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Reporting Category 3
04.29.15
TEK 7A Analyze and evaluate how evidence
of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin, who is famous for his trips to the
Galapagos Islands where he observed finches and other animals, wrote “The origin of Species”
His theory includes: 1. variation exists among individuals in a
species 2. individuals of species will compete for
resources 3. some competition would lead to death
of some individuals while other would survive
4. individuals that had advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection The process he described came to be
known as Natural Selection The favorable variations are called
adaptations
Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures- structures that came
from the same embryonic tissue, but serve different functions
Vestigial structures-organs or other structures that are not used; may have evolved over time to not need it
Analogous structures- structures in different organisms that look similar, or perform similar functions, but are not from the same ancestral source
Comparative Anatomy
Embryology Darwin
believed that uniformity seen in the embryos of organisms was evidence for evolution
As the embryos grow and develop, they become less and less similar
Geographic Isolation When a species is
geographically isolated, evolution can result in separate species largely due to genetic drift
This can eventually result in behavioral isolation as well
Example Questions
The organisms have developed from a common ancestor
TEK 7E Analyze and evaluate the
relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms(RIMs) Prevent successful breeding between different
species. They are barriers to gene flow The two main kinds: Prezygotic isolating mechanisms-act before
fertilization to prevent successful reproduction Habitat, temporal(time-based), behavioral, and
structural Postzygotic isolating mechanisms-act after
fertilization to prevent successful reproduction Hybrid inviablility(failure of zygote to develop) and
hybrid sterility, and speciation
Types of Speciation Allopatric- populations become
geographically separated, and develop RIMs
Sympatric-a population forms a new species within the same area as the parent species
Parapatric- the speciating populations are only partially separated geographically, so some individuals on each side are able to meet across a common boundary during the speciation process
Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution
Convergent Divergent
Species from different evolutionary branches may resemble each other if they have similar ecological roles
The diversification of an ancestral group into two or more species in different habitats
Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution
Convergent Divergent
Example Question
TEK 7FAnalyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination mechanisms of evolution
Genetic Drift Imagine that in one generation, two brown
beetles happened to have four offspring survive to reproduce. Several green beetles were killed when someone stepped on them and had no offspring. The next generation would have a few more brown beetles than the previous generation—but just by chance. These chance changes from generation to generation are known as genetic drift
Gene Flow Gene flow, aka migration, is any
movement of genes from one population to another. If genes are carried to a population where those genes previously did not exist, gene flow can be a source of genetic variation
Bottlenecks and Founder Effects Bottlenecks: occur when a
population’s size is reduced for at least one generation. This can reduce a population’s genetic variation by a lot
Founder effects: occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This can also reduce genetic variation
TEK 8BCategorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups
Modern Linnaean System Domain: the category domain is used to
recognize the most basic differences among cell types. Organisms are grouped into 1 of 3 domains
Kingdom: encompasses large groups such as plants, animals, or fungi. There are 6 kingdoms
Phylum: a subgroup within a kingdom; Humans belong to Chordata
Class: a subgroup within a phylum; Humans belong to mammalia
Order: a subgroup within a class; Humans belong to Primates
Modern Linnaean System Family: a subgroup within an order;
Humans belong to Hominidae Genus: a subgroup within a family ; species
in a genus are thought to be closely related; Humans belong to Homo
Species: a unique group of organisms united by heredity; Humans belong to sapiens Homo sapiens is recognized as the only living
primate species that walks upright and uses spoken language
Modern Linnaean System
Taxonomic Diagrams Phylogeny: the evolutionary
relationships among organisms; this shows divergent evolution over time
Taxonomic Diagrams Cladograms: expressing phylogeny in
order of divergence
Taxonomic Diagrams Dichotomous Keys: identify
organisms, and contain pairs of contrasting descriptions After each description, the key directs
the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism
Example Question 8B
TEK 7B Analyze and evaluate scientific
explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record
Fossils A fossil is any parts or impressions of
an organism that may survive after its death
A fossil record is an orderly array in which fossils appear in the layers, or strata, of sedimentary rocks
There are several methods scientists use to date fossils One example is Carbon 14 used to date
bone, shell, and charcoal
Gradual vs. Rapid Change Gradualism-the theory that evolution
occurs gradually over time Fits Darwin’s theory of evolution Supported by fossil records
Punctuated Equilibrium-the theory that species stay the same for long periods of time and then have short bursts of evolution that produce new species rapidly Also supported by fossil records
Gradual vs. Rapid Change
GradualismPunctuated Equilibrium
TEK 7C Analyze and evaluate how natural
selection produces change in populations, not individuals
Principles of Natural Selection Natural Selection is the “mechanism” that
leads to adaptations in a population(or individual)
The principles of Natural Selection are: 1. overproduction-species produce more young
than will survive to reproductive age
2. variation: individuals vary from one another in characteristics. Some variations are better suited
for the environment or conditions of the time
Principles of Natural Selection 3. selection- a trait may be “selected” if it
helps a species survive. Selection leads to adaptation. Aka survival of the fittest
TEK 7DAnalyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources result in differential reproductive success
Summary of Natural Selection Natural Selection will operate among any
entities that reproduce and show inheritance of characteristics
It may be directional, stabilizing or disruptive Directional: natural selection favors smaller
individuals Stabilizing: natural selection favors the middle
individuals Disruptive: natural selection favors the extremes
Variation that is created by genetic recombination and mutation is accidental, and adaptively random in direction
TEK 7GAnalyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning the complexity of the cell
Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis Evidence
Structural Mitochondria & chloroplast resemble bacterial
structure Genetic
Mitochondria & chloroplast have their own circular DNA, like bacteria
Functional Mitochondria & chloroplast move freely within
the cell Mitochondria & chloroplast reproduce
independently from the cell
TEK 8A Define taxonomy and recognize the
importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community
Taxonomy The classification of organisms in a
hierarchical system based on shared characteristics or on phylogenetic relationships K
PCOFGS
KingdomPhylum
Class
OrderFamily
GenusSpecies
KingPhillipCame
Over
For
GoodSpaghetti
Who is this?
Scientific Name: Puma concolor
Common Names: CougarMountain lionAnd Puma
Binomial Nomenclature “2 name system” Consists of the Genus and species of
the organism Puma concolor
Benefits: Latin roots (scientists from other
countries can recognize) Avoid confusion of common
names(cougar/mountain lion) Shows relationships and classification
TEK 8C Compare characteristics of taxonomic groups,
including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals
The 6 kingdomsKingdom Cell Type Number of
CellsNutrition
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia