Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 - DSPA · 2019-08-13 · (DSPA) has paid close attention to the continuous improvement in the quality and publication date of

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Acknowledgement - Data Sources (in alphabetical order)

Cartography and Cadastre Bureau (DSCC)

Civil Aviation Authority (AACM)

Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (DSEJ)

Financial Services Bureau (DSF)

Fire Services Bureau (CB)

Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ)

Health Bureau (SS)

Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau (DSSOPT)

Legal Affairs Bureau (DSAJ)

Macao Customs Service (SA)

Macao Economic Services (DSE)

Macao Government Tourism Office (DST)

Macao Water Supply Company Limited (SAAM)

Macau Electricity Company Limited (CEM)

Macau International Airport Company Limited (CAM)

Macau Productivity and Technology Transfer Center (CPTTM)

Marine and Water Bureau (DSAMA)

Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG)

Municipal Affairs Bureau (IAM, formerly Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau)

Office for the Development of the Energy Sector (GDSE)

Statistics and Census Service (DSEC)

Transport Bureau (DSAT)

In order to continuously improve the quality of the Report on the State of the Environment of

Macao, the Environmental Protection Bureau (http://www.dspa.gov.mo) welcomes your

valuable comments for our continual improvement in relevant work. Thank you! DSPA

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/


Index

Message 11

Preface 22

Introduction 33

11.. SSoocciiaall,, EEccoonnoommiicc aanndd EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall EEvvoolluuttiioonn ooff MMaaccaaoo 44

2. Atmospheric Environment 88

3. Water Environment 2299

4. Solid Waste 4444

5. Nature Conservation 5533

6. Ambient Noise 6611

7. Environmental Investment and Participation 6677

8. Conclusions 7755

Appendix 8800

Abbreviations 8822

Reference 8833


1

Message

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges influencing our planet,

the effect is visible on the increase in temperature and the more frequent

and intense extreme weather events, bringing repercussions on various

aspects of our daily lives.

We are naturally more attentive to environmental issues than ever.

Being impacted by climate change in daily lives, the community is more

aware of the importance of environmental protection. And in order to

ensure and enhance the quality of life of residents, the Government of the

Macao Special Administrative Region remains committed and has

undertaken necessary measures to reduce emissions and tackle climate

change.

Environmental issues and corresponding polices have become priorities

of social concerns. Macao, positioning as the World Centre of Tourism and

Leisure in the new era of national development, environmental protection

is of particular significance, which has already been integrated into the

Five-Year Development Plan of Government of the Macao Special

Administrative Region in correspondence to the national strategies.

For the objectives to be achieved, collaboration of both the community

and the government at regional level is essential. Therefore, environmental

issues have become the focus of attention in the Policy Address and plans

for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as well as the

Belt and Road Initiative.

We all have the same objective which is also our shared responsibility -

to ensure sustainable development for the city and the future generations.

To this end, instead of consequential management, why not tackle issues

at the source by means of minimizing ecological footprint, reducing waste

as well as increasing the use of public transport and

environmentally-friendly vehicles.

Together we can make a difference.

Secretary for Transport and Public Works

Raimundo Arrais do Rosário


2

Preface

The Report on the State of the Environment of Macao serves as one of

the essential channels for residents to obtain information about different

environmental aspects of Macao. The Environmental Protection Bureau

(DSPA) has paid close attention to the continuous improvement in the

quality and publication date of this Report, so that residents can timely

understand the environmental status of Macao.

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 demonstrates the

overview of the environment of Macao in 2018 and illustrates evolution and

trends in various environmental aspects during the past decade, also

analyzes the causes and factors of the environmental issues, management

measures to cope with the situation as well as suggestions for residents to

practice in daily lives. The DSPA hopes to promote public concern and

social support for environmental protection with the Report, so as to cope

with the policies of the Government of the Macao Special Administrative

Region through environmentally-friendly practice, building a low carbon

Macao together.

In 2018, in addition to continually push forward relevant work of the

Five-Year Development Plan of the Macao Special Administrative Region

(2016-2020) and enhance regional cooperation accordingly, the DSPA has

also commenced a study on the Environmental Protection Planning of

Macao (2021-2025), and has continued the work on solid waste

management, improving air quality and strengthening maritime

environmental protection, etc; which included the launch of the “Funding

Scheme for Acquisition of Equipment and Vehicles for the Waste Collection

Sector”, as well as the Construction Waste Management System of Macao

and the Restrictions on the Provision of Plastic Bags which are both in the

legislative process. Moreover, the DSPA progressively strengthen maritime

monitoring and relevant studies. In 2018, the DSPA finished the revision of

the standards for exhaust emissions of newly imported vehicles and

motorcycles, promulgated regulations such as the standards for exhaust

emissions of vehicles in use, emission standards for air pollutants in

wastewater treatment plants as well as emission standards for air pollutants

from industrial establishments for pharmaceutical production, copper clad

laminate manufacturing and plastic processing, etc; also encouraged

residents to participate in waste reduction and plastic reduction activities,

working together to further improve the environmental quality of Macao.

I wish to extend my gratitude to the members of Advisory Council on the

Environment who have shared their valuable insights, those government

departments and agencies who have provided information and assistance,

and the team that worked so diligently to compile this Report.

Director of the Environmental Protection Bureau

Tam Vai Man


3

Introduction

The Environmental Protection Bureau (DSPA) prepares and publishes the

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao annually to provide the

status and evolution of the environment of Macao according to the attributes

conferred by law to all sectors, so as to promote social awareness and public

participation in environmental protection.

The “Driving Forces-Pressures-States-Impacts-Responses” (DPSIR)

indicator analysis system (see the figure below), which is widely adopted

worldwide, is continually adopted in the Report to categorize and analyze

the 19 environmental indicators1 and 82 environmental sub-indicators under

7 major aspects, namely, the society and economy, atmospheric

environment, water environment, solid waste, nature conservation, ambient

noise, environmental investment and participation, aiming to reflect the

status of relevant environmental factors and their interrelationships.

DPSIR framework

1 “Environmental indicators” are effective tools for analyzing and assessing the environmental quality of a

region or a country, and are adopted by most of the countries in the world.

DDrriivviinngg FFoorrcceess

PPrreessssuurreess

RReessppoonnsseess

IImmppaaccttss

SSttaatteess

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/StateReportHTML/2016/pdf/en/introduction.pdf


4

1. Social, Economic and

Environmental Evolution of

Macao

Society, economy and environmental protection are the three

pillars of sustainable development, which are also the core

elements for building an ecologically civilized city. This chapter

will introduce the major social, economic and environmental

indicators of Macao in 2018 and illustrate their evolution.

Indicator for environmental analysis in this chapter

Social, Economic and Environmental Evolution of Macao

DPSIR Framework

Status

Table 1.1 shows variations in the major social, economic and

environmental indicators of Macao. With respect to social and economic

indicators, the visitor arrivals, gross domestic product (GDP), tourism

intensity and end-year population increased in 2018 as compared to

those of 2017, despite the decreased population density resulting from

the increased land area attributed to new town zone A and Hong

Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Macao boundary crossing area.

In respect of environmental indicators, following a significant increase in

visitor arrivals, steadily progressing economic and local population

growth, the consumption of various resources (including electricity

consumption, billed water consumption) and the disposal quantity of

municipal solid waste in 2018 increased by around 2-3% respectively in

comparison with those in 2017 (see Table 1.1 and Figure 1.3).

P Pressures S States

I Impacts

R Responses

D Driving Forces

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/StateReportHTML/2016/pdf/en/01.pdf




5

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the population density, GDP, visitor arrivals, electricity

consumption, disposal quantity of municipal solid waste, billed water

consumption, end-year population and land area of Macao were on an

overall upward trend (see Figures 1.1 and 1.2).

The estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions maintained an overall

upward trend for the past decade, due to the increasing estimated

emissions between 2015 and 2017 (see Figure 1.1).

Table 1.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of major social,

economic and environmental indicators of Macao between 2017

and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Social and economic indicators

Population density (’000 ppl/km2) 21.1 20.0 -5.2%

End-year population (ʼ000) 653.1 667.4 +2.2%

Tourism intensity (day) 30.4 32.1 +5.6%

GDP (at current prices) (million MOP) 405,790r 440,316 +8.5%

Visitor arrivals (no.) 32,610,506 35,803,663 +9.8%

Environmental indicators

Disposal quantity of municipal solid

waste1 (tonne)

510,702 522,548 +2.3%

Billed water consumption (ʼ000 m3) 88,436 90,944 +2.8%

Electricity consumption2 (million kWh) 5,170 5,319 +2.9%

Land area (km2) 30.8 32.9 +6.8%

(Data sources: DSEC, DSPA, 2019)

Notes:

1 Municipal solid waste refers to solid waste generated in daily life, commercial and industrial

activities; which mainly includes domestic waste as well as industrial and commercial waste,

etc.

2 Final consumption. r Revised figure.


6

Figure 1.1 Evolution of social, economic and environmental indicators of

Macao

(Data sources: DSEC, DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 Data of estimated GHG emissions was updated to 2017.

2 Municipal solid waste refers to the solid waste generated in daily life, commercial and industrial

activities, which mainly includes domestic waste as well as industrial and commercial waste,

etc.

3 The percentage of estimated GHG emissions in the figure is the variation between 2017 and

2016; the rest is the comparison between 2018 and 2017.

Figure 1.2 Population density

(Data source: DSEC, 2019)

Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.

2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.

Figure 1.3 Tourism intensity

(Data sources: DST, DSEC, 2019)

Notes: 1 Tourism intensity refers to the ratio of annual total number of nights spent by hotel guests to

mid-year population of Macao.



7

Environmental knowledge

Table 1.2 Tourism intensity and population density in recent years

City/ Region

Tourism intensity

1

Data source Population

Density (’000 ppl/km

2)

Data source

Macao 32.12 DST, DSEC 20.0 DSEC

Hong Kong 12.13

Hong Kong

Tourism

Board,

Census and

Statistics

Department,

Hong Kong

6.9

Census and

Statistics

Department,

Hong Kong

Guangzhou 10.04

Guangzhou

Statistics

Bureau

2.0

Guangzhou

Statistics

Bureau

Notes: 1 Tourism intensity in this Report is estimated based on official data, with calculation methods

in notes 2-4.

2 Tourism intensity of Macao refers to the ratio of annual total number of nights spent by hotel

guests to mid-year population of Macao.

3 Data of 2017 is cited. Tourism intensity of Hong Kong refers to the ratio of annual total

number of nights spent by visitors to mid-year population of Hong Kong.

4 Data of 2017 is cited. Tourism intensity of Guangzhou refers to the ratio of annual total

number of tourists staying overnight (tourists and days) to end-year resident population of

Guangzhou.

According to the major social, economic and environmental indicators in

2018, Macao experienced steadily progressing economic development, local

population growth and significant increase in visitor arrivals; the continually

increased tourism intensity remained at a relatively higher level among those

of neighboring regions. In the meantime, consumption of various resources

and the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste tended to increase, which

is driven by the growth in GDP, population and visitor arrivals, indicating that

Macao is under considerable environmental pressure.


8

2. Atmospheric Environment Over the years, the Government of the Macao Special

Administrative Region (Macao SAR) has dedicated to further

improving air quality through continuous reinforcement of

vehicle restriction, optimization of pedestrian network,

stipulation and revision of the standards for exhaust emissions

for imported vehicles and vehicles in use, phasing out of

two-stroke motorcycles through the Environmental Protection

and Energy Conservation Fund, tightening of the quality of fuel

oils of vehicles, promotion of environmentally-friendly vehicles,

order formulation of emission standards for the major stationary

air pollution sources, and restoration of production of electricity

with natural gas.

