia56.Costa Rica57.Vietnam58.Colombia59.Chile60.Venezuela, RB

61.Kazakhstan62.Moldova63.Kyrgyz Republic64.Guatemala65.Peru

66.NIGERIA67.Panama68.Azerbaijan69.Syrian Arab Republic70.Ecuador71Gabon72.Benin73.Congo Republic





Country/Economy GCI Ranking 07 06 05

United States 16 1

Switzerland 21 4Denmark 34 3Sweden 43 7Germany 58 6Finland 62 2Singapore 75 5Japan 87 10United Kingdom 910 9Netherlands 109 11Korea, Rep. 1124 19Hong Kong SAR 1211 14Canada 1316 13

Taiwan, China 1413 8

Austria 1517 15Norway 1612 17Israel 1715 23France 1818 12Australia 1919 18Belgium 2020 20Malaysia 2126 25Ireland 2221 21Iceland 2314 16New Zealand 2423 22Luxembourg 2522 24Chile 2627 27Estonia 2725 26

Thailand 2835 33Spain 2928 28Kuwait 3044 49Qatar 3138 46Tunisia 3230 37Czech Republic 3329 29China 3454 48United Arab Emirates 3732 32Lithuania 3840 34Slovenia 3933 30

Country/EconomyGCI Ranking 07 06 05

Portugal 4034 31

Slovak Republic 4137 36Bahrain 4349 50South Africa 4445 40Latvia 4536 39Italy 4642 38Hungary 4741 35India 4843 45Jordan 4952 42Barbados 5031 -Poland 5148 43Mexico 5258 59Turkey 5359 71Indonesia 5450 69Cyprus 5546 41Malta 5639 44Croatia 5751 64Russian Federation 5862 53Panama 5957 65Mauritius 6055 55Kazakhstan 6156 51Costa Rica 6353 56Morocco 6470 76Greece 6547 47Azerbaijan 6664 62El Salvador 6761 60Vietnam 6877 74Colombia 6965 58

Sri Lanka 7079 80Philippines 7171 73Brazil 7266 57Ukraine 7378 68Romania 7468 67Uruguay 7573 70Botswana 7681 72Egypt 7763 52Jamaica 7860 63Bulgaria 7972 61

Country/Economy GCI Ranking

07 06 05Algeria 8176 82

Honduras 8393 97Trinidad andTobago 84

67 66

Argentina 8569 54Peru 8674 77Guatemala 8775 95Namibia 8984 79Georgia 9085 86Pakistan 9291 94Armenia 9382 81Macedonia 9480 75Nigeria 95101 83Dominican

Republic 96

83 91

Moldova 9786 89Venezuela 9888 84Kenya 9994 93Mongolia 10192 90Gambia 102102 109Ecuador 10390 87Tanzania 104104 105Bolivia 10597 101Bosnia andHerzegovina 106

89 89

Bangladesh 10799 98Benin 108105 106Cambodia 110103 111Nicaragua 11195 96Suriname 113100 -Mali 115118 115Cameroon 116108 99Tajikistan 11796 92Madagascar 118109 107Kyrgyz Republic 119107 104Paraguaz 121106 102Zimbabwe 129119 110

WHERE WE AREWHERE WE AREWHERE WE AREWHERE WE ARE ---- Global Competitiveness Ranking for the year 2007, 06, & 05Global Competitiveness Ranking for the year 2007, 06, & 05Global Competitiveness Ranking for the year 2007, 06, & 05Global Competitiveness Ranking for the year 2007, 06, & 05

1.4 Vision 20: 2020 is AchievableTo have a mindset that Vision 20: 2020 is not achievable is tantamount togiving-up without making efforts. The result of this, of course, is a continuedfailure and a gloomy future for Nigeria. Even though the Vision might seem tobe a high and lofty one, it is however achievable if the thinking and actions aredone differently.

Taking a cue from nations of the world who have taken great strides and haveachieved resounding developmental records in their economies, for example, it

took Britain 58 years to double its per capita output; it took the USA 47 years,Japan of course did it in 33 years, Indonesia in 17 years, South Korea did it in





11 years and China has been doing it every 7 years for the past two decades.This is fantastic. The Chinese economy grew at annual rate of 8% during the80’s and first half of 1990’s. Starting with the Japanese, nations who recordedgreat economical growth within shorter periods of time compared to their

predecessors achieved it by doing things differently. They invested inmanufacturing and not just conventional manufacturing but also the use of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT). So basically, using AMT, theChinese have become the fourth growth zone along with the US, Japan andGermany. In this century, Chinese economy became the fourth largest. Withthe second and third largest economies in the world 1990’s, Asia will have up tofour of five largest and seven of ten largest economies by 2020. The thinking isthat soon, Asia societies are likely to account for over 40% of global economyproduct.

China achieved this feat in 7 years. With discipline and a new mindset and wayof doing things, Nigeria can achieve quite a lot within ten years.

2.0 ROLE OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY ANDINNOVATION IN SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Knowledge-Enabled Manufacturing is Key to Fast-TrackingManufacturing is the essential basic strength of any nation. Althoughincreasingly larger segments of the population may be employed in serviceindustries, it is manufacturing that produces the wealth of a nation.

Knowledge intensity is having a direct impact on the advanced sectors of themanufacturing industry, and many of these industries are establishing integrated





value chains. These global industries assume levels of technological integration(such as in design, quality control and inventory management) that are not yetthe standard in Nigeria. Countries that make the necessary proactiveinvestments in advanced manufacturing will benefit with an increasing share of

the knowledge-intensive aspects of production in the future.

Advanced Manufacturing Processes do not necessarily mean new inventions,but often the identification, understanding and harnessing the most recentadvances in manufacturing technology to increase productivity, improveexisting products and produce quality new products that meets all globalstandards. These products will meet domestic needs; meet all regional needsthrough export and providing a measured level of global presence. Foreignmanufactures will manufacture their products in Nigeria and/or team up withlocal manufacturers while putting to use all the immense human resources of Nigeria at home and throughout the Diaspora. The efforts will retrain Nigeriansso that Nigeria can become the regional training centre of Prevailing Cutting-Edge Manufacturing Technology.

Globalization has greatly expanded the availability of new markets, whilesimultaneously spurring intense competition in all manufacturing sectors. Newtechnologies enable developing and developed economies to design, build,distribute and support new and improved products with speed and quality not tobe believed just two decades ago. The goal of advanced manufacturingtechnology innovation is to improve or revolutionize the manufacturing processand equipment from requirement stage to design and production stage.

Products can now be made better, faster and cheaper and no manufacturer canafford to operate without the new technology or he might soon find himself unable to compete in a market that gets more global by the day.

