Reported by: M. S. Tillack with contributions from: F. Najmabadi UC San Diego W. R. Meier Lawrence...
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reported by: M. S. Tillack with contributions from: F. Najmabadi UC San Diego W. R. Meier Lawrence Livermore National Lab S. Abdel-Khalik Georgia Institute of Technology A. R. Raffray UC San Diego C. L. Olson Sandia National Lab Status of IFE Chamber Research and Power Plant Studies 1st meeting of the FESAC subcommittee on IFE Oct. 27-28, 2003
Reported by: M. S. Tillack with contributions from: F. Najmabadi UC San Diego W. R. Meier Lawrence Livermore National Lab S. Abdel-Khalik Georgia Institute
reported by: M. S. Tillack with contributions from: F.
Najmabadi UC San Diego W. R. Meier Lawrence Livermore National Lab
S. Abdel-Khalik Georgia Institute of Technology A. R. Raffray UC
San Diego C. L. Olson Sandia National Lab Status of IFE Chamber
Research and Power Plant Studies 1st meeting of the FESAC
subcommittee on IFE Oct. 27-28, 2003
Slide 2
Overview 1. Power plant studies Historical background Recent
studies: ARIES-IFE, HI RPD, ZFE Future plans 2. Chamber research
programs Dry walls and chambers Thin liquid wall protection Thick
liquid wall chambers Program status and needs
Slide 3
Part I: Power plant studies
Slide 4
Power plant studies: from SOLASE to the present pre-1990 2000
and beyond: ARIES-IFE, RDP 1990-91 1990s post-2000: ARIES-IFE RPD
ZFE DPSSL HYLIFE-II
Slide 5
Modern power plant studies provide self-consistency,
innovations, and assessments to guide R&D Utility Input Mission
and Goals Evaluation Based on Customer Attributes Attractiveness
Characterization of Critical Issues Feasibility Design Options
Assessment Present Data Base and Designs Redesign R &D Needs
Development Plan
Slide 6
Objectives: Analyze & assess integrated and self-consistent
IFE chamber concepts Understand trade-offs and identify design
windows for promising concepts. The research was not aimed at
developing a point design. Approach: Six classes of realistic
target were identified. Advanced target designs from NRL
(laser-driven direct drive) and LLNL (Heavy-ion-driven
indirect-drive) were used as references. To make progress, the
activity was divided based on 3 chamber classes: Dry wall chambers;
Solid wall chambers protected with a sacrificial zone (such as
liquid films); Thick liquid walls. These classes of chambers were
researched in series with the entire team focusing on each. ARIES
integrated IFE chamber analysis and assessment research was a
3-year exploration study, recently completed
Slide 7
ARIES-IFE Design windows were developed for direct-drive
dry-wall chambers Thermal design window Detailed target emissions
Transport in the chamber including time-of-flight spreading
Transient thermal analysis of chamber wall No gas is necessary
Laser propagation design window(?) Experiments on NIKE Target
injection design window Heating of target by radiation and friction
Constraints: Limited rise in temperature Acceptable stresses in DT
ice
Slide 8
Two methods for establishment of thin-liquid walls were studied
in ARIES: wetted film and forced film ( more details in the R&D
section ) Liquid Injection First Wall Detachment Distance x d
X-rays and Ions ~ 5 m Can a stable liquid film be established and
re- established over the entire surface of the reactor cavity
(including penetrations)? Can a minimum film thickness be
maintained to provide adequate protection over subsequent target
explosions? Can aerosol and droplet production be avoided?
Issues:
Slide 9
ARIES also examined concepts based on thick liquid walls with
heavy ion beams Studies of structural materials choices and limits
If a 300 series SS is required as a near-term base line for the
design, then Ti-modified 316SS (PCA) should be used. However, it
was strongly recommended to consider alternate structural material
candidates (FS and SiC/SiC) offering the possibility of higher
operating temperature & performance. Aerosol concerns (similar
to thin liquids) were highlighted. Flow conditioning and careful
nozzle design are needed to control the hydrodynamic source.
Studies of ion transport modes indicate several feasible
options.
Slide 10
The Robust Point Design shows that a multi- beam induction
linac driver can meet detailed target and focusing requirements The
goal of this 18-month VNL effort was self-consistency, not
optimization for cost. Opportunities still exist to optimize this
approach to reduce driver cost and COE Fusion Sci. Tech. 44 Sept.
2003, 266-273. Isometric view illustrating the coupling of final
focus magnet array with the chamber (courtesy of Tom Brown,
PPPL)
Slide 11
A Z-Pinch IFE power plant concept was developed recently ( see
presentation by C. L. Olson )
Slide 12
In addition, a variety of assessment studies are performed to
help guide R&D Leak Filtered Dried MELCOR code has been used
for IFE safety studies to help guide choice of materials (e.g.,
hohlraum) and improve safety of plant and target factory designs.
Flow between volumes considers friction, form losses and chocking
Heat transfer to structures Conservation of mass, momentum and
energy for both liquid and vapor phases Considers non- condensible
gas effects Aerosol transport and deposition Suppression pools,
heat exchangers, valves, pumps, etc. System studies are use to
determine impact of advances in science and technology and identify
to high leverage R&D. Heavy ion driver. Net power = 1.1 GWe COE
for HIF plant: fast ignition vs. conventional central ignition Fast
ignition Central ignition Safety and Environmental Economic COE
(/kWe)
Slide 13
The future of IFE power plant studies ARIES-IFE was terminated
by OFES R&D needs were defined, and are incorporated in the
program IFE studies could be revisited if funding becomes available
Assessments will continue in the IFE technology program Heavy-ion
fusion power plant designs are expected to continue to evolve under
the auspices of the VNL HAPL is planning an integrated concept
study in Phase-II SNLA is planning to starting a POP phase in FY04,
which includes a coordinated, multi-institutional study of ZFE
power plants
Slide 14
Part II: Chamber technology R&D
Slide 15
Dry wall chamber R&D is now supported mainly by HAPL Main
advantages of dry walls Best hope for direct drive Possibility of
accommodating constraints from direct drive target
injection/survival and driver propagation MFE/IFE overlap minimizes
development costs Can learn from MFE armor R&D results for
off-normal operation FW+Blanket see quasi steady-state conditions -
full use of MFE design and R&D effort Key Issues Simultaneously
satisfy armor lifetime and target & driver propagation
requirements Nature of threats (energy transport in chamber)
Pre-shot chamber conditions Pulsed thermal and radiation damage
effects He implantation Fabrication/bond integrity
Slide 16
Limits on cyclic ion fluence and heating in armor materials:
-Tests at RHEPP for ions, XAPPER for x-rays -Thermal cycling in
laser (UCSD) and IR (ORNL) facilities He implantation/release and
effects experiments and modeling Material development to enhance
lifetime -Front runner: W armor and FS structure - Engineered
material (e.g. castellated or porous layer) to better accommodate
local thermal stress and to enhance helium release -Information on
materials behavior is also provided from international MFE R&D
programs Experiments and modeling are underway to characterize
damage mechanisms and develop improved materials RHEPP experiments
(SNLA) ~500 kV, 200 ns, 15 J/cm 2 1 10 100 00.511.522.533.54 Ra W
Ra W untreat Ra Mo Fluence (J.cm 2 ) R a (microns) Ablation Depth (
m) F(J/cm 2 ) Net Ablation No net ablation, but surface roughening
Threshold for ablation Threshold for roughening
Slide 17
Chamber physics and interfaces with targets and drivers are
also studied Threat characterization ( LASNEX, BUCKY) Chamber
dynamic response and clearing (SPARTAN) Target and driver
interfaces Target survival and transport in chamber Effect of
chamber gas on laser propagation In-chamber target tracking and
beam steering t = 5 ms T max = 15.5 X 10 4 K t = 50 ms T max = 8.15
X 10 4 K Spartan simulation of gas pressure on final optic shows
forces are very small
Slide 18
Blankets for dry and thin-liquid protected walls: beyond the
first mm, issues are similar to MFE Beyond ~1 mm, FW sees quasi
steady state temperature Beyond ~1 mm, issues for FW/blankets are
similar to MFE; can exploit information from international design
and R&D programs, e.g. Ceramic breeder, Pb-17Li, Li, Flibe as
breeding materials FS and ODS FS as structural material EU Dual
Coolant Concept (FZK evolution of an ARIES design)
Slide 19
Thin-liquid protection issues were studied in ARIES Advantages
Handles much higher instantaneous heat fluxes compared with solid
surfaces. Eliminates damage to the armor/first wall due to
high-energy ions. Issues Fluid-dynamic aspects (establishment and
maintenance of the film) Wetted wall: Low-speed normal injection
through a porous surface Forced film: High-speed tangential
injection along a solid surface Chamber clearing Source term: both
vapor and liquid can be ejected Super-saturated state of the
chamber leads to aerosol generation Target injection and driver
propagation lead to severe constraints on the acceptable amount and
size of aerosol in the chamber.
Slide 20
Experiments and modeling were performed to characterize droplet
penetration depth and detachment time Time [sec] Penetration Depth
[mm] Simulation Experiment zozo ss
Slide 21
Film detachment length was studied for various flow conditions
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 050010001500200025003000
Plexiglas ( LS = 70) We x d [cm] Flat Curved = 1 mm1.5 mm2 mm = 0 1
mm nozzle 8 GPM 10.1 m/s 10 inclination Re = 9200
Slide 22
Aerosol concerns are common to all liquid- protected chambers
Homogeneous nucleation and growth from the vapor phase
Supersaturated vapor Ion-seeded vapor Impurity-seeded vapor Phase
decomposition from the liquid phase Thermally driven phase
explosion Pressure driven fracture Hydrodynamic droplet formation
(flow conditioning) 10 6 Torr 10 1 Torr 1 Torr HC PP FS UCSD work
on condensation physics GIT work on droplet ejection
Slide 23
Some chamber materials research qualifies as HED By definition,
HED > 10 11 J/m 3 X-ray pulse in HYLIFE: ~10 12 J/m 3 (@3 m)
Spinodal decomposition and shock-driven fracture are example of
resulting phenomena Spinodal decomposition of Si (Craciun) Liquid
fracture from tensile shock reflection
Slide 24
Thick liquid-wall chambers: HYLIFE-II is prime example Thick
liquid pocket shields chamber structures from neutron damage and
reduces activation Ocsillating jets dynamically clear droplets near
target (clear path for next pulse) Lifetime of FW can be greatly
extended, possibly for life-of- plant, depending on material choice
and liquid thickness Well suited to indirect-drive targets,
currently favored by HIF (and Z-pinch) community Preferred liquid:
LiF-BeF 2 (Flibe) Oscillating jets form main pocket Crossing jets
form beam ports Vortices shield beamline penetrations HYLIFE-II
requires several jet and flow geometries:
Slide 25
Key issues and development needs for thick liquid chambers *
Key issues: fluid dynamics, high-rep rate operation (condensation,
re-establish protective blanket, drops) Development needs
Validation of chamber dynamics Recovery of protective blanket
configuration in inter-pulse time Recovery of vapor conditions to
allow beam propagation/focus and target injection/tracking
Tolerable cyclic loading on first-wall Validation of first
wall/blanket Material selection (radiation damage life, activation,
corrosion considerations, hohlraum material recovery)
Maintenance/replacement Design for nozzle replacement and first
wall if necessary * Fusion Science and Technology, 44, 27-33 (July
2003).
Slide 26
Substantial R&D has been performed to demonstrate our
ability to establish the flows Vortices Highly smooth cylindrical
jets Slab jet arrays with disruptions Flow conditions approach
correct Reynolds and Weber numbers for HYLIFE-II UCB Re>100,000
UC Berkeley
Slide 27
Example: Results from disruption experiments confirm shock
absorbing effect of jet array UC Berkeley Surface Position
(mm)
Slide 28
Liquid wall development facilities current and future Current:
university experiments on liquid jets, condensation, modeling of
fluid dynamics, vapor flow, etc. Next steps: larger scale flow
loop(s) with molten salt to test Full-scale jets High velocity
injection, nozzles Chemistry and material recovery (e.g., target
debris) Cyclic thermal and mechanical loading Neutron effects tests
will be conducted in an ETF Liquid response to isochoric heating
Tritium breeding Neutron damage testing of materials
Slide 29
Closing remarks: The status of IFE chamber research In IFE,
chamber research is well integrated into the overall program.