Air quality, general atmospheric pollutant emissions,

greenhouse gas emissions as well as the status and variation of

major factors that have influence on atmospheric environment

will be introduced in this chapter.

Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter

Air Quality

General Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Eco-efficiency of the Energy Sector

Eco-efficiency of the Transport Sector

2.1 Air Quality

DPSIR Framework

Status

In 2018, the number of days of air quality1 recorded as “Good” and

“Moderate” by the air monitoring stations2 exceeded 92% of the total

monitoring days, which was similar to that of 2017. The Air Quality Index

(AQI) of Macao in 2018 was better in May and July, but worse in October

(see Figure 2.3).

Decadal trends

Since the adoption of stricter AQI standard in 2012, the percentage of

days with air quality recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” showed an

overall upward trend between 2013 and 2018.

1 Currently, the air quality monitoring stations monitor the concentrations of six pollutants including PM10,

PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO to calculate the AQI of Macao. 2

The names of the air monitoring stations are consistent with those in the Annual Air Quality Report of

Macao of the Meteorological and Geophysics Bureau. For relevant station names, see Table 2.1.

P Pressures

S States

I Impacts

R Responses

D Driving Forces



9

Compliance status of air pollutant emission standards

In 2018, O33 remained the major air pollutant in Macao. The annual mean

concentrations of O3 monitored at the Ambient (Taipa) Station and

Ambient (Coloane) Station both increased compared with those of 2017,

but the annual mean concentration of O3 at the High Density Residential

Area (Macao) Station decreased obviously compared with that of 2017.

The annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 recorded at all air

monitoring stations in 2018 were lower than the standard value, which is

consistent with the overall trend recorded by the Guangdong-Hong

Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network.

As for PM10, the annual mean concentration recorded at the High Density

Residential Area (Macao) Station in 2018 increased slightly as compared

to that of 2017 while that recorded by all other stations in 2018

decreased. As for PM2.5, the annual mean concentrations at the Roadside

(Macao) Station and High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station in

2018 increased as compared to those of 2017 while the values recorded

at all other stations decreased year-on-year.

3 O3 is not emitted directly by pollution sources, it is formed by the photochemical reaction of O2, NOx and

VOCs in the presence of sunlight. O3 is the major cause of photochemical pollution.

Compliance status of air pollutant emission standards

As for NO2, which is affected by various transport emissions, local

production of electricity and other factors, the annual mean concentration

recorded at the Ambient (Coloane) Station increased considerably in

2018, while the values recorded at all other stations decreased as

compared to those in 2017. However, it is noteworthy that the annual

mean concentrations of NO2 recorded at the Roadside (Macao) Station

and High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station still exceeded the

standard value.

As for SO2, the annual mean concentrations recorded at all stations

decreased in 2018 as compared to those of 2017, wherein the value

recorded at the Ambient (Coloane) Station decreased by more than 40%.

As for CO, the annual mean concentrations recorded at all stations

decreased in 2018, with the most significant decrease recorded at the

High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station.

(see Figure 2.4 and Table 2.3)


10

Evolution of annual mean concentrations of air pollutants

As for the overall trends of the annual mean concentrations of air

pollutants, the annual mean concentrations of SO2 and PM10 showed a

downward trend in the past decade, in which those of SO2 remained

relatively low. The annual mean concentrations of NO2 and CO evolved

gently, with those of NO2 remaining relatively high. In the past 5 years,

the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 showed an significant

downward trend. However, it is notable that the annual mean

concentrations of O3 showed an overall upward trend during the past

decade. From 2016 to 2018, O3 had replaced PM2.5 and became the

major air pollutant, indicating that photochemical pollution across the

region is to be improved (see Figure 2.4).

Table 2.1 Total number of days monitored by each air monitoring station in

2017 and 2018

(Unit: day) Total number of days

2017 2018

Roadside (Macao) Station 361 359

Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station 1461

360

High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 362 360

High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 3402 144

2

Ambient (Taipa) Station 365 365

Ambient (Coloane) Station 355 358

(Data source: SMG - 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, 2019)

Notes: 1 Monitoring has been started at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station since 1st August of 2017.