Aside from modern equipment and technology, a strong manufacturing baseneeds adequate human capital in the form of a workforce sufficiently qualifiedto use this technology. Helping to develop such a qualified workforce througheffective and broad-based transfer of technology is part of NASENI's mission.

In this regard AMT takes the working individual out of the production processand away from repetitive tasks which can be performed more efficiently byautomated machines, freeing him for tasks where human ingenuity andcreativity cannot be replaced by machines alone: The tasks of planning,supervising and controlling the productive process.





2.2 Role of S&T in the Creation and Sustenance of ModernManufacturingTechnology and innovation are facilitators for the creation, development andsustenance of modern manufacturing and the requirements of modern

manufacturing transcend provision of finance and infrastructure such aselectricity, telephone, water and good road. It is also necessary to adopt theResearch and Development concept; moving from Idea to Proof of Concept.

Role of AMT in Production of Goods and Services in most manufacturingprocesses in Nigeria are based on products from the subsurface and surface of the land, i.e., minerals (Solid, liquid, or gaseous) which can be converted tometal and machine/technologies; and agricultural produce, food which can beprocessed using modern technology. In all cases, the technology for thedevelopment of these products has to be endogenous or acquired throughcapacity building and technology transfer. Nigeria may leap frog the process of development and acquisition of those technologies by making forays intoadvanced manufacturing methodologies, including CAD/CAM, Biotechnology,ICT, Nanotechnology, and material sciences, to yield many new industries.

Manufacturing processes and equipment are undergoing radical changes inresponse to drive lower costs, environmental responsible products and meet theincreasing demands of global customers. The change in the way products aretranslated from concept to delivery must be dramatic, enabled and accelerated

by the emerging ability to integrate manufacturing, from requirements, to designand to product. The manufacturing processes will become more precise,flexible, and adaptable, and process optimization. For this to become a reality,advances in the fundamental understanding of interactions between materialsand processes must be made to enable creation of comprehensive, science-basedprocess models.

2.3 Modelling and Simulation is Fundamental to SustainableDevelopment through Advanced Manufacturing

Modelling and simulation (MS) are emerging as key technologies to supportmanufacturing these days and no other technology offers more potential thanMS for improving products, perfecting processes, reducing design-to-manufacturing cycle time and reducing product realization costs. Althoughspecialists currently use MS tools on a case-specific basis to help designcomplex products and processes, the use of MS tools other than basic computer-aided design/engineering (CAD/CAE) applications is largely used to solvingspecialized design and production problems. The real value of MS tools is theirability to capture and represent knowledge to make confident predictions. These

are predictions to drive product design, process design and execution, andmanagement of the company. Product and process development has historically





been accomplished through testing designs to see how well they work, thenmodifying the design and testing it again. This test or evaluate or modify phaseconsumes a vastly disproportionate share of the time and cost required to movea product from concept to delivery.

2.4 Virtual Manufacturing, Key to Rapid Final Assembly of Boeing 7E7Boeing’s first new jet since the 777, has received much attention for usingcomposite wings and fuselage instead of metal, but there is another majordifference. A dozen years ago, the 777 was the first digitally designedcommercial airplane; no physical prototype had to be built. This time, engineerswill not only design the plane digitally but also the entire development andmanufacturing process and the aircraft’s entire life cycle. Before the first 7E7part is made, the plane was digitally defined and produced; so also the toolingand the assembly processes. Boeing and its partners then created a virtual-reality airplane, and everything needed to build it, from inception to rollout.

From Japan, Italy, and the U.S., the composite structures will come into thefactory certified, tested and ready for final assembly. A moving line will carrythe centre fuselage section slowly down the factory floor as other sections –wings, front fuselage, and aft fuselage – are joined to it. In just 72 hours, a 7E7will be assembled and ready for painting and delivery.

2.5 Knowledge from Science and Education is more important thanAbundance of Raw MaterialsEconomic development and growth go hand in hand with human capacityutilization and technological growth. Never has there been any country thatmade headway in economic growth relying on the availability of naturalresources alone without full utilization of the available human resources.





Despite the abundance of raw materials in form of agricultural produce andmineral (solid/liquid/gas) resources available, African continent remain thepoorest and least developed because emphasis has mainly been on labourintensive production technologies. To be able to tap from the abundantly

available investment opportunities, the Nation’s manufacturing processes mustbe reoriented to adopt STI and apply the best practices in production andprocessing technology in their operations, for products of high standard andquality that will meet international demand. This is better illustrated by thefigure below:

Knowledge vs. Abundance of Raw Materials

A single unskilled worker is required to produce 5000 tonnes of bauxite at a unitcost of US $5 per ton. This amounts to $25,000 and the contribution of theworker to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is $25,000. The state of technology is at its lowest

Three (3) unskilled workers required to process Bauxite into Alumina withSilica as a by-product. The unit cost of Alumina & Silica is now US $15 perton, total cost value of products now $75,000 and the contribution of eachworker to GDP is $25,000 ($75,000/3). The profit margin & GDP still remainthe same despite the small increase in workforce because the skill level isalmost constant.

Thirty (30) Semi-Skilled workers required to process Silica and Alumina into

Aluminium ingots. Unit value of Aluminium produced is $1300, amounting toUS $6.5 million. Contribution of each of the workers to the GDP now





$216,666.7 ($6,500,000/30). Appreciable increase in the level of skills,technology and human capacity created more jobs while also increasing theGDP.

3.0 MODELS AND FRAMEWORK FOR HARNESSING SETICAPABILITIES FOR MANUFACTURING

3.1 Next Generation Manufacturing Initiative (NGMTI)As shown in the figure below, NGMTI uses a combination of research and inputfrom subject matter experts (SMEs), plus input from industry participants viainternet-based Communities of Practice, to create Technology Roadmaps foreach NGMTI Thrust Area. This serves as input to a structured evaluationprocess wherein high-priority topics are selected for more in-depth treatmentand as candidates for focused R&D projects through the NGMTI TestbedNetwork or other mechanisms. [3]

The program is built around a series of six Thrust Areas that provide a focusedstructure for managing technology requirements that cut across defence andcommercial manufacturing base. These Thrust Areas are:1. Model-Based Enterprise (MBE)2. Emerging Process Technologies3. Intelligent Systems4. Enterprise Integration5. Knowledge Applications6. Safe, Secure, Reliable & Sustainable Manufacturing Operations.





These topics were selected based on input from industry and government focusgroups to define the right “umbrellas” under which to capture the high-prioritytechnology needs of the nation’s manufacturing community

3.2 Functional Model for the MBE RoadmapThe MBE Vision is “An integrated, all-digital system will support all functionsof the enterprise. From the innovation process to delivery and support of product, a rich set of interconnected models that communicate in real time willaugment human creativity and automate the operational component. The modelsthat define products and processes will be so accurate that they will serve as thecontroller for process execution”

The Roadmap provides 1) an assessment of the current state of practice; 2) avision of the future state of capability enabled by model-based tools andprocesses; 3) goals and requirements that must be met to achieve the vision; and4) a national timeline for conducting the required research, development, andimplementation.

All business and technical functions will be integrated using model-basedsystems for optimized performance and real-time, responsive control of theenterprise. In the future manufacturing enterprise, knowledge will be capturedand applied through model-based systems and processes. Material properties,costs and other factors will be readily available to aid designers in engineeringproducts and processes for total performance.





3.3 Synergy amongst SETI Institutes and SME Development AgenciesSmall and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN),Bank of Industry (BOI), National Board for Technology Incubation (NBTI) andother similar agencies should harmonise their activities and through targetedlinkages with SETI Institutes to drive the development of SMEs through the useof SETI capabilities already available within the country.

4.0 NASENI INTERVENTION IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR

4.1 NASENI Advanced Manufacturing Technology ProgrammeThe use of Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machine tools has spreadrapidly during the last decade. Almost 80% of machine tools in modernmanufacturing industry are computer controlled. Products can now be made

better, faster and cheaper and no manufacturer can afford to do otherwise, elsesuch a manufacturer will produce goods that are not globally competitive.

In the last few years, the Agency has been implementing projects andprogrammes focused on the development of capacity, introduction andapplication of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) programme inNigeria. This is with the view to develop and provide, on continuous basis, acorps of manpower with requisite skills in AMT, for use by the nation’sinstitutions and industrial sector.





4.2 Virtual Manufacturing Laboratory (VML)The process of machinery development is a tedious and unpredictable using theclassical design and development approaches. With globalization and the ICT

revolution, design, simulation and development of engineering systems arebecoming more deterministic.

NASENI headquarters has established a Virtual Manufacturing Laboratory(VML) which provides state of the art hardware, software and intellectualcapacity for design, engineering simulation, and computer modelling of engineering processes, plants, machinery and spares. This will ensure rapidprototyping and hence reduce time and money required from moving fromconceptual design to pilot scale plant development

Virtual Manufacturing (VM) is the vital life-line of the advancedmanufacturing technology revolution. It comprises of a process of tests andexperiments on super-computers known as Advanced Modelling andSimulation (MS), which is used by industries in the developed countries toreplace expensive manufacturing and equipment tests. VM can play a criticalrole in the strategic fulfilments of the goal of Nigeria on science andengineering infrastructure development, industrialization, poverty eradicationand national economic wealth generation. The only way to compete in theglobal market is to provide quality goods and equipment. Quality goods areproduced through process reviews, developmental projects and targetedresearches. The cost of these analyses, researches and projects may beprohibitive for an underdeveloped or a developing nation like Nigeria, but if thecosts are reduced sufficiently, it is possible to embark upon these meaningfulactivities that are targeted at quality products. Virtual Manufacturing can reducethe cost of manufacturing investigation and validation activities by 2 to 20times, depending on product costs, thus making it affordable for Nigeria. Thegoal of Virtual Manufacturing innovation is to improve and fast-track themanufacturing process of products from conception to delivery.





4.3 High Power Computing (HPC) Laboratory The HPC is purposely built to address the need to get solutions to complexscientific and engineering challenges encountered in research institutions aswell as in the manufacturing sector.

The High-Power Computer Laboratory provides opportunities for engineers andscientists all over the nation to send in their complex works/designs/calculationsfor processing to the main nodes located in the Agency’s Hq, NEDDI, Nnewiand PEDI, Ilesa.

The following engineering softwares, among others, are available in the HPClaboratory: Comsol Multiphysics, Pro-Engineer, Granta Design, MATLAB, etc.The Comsol Multipysics is made up the following modules: AC/DC Module,Acoustic Module, Chemical Engineering Module, Earth Science Module,Heat Transfer Module¸ MEMS Module, Structural Mechanics Module,CAD Import Module, COMSOL Script, Reaction and Engineering Lab,Optimisation, Signal and Systems Lab, Material Library, etc.

With the Networked NASENI HPC made accessible to stakeholders, analysisand simulation of Scientific and Engineering problems can be undertaken andthe benefits of these are many:

• The training of engineers, scientists and technologists in our tertiaryinstitutions will be enhanced greatly.

• Production of skilled graduates of tertiary institutions.• Practising Engineers and Scientists would have reduced simulation times

drastically by over 70 percent• Engineers and Scientists would have significantly increased productivity

by fast-tracking the of component parts.





• Production and Operation cost will be considerably reduced; Engineersand Scientist will have a virtual view of the end-result of their designbefore production.

• Quality products/goods through our SMEs will get to the market faster• Made in Nigerian products will compete in the international market.

The VML and HPC in the Agency’s Headquarters is being replicated in othertwo Institutes’ of NASENI. These are the National Engineering DesignDevelopment Institute (NEDDI), Nnewi and the Prototyping EngineeringDesign Institute (PEDI), Ilesa.

Altogether, the Agency has the following infrastructure on ground formodelling and simulation:

•

50 number of high level workstations at its HPC and VML laboratories atthe Headquarters.• Head node servers at its Headquarters, NEDDI, Nnewi and PEDI, Ilesa• A shared Local Area Network with fibre optic backbone.• 36 number of high level workstations at its HPC and VML laboratories in

NEDDI, Nnewi.• 40 number of high level workstations at its HPC and VML laboratories in

PEDI, Ilesa.• 6 site licences of Pro-Engineer software, each accommodating 500

systems, making a total 3,000 systems.• Installed softwares -Comsol Multiphysics, Granta Design, MATLAB, etc.

iVPN NASENI is in the process of establishing an Integrated Virtual Private Network (iVPN). The Network would link all the Advanced Manufacturing TechnologyCentres (AMTCs) to the HPC laboratory at the Headquarters and enhancecapacity development in AMT.

All these facilities serve as a national resource in engineering manufacturingand will be available to the R&D community in Nigeria as well as the SMEsector, engineering firms and for capacity development.

4.4 Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Computer Aided Manufacturing(CAM)

Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of a wide range of computer-basedtools that assist engineers, architects and other design professionals in theirdesign activities. It is used to design, develop and optimise products, which can





be goods used by end consumers or intermediate goods used in other products.It is a very powerful tool that offers industry the ability to save time and tediumin the drawing office, produce better designs and faster quotations and toprovide automatic machine tool control from a design produced on a computer.