Several chamber options are being developed under different
programs in a coordinated way. Opportunities to perform good
science abound: Hydrodynamics, phase change physics, radiation
transport,materials science, etc.
Slide 30
Extras
Slide 31
ARIES-IFE: An integrated assessment of chambers and interfaces
(2000-2003) Characterization of target yield Characterization of
target yield Target Designs Chamber Concepts Characterization of
chamber response Characterization of chamber response Chamber
environment Chamber environment Final optics & chamber
propagation Final optics & chamber propagation Chamber R&D
: Data base Critical issues Chamber R&D : Data base Critical
issues Driver Target fabrication, injection, and tracking Target
fabrication, injection, and tracking Assess & Iterate
Slide 32
Depth of Flibe released, R=6.5 m Cohesion energy (total
evaporation energy) 2.5 Evap. region 10.4 2-phase region Sensible
energy (energy to reach saturation) 0.9 T critical 4.1 Explosive
boiling region
Slide 33
List of Publications, IFE Technology Group (October 2001
February 2003) Referred Journals and Conference Proceedings 1.S. I.
Abdel-Khalik and M. Yoda, Fluid dynamic aspects of thin liquid film
protection concepts, Ibid. 2.N. Alexander, Layering of IFE Targets
Using a Fluidized Bed, 2nd IAEA Technical Meeting on Physics and
Technology of IFE Targets and Chambers (San Diego, CA), Fusion
Science & Technology, 43(3), (2003). 3.Anderson, J. K., Durbin,
S. G., Sadowski, D. L., Yoda, M. and Abdel-Khalik, S. I.,
Experimental studies of high-speed liquid films on downward facing
surfaces, 2nd IAEA Technical Meeting on Physics and Technology of
IFE Targets and Chambers (San Diego, CA), Fusion Science &
Technology, 43(3), (2003). 4.C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S.
Tillack, F. Najmabadi, and A. C. Gaeris, "Energy Absorption and
Propagation in Laser Created Sparks," submitted to Journal of
Physics B. 5.C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, F.
Najmabadi and A. C. Gaeris, Laser propagation and energy absorption
by an argon spark, Journal of Applied Physics 94 (in press, Dec 15,
2003 issue). 6.C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, F.
Najmabadi and A. C. Gaeris, Energy absorption and propagation in
laser created sparks, submitted to Applied Spectroscopy. 7.L. C.
Cadwallader and J. F. Latkowski, Preliminary Identification of
Accident Initiating Events for IFE Power Plants, Presented at the
19 th Symposium on Fusion Engineering, Atlantic City, NJ. 8.J.
Dahlburg, Target Fabrication - Its Role in High Energy Density
Plasma Phenomena, 2nd IAEA Technical Meeting on Physics and
Technology of IFE Targets and Chambers (San Diego, CA), Fusion
Science & Technology, 43(3), (2003). 9.C.S. Debonnel, G.T.
Fukuda, P.M. Bardet and P.F. Peterson, Control of the Heavy-Ion
Beam Line Gas Pressure and Density in the HYLIFE Thick-Liquid
Chamber, Presented at ISFNT-6 Symposium in April 2002, Fusion
Engineering and Design, 63-64, (2002). 10.C.S. Debonnel and P.F.
Peterson, Revisited TSUNAMI simulations for the NIF mini-chamber,
presented at the Third International Conference on Inertial Fusion
Sciences and Applications (IFSA2003), Monterey, CA, September 7-12,
2003. 11. C.S. Debonnel, S. Yu and P.F. Peterson, Evaporation,
Venting, and Condensation for the HIF Robust Point Design,
presented at the Third International Conference on Inertial Fusion
Sciences and Applications (IFSA2003), Monterey, CA, September 7-12,
2003. 81 journal articles, 18 reports since Oct. 2001