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is defined as the use of computersystem to plan, manage and control the operations of a manufacturing plantthrough either direct or indirect computer interface with the plant’s productionresources. CAD/CAM must be interfaced in order to achieve technology-basedimprovement in manufacturing and continually improved productivity quality.

Why Investing in CAD/CAM?One of the constraints to industrial machinery development in Nigeria is thatmost machinery producers are actually “road side” fabricators. Many a time,proper engineering drawings and design are not used. The result is that themachines are fabricated without using the best practices. Our programme inmodern design facilities encourages the use of proper engineering design anddrawings, which emphasizes good choice of materials, manufacturing layoutand procedure and standardization of components and parts. That is, machineswill have standard components, which can be manufactured by anotherentrepreneur. The overall effect will be lower cost of the machines, and goodquality control.

The Agency’s Headquarter and all its Development Institutes are currentlyequipped with some level of AMT facilities. Each of the Institutes has a VerticalMachining Centre (VMC), CNC Lathe, CNC Training lathe, Grinding machine,Electro Discharge Machine, 3-D Printer and SLA for Rapid Prototyping,Induction Furnace, Rotary Furnace and Pattern Shop in their AMT Centres.This includes the necessary software required for modern design. For one of thesoftware (Pro/E), the Agency had acquired six (6) site licenses; and each of these sites can accommodate 500 licenses. This means that we can convenientlyload the software in at least ten (10) personal computers in all tertiaryinstitutions in Nigeria. Implementation of this has been completed in FederalUniversity of Technology (FUT) Minna. Arrangement for other Institutions likeObafemi Awolowo University (OAU) Ile-Ife, University of Benin, NationalResearch Institute for Chemical Technology (NARICT) Zaria, University of Agriculture (UNAAB), Abeokuta, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria isongoing.

These facilities will be used for capacity building of SMEs in the use of moderndesign and manufacturing techniques which will revolutionize the





manufacturing industry in Nigeria. This will ensure that products meetinternational standards and compete globally.

In order to develop capacity in these areas, regular trainings are being carried

out with participants drawn from the Universities, Research Institutes,Development Centres of NASENI and the private sector. One of such trainingwas a two-week course with facilitators from USA on the use of Pro /E, ProMechanical, Mould and Die design for participants drawn from the Universities,Research Institutes, Development Institutes of NASENI and the private sector.All the bills including paying the per diem for participants, their transportallowances and provision of lunch and two tea breaks were borne by theAgency. It is a continuous training. These participants had their computersloaded with the software in addition to over 30 dual processor computers onwhich the training was conducted.

4.5 The Establishment of Advanced Manufacturing Centres in NineUniversities within the Niger Delta Area

As a consequence of the proposal submitted by NASENI to SKILL-G, theNigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) awarded a contract toSKILL‘G’ Nigeria Ltd to establish Advanced Manufacturing TechnologyCentres (AMTCs) in nine (9) tertiary institutions in the Niger Delta Area of thecountry. SKILL ‘G’ Nig Ltd then engaged NASENI as a consultant/sub-contractor on the project.

The institutes, which are being located in tertiary institutions in each of thebenefiting states, is to provide capacity building in Advanced ManufacturingTechnology (AMT) in various areas.

Skills to be impacted by these institutes, will enable graduates of engineeringfrom these institutions conceptualize, design and produce high quality spareparts, components and machines. These graduates will also have intellectualskills with which to contribute to Front End Engineering Design (FEED)especially in the downstream sector of the petroleum/gas industry.

4.5.1 ObjectivesIn specific terms, the objectives of this project include :

• Supply and installation of specified facilities at the designated tertiaryinstitutions in the Niger Delta states by NASENI for training in variousaspects of AMT.

• Provide high quality training and capacity building for the selected

personnel of the designated Niger Delta states universities.





• Continuous supply of consultancy service in the areas of AMT as theneed arises.

The overall benefits of domiciliation of the Skill ‘G’/NNPC Project would

include, but are not limited to:• Skills acquisition for the youths• Development of local competencies in the oil, gas and automotive sectors• Capacity for self actualization and self employment.• Competencies acquired for global competitiveness.

4.5.2 Facilities, Equipment and Training

Facilities have been chosen in a strategic manner to give competencies inadvanced manufacturing. This includes:• Vertical Machining Centre to provide milling, cutting, boring, drilling,

turning, reaming etc.• CNC Lathe to provide precision turning• Grinding Machine to provide precision grinding• Electro Discharge Machine to produce wire cutting for the production of

moulds and dies.• Induction furnace to provide precision metal melting and casting of iron,

copper etc• Rotary Furnace to provide Iron melting• Pattern shop to produce patterns for the foundry shop• Ductile Iron will be produced as a precursor for Austempered Ductile

Iron required for precision machine parts and spares;• NASENI will provide training for at least two qualified personnel from

each institution in the use and management of the institutes; and

4.5.3 AMT Training for Pioneer Staff of Nine NDDC AMTC

As part of capacity building, the Agency conducted training for pioneer staff of the nine AMTCs in the Niger Delta region. They participated, daily, in longhours of hands-on activities and practice on all aspects of the selected software.

At the end of the training, each institution involved in the program was giventwo laptops as part of the Skill ‘G’/NASENI Project. Each of the lap tops, a HPPavilion brand with 2GB memory, 180GB hard disk, wireless remote controller,web cam DVD-ram and Bluetooth installed was loaded with all the licensedsoftware used during the training.





4.6 Rapid Prototyping (RP)The demand for rapid prototyping technology and related machines have beenincreasing steadily especially with the application in rapid tooling of machinesfor the production and the processing of advanced materials.

RP is the creation of complex 3-dimensional physical models of a productdirectly from CAD drawing with little human intervention. Then the issue of risk and fear that are always expressed by the potential privateinvestors/entrepreneurs will be put to rest as they will now have theopportunity to view such products on display as guaranteed and market ready.

Rapid Prototyping technology helps industries to improve their design andproduct development activity by reducing design cycle time and eliminatingerror early in design stage.A laser beam is moved over the surface of the liquid photopolymer to trace thegeometry of the cross-section of the object. This causes the liquid to harden inareas where the laser strikes. The laser beam is moved in the X-Y directions bya scanner system (D). These are fast and highly controllable motors which drivemirrors and are guided by information from the CAD data.The exact pattern that the laser traces is a combination of the informationcontained in the CAD system that describes the geometry of the object, andinformation from the rapid prototyping application software that optimizes thefaithfulness of the fabricated object. Of course, application software for everymethod of rapid prototyping modifies the CAD data in one way or another toprovide for operation of the machinery and to compensate for shortcomings.The benefits of the Rapid Prototyping will be to:

• Accelerate industrial growth and the transformation of the nation’s rawmaterials into useful products.

• Provide the right indigenous machinery and equipment used forprocessing of raw materials. Currently, these equipments are highlyfragmented with deficiencies in major supporting industries such as thefoundry, forging, heavy & precision machining, tooling design andfabrication.

• Enable designers validate their creations and gain confidence in theirwork, which would be exploited by the SME.

• Provide investors/ entrepreneurs a unique opportunity to see physicallythe workability of the product/ equipment/processes they wish tocommercialize and thereby increase their confidence in the product.

• It will put to rest the issues of risk and fear that are always expressed bythe potential private investors/entrepreneurs as they will now have theopportunity to view such products on display as guaranteed and marketready.





• Address the shortage of qualified and competent technical personnelencompassing skilled labour, technicians, supervisors, engineers,metallurgists, and engineering based managers which has been a criticalbottleneck in the industries, especially in design & manufacturing of

process equipment needed for Nigeria raw materials.• It will provide high quality post-graduate training and capacity building

for the industry.• Help industries to improve their design and product development activity

by reducing design cycle time and eliminating error early in design stageand ensuring the quality of goods produced.

• Assist SMEs, Research Institutes and tertiary institutions in their capacitydevelopment and in R & D work.

An Institute in Ilesa (Prototypying Engineering Development Instititute, PEDI,Ilesa) is already established to take up Rapid Prototyping as its mandate. This isthe concept to be adopted on the long run for the Agency’s Reverse

Engineering programme.

4.7 Human Capacity Development in Engineering Design andDevelopmentIndeed the Agency is investing on human capacity in various areas of AdvancedManufacturing Technology – VML, CAD/CAM, CNC operations, engineeringdesign and development, etc. The objective is to develop personnel in theseareas who will be available to provide engineering solutions to organizationsworld-wide. For example,

All our Institutes have skill acquisition embedded in their programmes.o Our VML lab has played host to a number of training programmes

on Pro-E, Pro-Mechanical, Mathlab, Granta, AUTOCAD, SOLIDWORKS, etc.

o In NEDDI Nnewi, more than 200 participants have benefited fromthis skill acquisition programme on

Basic and Advanced Engineering Drawing and Design Fittings Computer Aided Design using the AUTOCAD Foundry Technology (Ferrous and non-ferrous) AUTOCAD 2-D and 3-D AUTO INVENTOR MATLAB PRO E Mechanical, etc

5.0 CHALLENGES OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY &INNOVATION (SETI) AND WAY FORWARD FOR SUSTAINABLE





DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Limitation in SETI CapacityIn Nigeria, there is a limited SETI capacity. The limited SETI capacity thatexists is also often fragile, embodied in a small number of individuals and a fewinstitutions and dependent on outside support rather than any national SETIinfrastructure or domestic means to make them sustainable. This prevents newknowledge and tools from gaining widespread application and restricts theirpotential to spur economic growth and produce other benefits for development.This reality frustrates both internal and external efforts to foster sustainableeconomic development.

Thus, when SETI capacity building is attempted, it typically occurs only withinnarrowly defined areas. Moreover, innovation is limited because researchers do

not know what the market wants and users find few incentives or means toadopt new knowledge and tools. Many barriers hinder sustained SETI capacitybuilding and promoting innovation for economic growth in the country.Shortages of human and institutional capacity are also obvious problems.Economic policies that do not favour competition and weaknesses in the rule of law do not spur innovation or attract foreign direct investments. Lack of political will to implement reforms, maintain stable policies, enforce laws, andpursue good governance also hinder SETI capacity building and innovation.Finally, governments must balance competing demands for finite resources.Resources available are particularly constrained so that public investmentdecisions often are driven more by short-term demands than long-term goals. Asa result, long-term and sustained investment in SETI capacity building is rare.

5.2 SETI Capacity BuildingCapacity Building is much more than training and includes the following:

• Human resource development, the process of equipping individuals withunderstanding, skills and access to information, knowledge and training thatenables them to perform effectively.

• Organizational development, the elaboration of management structures,processes and procedures, not only within organizations but also themanagement of relationships between the different organizations and sectors(public, private and community).

• Institutional and legal framework development, making legal and regulatory





changes to enable organizations, institutions and agencies at all levels and inall sectors to enhance their capacities.

SETI thus needs assessment focused on solving problems and probes acrossmultiple silos to identify capacity needs. This should cut across a whole rangeof different sectors including: the higher education system, private sectordevelopment, agricultural and rural development.

5.3 Keys to SETI Capacity Building for Economic Development andSustainability

Building SETI capacity at the national level is important for a country toeffectively interact and compete in the international arena. SETI capacitybuilding is a long and cumulative process and it requires more than buildinglaboratories and technology transfer. Stable investment in human andinstitutional resources is necessary to adopt, adapt, apply and develop new ideasand Technologies.

Good governance is imperative to encourage such investment and to maximizetheir effect on economic development. Laws and regulations are needed toprotect physical and intellectual property, and they must be effectively andefficiently enforced. In this connection, the presence of professional standardsand ethics creates a larger social atmosphere to demand and uphold goodgovernance.

It is important to remember that no single technology can guarantee economicgrowth or achievement of other development goals and there is no singleformula for SETI based economic growth. For example, many ruralcommunities can now access public services and market information via theInternet, but few have endogenous capacity to modify this technology to betterfit local conditions. Hence, the basic principles of capacity building have to beadapted to specific needs and goals of different regions.

The country need to continuously invest in and monitor progress in buildingSETI capacity in order to rise above the bottom of the technology ladder.However, SETI investments that are beyond the absorptive capacity of acountry can result in waste and failure rather than increase their scientific andeconomic productivity. Our SETI policy must thus focus on niches, locations,markets and priorities. [4]







often confused with research and measured in terms of scientific ortechnological outputs. It is rather the application of knowledge in production.This knowledge might be acquired through learning, research or experience, butuntil it is applied in the production of goods or services it cannot be considered

innovation. It is a distinctly different activity from invention.To invent is to create or design something new and previously non-existentanywhere. An invention is thus anything created that is novel. To innovate is tointroduce something new and previously non-existent in a particular setting. Aninnovation is thus anything that is novel in a given setting.

Innovation is the technical and commercial activities involved in the marketingof a new/improved product or the first commercial use of a new/improvedprocess or equipment. It includes continuous improvement in product design

and quality, changes in organization and management routines, creativity inmarketing and modifications to production processes that brings cost down,increase efficiency and ensures environmental sustainability.

For an invention, the focus is on novelty and this is a key criterion for patenting.In other words, it must be new to its field all over the world. Innovation on theother hand does not have to be new except in a specific situation. Thus,innovation consists in the ‘process by which firms master and implement thedesign and production of goods and services that are new to them, irrespectiveof whether they are new to their competitors, their countries or the world.

A knowledge-based economy depends upon innovation around products of themind or intellect. Thus, capturing value from intellectual capital andknowledge-based assets is critical to success. Competition is not for control of raw materials, but for the most dynamic strategic asset: “productiveknowledge.” Finding ways to help innovators with this increasingly importantpractice has become an explicit agenda for many countries. Historically, theeconomic activity generated by the exchange and evaluation of physical goodshas been supported by functioning marketplaces that provide transparency of ownership, integrity that creates a stable environment, and mechanisms thatenable valuation based on the principles of an open market.

As economic focus shifts from physical goods to intangible assets in the 21stcentury, many agree an analogous supporting marketplace needs to bedeveloped. This new system must abide by the same principles of certainty andtrust that are found in any flourishing marketplace, while accommodating theunique attributes of knowledge-based assets and dynamics of the intellectualproperty market.

Intellectual property which meets the predetermined requirements and developsinto a legal right is called intellectual property right. Intellectual property in





current society is important, in the past two decades, intellectual property rightpatents have been applied to biotechnology ‘invented’ forms of life such as newbreeds of plants and animals – and to certain types of cultural knowledge, suchas the knowledge needed to produce medicine from a certain plant or the

knowledge of traditional arts such as dances and paintings. In principle,intellectual property rights could help communities to protect their practices, forexample by patenting medicinal knowledge to ensure that multinational drugcompanies do not benefit from the traditional use of plants that has been passeddown for generations. With the proper knowledge of their rights, communitiescan also benefit greatly from the rise of intellectual property rights.

5.5.2 Patents and PatentingPatents have become an important currency and a principal means to establishvalue for creators and users of knowledge-based assets. A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor or his assignee for a fixedperiod of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention or innovation. Afully functioning IP marketplace infrastructure has yet to emerge, however,placing an undue burden on patent systems. This void creates uncertainty thatleads to a number of problems including increased litigation and speculativebehaviours that inhibit the innovation patent systems were designed to protect.Because of such problems, there is an increasing concern that the IPmarketplace system may not meet its economic and societal objectives:stimulating innovation-based competition; facilitating spill-over and expansionof knowledge-based ideas and creative expressions of ideas; rewardinginventiveness and creativity throughout the economic system and enablingsustainable development of firms and industries.

In order for innovation to flourish in a global knowledge-based economy, a newset of principles guiding the creation of ownership and equitable exchange of intellectual goods should include the following tenets:

i. Inventors file quality patent applications for novel and non-obviousinventions of certain scope.

ii. Patent ownership is transparent.iii. Market participants act with integrity.iv. IP value is fairly established based on the dynamics of an open

market.v. Market infrastructure provides flexibility to support differing forms

of innovation.





vi. Realistic introductory levels of global consistency exist for all of the above.

5.5.3 A National Innovation System (NIS) Links S&T to Economic Growth

“Competitive advantage is created and sustained through a highly localizedprocess” Improving S&T capacity is necessary, but it is not sufficient togenerate economic growth. Building a National Innovation System (NIS)provides the environment to apply science and technology to solve practicalproblems, such as increasing productivity and competitiveness in the globaleconomy. [5]

An innovation system is conceptualized as a network of firms and othereconomic agents who, together with the institutions and policies that influencetheir innovative behaviour and performance, bring new products, new processes

and new forms of organization into economic use. It is an economic concept.

A technological innovation cannot be said to have been fully implemented untilit has been introduced on the market (product innovation). Innovations thereforeinvolve a series of scientific, technological, organizational, financial, andcommercial activities. A key ingredient in the transformation of an innovativeidea to an innovative product is entrepreneurship. Fostering economicdemocracy and entrepreneurship is one tool for self-sufficiency.

Entrepreneurship is the core organizing principle for the continued building of acompany. This is because entrepreneurs:• Change the business and civic landscape• Open and lead markets• Innovate• Take risks

Since innovation is more of economy concerned than technology, inclusion of entrepreneurship in the curriculum of science and technology studies is crucial.This needs to be done for science and engineering curriculum in the universities

nationwide.

5.5.4 Generating Innovation and moving it to the Market: Invention,Development, Demonstration, Deployment (ID3) ChainThe “ID3 Chain” diagram shown below proposes a conceptual framework toconsider the complex and dynamic relationships that connect differentcomponents, stages and participants that are involved in creating newknowledge, inserting it into products, and bringing these new products to the

market. Four features in this framework are particularly noteworthy:





First, research generates new knowledge but it alone does not increaseeconomic growth. A knowledge base, in the form of scientists, engineers,technicians, and skilled workers, is necessary. It is the result of investment inresearch, education and industry. A strong knowledge base means more people

are able to perceive problems, propose solutions, adopt new problem-solvingtools and effectively use them.

Second, the distinction between deployment and market acceptance reflects thereality that being able to put products on shelves is different from getting usersto buy them. The latter is influenced by market demand, cultural preferences,and access to finance among others. This suggests that market reforms arenecessary for new knowledge and tools, whether imported or home-grown, tobe adopted by users.

Third, the feedback loops underscore the importance of organizational andtechnological linkages for interaction and/or communication to promoteresearch and innovation activities that are relevant to the market.

Fourth, the ID3 chain suggests the possibility of a self-sustaining model toproduce new knowledge, tools and innovations for economic development.

Invention, Development, Demonstration, Deployment (ID3) Chain

In Nigeria, innovation systems do not take shape easily because the groups andorganizations concerned are not much interested to cooperate, being moreconcerned with day to day survival issues and/or the protection of vestedinterests, or because they are lacking the necessary technical culture and thisaffects communications and exchanges of information. Therefore innovation

policies should focus primarily on developing an appropriate technical cultureand with the establishment of incentives to stimulate cooperation and





entrepreneurship.

5.5.5 Indigenous Knowledge StrategySophisticated knowledge of the natural world is not confined to science. Humansocieties all across the globe have developed rich sets of experiences andexplanations relating to the environments they live in. These ‘other knowledgesystems’ are today often referred to as indigenous or local knowledge. Theyencompass the sophisticated arrays of information, understandings andinterpretations that guide human societies around the globe in their innumerableinteractions with the natural milieu: in agriculture and animal husbandry;hunting, fishing and gathering; struggles against disease and injury; naming andexplanation of natural phenomena; and strategies to cope with fluctuatingenvironments.

Indigenous knowledge is highly relevant to knowledge economy. We need tohave a better way to capture, codify, apply and protect indigenous knowledgefor economic productive use.

6.0 WAY FORWARD

6.1 Re-Definition of Extant Policies

The need for Re-definition of some of the Extant Policies to;• Science and technology must be made integral to all national policydiscussions.

• Make Researchers more Productive• Turn Research Results to Goods and Services• Fiscal and Monetary incentives for firms to encourage results and

innovation

6.2 Paradigm Shift

Need for a Paradigm Shift to achieve;• Target Driven STI activities for Goods and Services• To produce high quality goods that can compete in international market.

This is only possible through the adoption of Advanced ManufacturingTechnology processes.

• To produce World Class researchers and publications

6.3 Linkages• The Nigeria Higher Education Institutions must endeavour to link up

other stakeholders in science and technology in the innovation system sothat they could holistic participate in current global technological trends.





• Public and private investments in R&D are needed to build S&T capacity,which is the source of knowledge and know-how for innovations

7.0 OTHER AREAS OF NASENI’s INTERVENTION

The Agency, apart from its intervention in the manufacturing sector, hasintervened in several other sectors of our national economy. These include:

(A) INTERVENTION IN EDUCATION SECTOR

NASENI as an Agency has made its mark in developing and improving onteaching facilities for human capacity development at all the three levels of thenation’s educational system: Primary, Secondary/Technical and Tertiary

institutions.

i. PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY SCIENCE KITS (PSK)

This is a United Nations Education Science and Cultural Organisation(UNESCO) supervised project funded by the Education Trust Fund (ETF). Theproject is development and production of Science kits that can serve as “mobilelaboratories”, training of teachers in the use of the kits was conducted inworkshops in zones across the country. The Agency was commended for thequality and manner the project was executed.

ii. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCIENCE KITS (JSSK)

This is a Universal Basic Education (UBE) sponsored project. NASENIdesigned and produced science kit for the teaching of science in JuniorSecondary Schools. It also developed activity guide based on the NationalCurricular for teaching the subject, produced the user manual for the kits.

iii. THE SUPPLY OF ROTARY FURNACES TO TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

This project is an extension of an earlier project and entails the supply of two(2) Mini foundries per state to Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Educationand Technical Schools all over the federation. The furnaces have been built andare currently being distributed nationwide. The project is being undertaken withactive participation/collaboration of SMEs in the private sector.

iv. ESTABLISHMENT OF ADDITIONAL CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE ON FOUNDRYEDUCATION AT THE FED. POLYTECHNIC, IDAH AND TARABA STATE POLYTECHNIC,JALINGO.





The ETF accepted proposals from the Federal Polytechnic, Idah and TarabaState Polytechnic Jalingo to transform them to Centres of Excellence byupgrading facilities in their Foundry workshop and provided funds to each of the institutions for this project. Subsequently NASENI was appointed as the

Consultant to oversee the upgrading of Facilities in the two institutions.v. SUPERVISION AND INSPECTION OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

(TVE) PROJECTS

In order to encourage the teaching and learning of technical/vocationaleducation (TVE), the ETF provided funds to each State of the Federationincluding FCT and some Federal/State Polytechnics and Colleges of Education.The Fund is to enable them procure and refurbish Machines/Equipment;Construct/refurbish workshops etc in some technical and vocational institutions.

NASENI was engaged by the ETF as consultant to visit the beneficiaryinstitutions with the aim of validating the execution of the projects.

vi. ESTABLISHMENT OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY CENTRES(AMTCs) IN NINE TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS WITHIN THE NIGER DELTA STATES.

As a consequence of the proposal submitted by NASENI to SKILL-G, theNigerian National Petroleum Cooperation (NNPC) awarded a contract toSKILL ‘G’ Nigeria LTD to establish Advanced Manufacturing TechnologyCentres (AMTCs) in nine (9) Tertiary institutions in the Niger Delta Area of thecountry. SKILL ‘G’ Nig LTD then engaged the NASENI as a consultant/sub-contractor on the project.

vii. SUPPLY OF SKILL ‘G’ MICROSCIENCE AND NATIONAL MATHEMATICAL CENTRE(NMC) SECONDARY SCHOOL KITS UNDER THE SPECIAL NIGERIA/UNESCO SCIENCEEDUCATION PROJECT NATIONWIDE.

The ETF is also funding the expansion of the project on the supply of SKILL‘G’ Micro-Science (MSK) and the National Mathematical centre (NMC)Secondary Mathematic Kits (SMK) to some selected institutions nationwide. Inrecognition of NASENI’s efforts in the development of Science kits, the Boardof Trustees (BOT) of ETF appointed the Agency as consultant to manage andensure effective implementation of the project. The project is still on-going.

(B) INTERVENTION IN ENERGY SECTOR

NASENI intervention in the Energy sector involves the establishment of a SolarPanel plant at Karshi- FCT, design and production of Small Hydro PowerTurbines, the design and production of Pole Mounted Transformers, and thedesign and production of Wind Turbines.





i. NASENI SOLAR PANEL PRODUCTION PLANT

NASENI has established a 7.5MW solar panel manufacturing plant at Karshi,Abuja. The required facilities for this project have been imported and abuilding/workshop for the operation of the plant is already in place. In addition,there is an on-going research work at EMDI-Akure on the production of polymer based solar cell.

NASENI has put in place physical structures for office accommodation,production hall and stores and has purchased and installed 350KVA generatingset and also installed 5KVA Solar PV power station which powers the perimeterfence light points at night. A borehole has been sunk with overhead tank installed to supply water for the manufacturing processes. Some staff have beentrained on how to install the equipment. All the required equipment for the solarpanel manufacturing have been purchased, delivered and installed at the plantsite by the trained NASENI staff. Consequently, final Civil and Electrical worksare being concluded, after which the commissioning of the plant and productionof solar panels will commence.

ii. NASENI SMALL HYDRO POWER (SHP) PROJECT

In order to make Small Hydropower projects viable in Nigeria, there is a need tominimize/optimize the investment cost through the development of localcapacity in construction techniques and equipment fabrication. The NationalAgency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI) is currentlydeveloping local capacity in the manufacture of SHP equipment. Ketti wasselected as a pilot site for the installation of a locally fabricated SHP turbine.Ketti is a rural community under the Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC),Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The design and fabrication of the turbine hasbeen concluded. The process for installation at site for electricity generation forthe rural community has already commenced.

NASENI is also collaborating with international agencies like UNIDO andHangzhou Regional Centre for Small Hydropower (HRC), Hangzhou, Chinaand has signed Memorandum of Understanding with both agencies on capacitybuilding and the establishment of local manufacturing companies for differenttypes of turbine like Crossflow, Kaplan and Francis turbines .

iii. CAPACITY BUILDING FOR MANUFACTURE OF POLE MOUNTEDTRANSFORMERS.

The provision of adequate and sustainable power is vital for the growth and

development of Nigeria. To this end, PEEMADI is dedicated to the design,prototype development, construction, manufacture, testing and production of





maintenance device, Pole-Mounted Transformers amongst others, to support theelectric Power Industry.

iv. NASENI WIND ENERGY PROJECT (NAWEP)

The project is part of NASENI’s effort at developing capacity in renewableenergy.

The fabrication of both the local blade and reverse engineering of the otherstandard components are being carried out at HEDI Kano. The institute iscurrently establishing a wind mill that will serve as alternative source to powersupply from the national grid, as a pilot stage of this project.





(C) REVERSE ENGINEERING AND ITS APPLICATIONS INAGRICULTURAL AND OTHER SECTORS

Reverse Engineering is the general process of analyzing an object in order todetermine how it was designed or how it operates. Reverse engineering is notconfined to any particular purpose, but is often used as a part of a company'sresearch and development. The process of taking something apart and revealingthe way in which it works is often an effective way to learn how to build a newproduct or make improvements to an existing product. NASENI is using reverseengineering as a process for capacity development and the production of someequipment:

(i) Establishment Of Integrated Cassava Flour PlantThe aim of the project is to design and manufacture of an integrated flour plant,to produce cassava and yam flour from tubers. This project was undertaken byNASENI in collaboration with 5 Nigerian Universities:

- Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (ATBU)- Federal University of Technology, Minna (FUTM)- Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO)- Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA); and- Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, (OAU)

The integrated system involves Trimming, Washing, Peeling, Grating, Pressing,Pulverizing, Drying, Dry milling and Fine sieve processes. The design of themachines and fabrication of the transport systems between the differentmachines as well as the Electrical/Electronic controls, instrumentation andautomation of the whole integrated system has been concluded.

(ii) Standardization Of Drilling Rig Design And Fabrication In NigeriaThe project is carried out in collaboration with the National Water ResourcesInstitute (NWRI) Kaduna. It is a youth empowerment initiative. The projectinvolves human capacity development programmes associated with the rigstandardization and fabrication project are training of water well drillers andtraining of rig fabricators. The Agency is currently carrying out a reverseengineering of four (4) niche parts of the deep well rig: Control valve, Powerhead, Hydraulic pump and the Water/Mud Swivel.

(iii) Reverse Engineering Of Motorized Power TillerMotorized power tiller (DF – 12 – (DF – 15) is of dual – function type that can

be used as a means of traction as well as drive. The power tiller is featured byits simple and compact construction, good reliability, long service live, easy





operation, ample output, light weight and good cross-country ability. It is verysuitable for use in paddy fields, dry fields, vegetable gardens and hilly land witha little inclination. It can be used for ploughing, rototilling, and harrowing inpaddy fields as well as harvesting, drilling, ditching, transportation and etc. if

suitable farm implements or accessories are attached. In addition, this powertiller can also be extensively used as a stationary power source for small scaledrainage and irrigation, spraying, grain threshing, cotton ginning, flour milling,fodder cutting and so on. The Agency has procured a motorized power tiller.The process of reverse engineering is on-going.

(iv) Development Of Eco-Friendly Smokeless Burning Appliances ForArid & Rural Communities In NigeriaNigeria is richly endowed with large deposits of lignite and coal spread overthirteen states, estimated at over a billion tons. Although Nigerian coals areconsidered unsuitable for iron and steel making, most of the deposits have goodburning properties – high calorific value, low ash content, high mechanicalstrength and low sulphur content (with the exception of Obi-Lafia deposit).Most of the coal deposits have good potential for processing into cheapdomestic smokeless fuel. This project is planned to design a mini coal-basedsmokeless fuel processing plant which can be installed and operated byentrepreneurs in coal producing areas. The smokeless fuel can then be baggedand exported at a cheaper rate to current consumers of wood-based charcoal inthe urban areas. The project also involves the design, fabrication and promotionof efficient, environment-friendly stoves for the burning of coal-basedsmokeless fuel and fire wood. The preliminary Engineering Design of theSmokeless coal and wood stove is on-going. It is expected that this projectwould reduce the felling of trees for fuel wood and improve the living standardsof the rural dwellers in the country.

(v) Table Top Seed Oil ExpellerThe Table top Oil Expeller is used to extract oil from seeds. As part of theAgency intervention in the Agricultural development of the Nation, the Agencyimported Table top Oil expeller that is being reversed Engineered. The Tabletop Oil Expeller is used to extract oil from Groundnuts seeds. The followingactivities are to be carried out:

1. Testing and reverse engineering of imported oil expeller2. Production of drawing3. Material selection and analysis4. Manufacturing layout5. Fabrication of components6. Assembling of fabricated components

7. Testing of assembled machine





(vi) 8-Mould Brick Making MachineThe machine which is hydraulically operated has 8 arms (rams), 3 manifoldsand 8 moulds. The machine uses a 20hp diesel engine to power the hydraulic

systems. The machine is turned on and the arms are raised through a lever sothat sand mix (laterite and water) can be fed into the moulds. The arms arelowered to compact the feed for a while and then a reverse lever is depressed toprop up the compacted bricks.

8.0 CONCLUSIONThe transformation of craft to manufacturing has been possible historical as aconsequence of the infusion of technology. It becomes imperative therefore, inorder to attain sustainable development, the SETI managers need to adopt bestpractice, learn how to apply scientific knowledge vigorously to developmentalissues, use ICT optimally, embrace Advanced Manufacturing Technology anddevelop the relevant human capacity to meet current National demand.

All stakeholders in the development of SMEs should build effective linkagesthat would drive the infusion of SETI in the production of globally competitivegoods and services for a sustainable development of the Nigerian economy.




REFERENCES

1. Isoun, T.T. (2006) Building Scientific Capacity and Expanding Research

Opportunities through Regional Linkages in Africa: The FederalGovernment of Nigeria Perspective

2. Adewoye, O.O. (2008) Developing a National Competitiveness Towards2020: Science, Engineering, Technology and Innovation (SETI)Strategy

3. Adewoye, O.O. (2009) Beyond Curiosity: Science as Panacea for Fast-Tracked Sustainable National Development, Nigerian Academy of Science, Quarterly Public Lecture Series

4. ICSU (2005) Harnessing Science, Technology, and Innovation forSustainable Development, A report from the ICSU-ISTS-TWASConsortium ad hoc Advisory Group, International Council for Science

5. Adewoye, O.O. (2010) Advanced Materials and ManufacturingTechnology for Sustainable Development

Documents

Repositioning Science, Technology and Innovation System to Meet the Challenges of Vision 20:2020