2 Monitoring at the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since

13th December of 2017, and resumed on 8

th August of 2018.


11

Figure 2.1 Percentage of different AQI recorded by air monitoring stations in

2018


Figure 2.2 Percentage of days with air quality not reaching “Good” or

“Moderate” in the past years


Notes: 1The AQI standard of Macao was upgraded on 2nd

July of 2012 to meet the interim target-1

suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO).

2 Due to the upgrading of the air quality monitoring equipment, monitoring of the Ambient

(Coloane) Station has been suspended since 11th June of 2014, and resumed on 1

st July of

2015.

3 Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017. Due to

insufficient monitoring days in 2017, the percentage is not stated.

4 Monitoring at the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since 13th

December of 2017, and resumed on 8th August of 2018. Due to insufficient monitoring days in

2018, the percentage is not stated.


12

Table 2.2 Data of the days of various air quality levels recorded by monitoring

stations between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: day) Good Moderate Bad Very Bad

2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018

Roadside (Macao)

Station 203 237 149 119 9 3 0 0

Roadside (Ká-Hó)

Station 1

66 188 58 160 22 12 0 0

High Density

Residential Area

(Macao) Station

197 233 142 122 23 5 0 0

High Density

Residential Area

(Taipa) Station 2

172 88 145 56 23 0 0 0

Ambient (Taipa)

Station 188 190 148 146 28 29 1 0

Ambient (Coloane)

Station 166 192 165 152 24 14 0 0


Notes: 1 Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017.


December of 2017, and resumed on 8th August of 2018.

Figure 2.3 Evolution of monthly mean values of AQI in 2017 and 2018


Notes: 1 Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017.


December of 2017, and resumed on 8th August of 2018.


13

PM10

PM2.5

Figure 2.4 Annual mean concentrations of air pollutants in the

past years

(Data Source: SMG, 2019) Notes:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017.

The Ambient (Coloane) Station has started monitoring PM2.5, O3 and CO since 2015.

The High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has started monitoring PM2.5 and SO2

since 2013. Due to insufficient effective data in 2018, the annual mean concentrations

are not stated.

The Ambient (Taipa) Station has started monitoring CO since 2013.

PM2.5 data has been published since 2nd July of 2012.

PM10: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective

data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2011-2013, 2017-2018;

the Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2009, 2012-2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó)

Station in 2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. The red dotted line

represents the standard value of annual mean concentration of PM10 is 70μg/m3.

PM2.5: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective

data from the Roadside (Macao) Station, the High Density Residential Area (Macao)

Station and the Ambient (Taipa) Station in 2012, the High Density Residential Area

(Taipa) Station in 2013 and 2018, the Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2015 as well as the

Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in 2017 and 2018, the annual mean concentrations are not

stated. The red dotted line represents the standard value of annual mean concentration

of PM2.5 is 35μg/m3.

SO2: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective

data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2013 and 2018, the

Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2014 and 2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in

2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. No standard value of annual mean

concentration of SO2 is defined.

NO2: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective

data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2011-2013 and 2018, the

Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2014 and 2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in

2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. The red dotted line represents the

standard value of annual mean concentration of NO2 is 40μg/m3.

O3: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective

data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2011-2013 and 2018, the

Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in 2017, the

annual mean concentrations are not stated. No standard value of annual mean

concentration of O3 is defined.

CO: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective

data from the Ambient (Taipa) Station in 2013, the High Density Residential Area (Taipa)

Station in 2011-2013 and 2018, the Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2015 as well as the

Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in 2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. No

standard value of annual mean concentration of CO is defined.

SO2

NO2

O3

CO


14

Table 2.3 Annual mean concentrations and percentage increase/decrease of

air pollutants recorded at air quality monitoring stations between

2017 and 2018

Respirable suspended particulates with diameter less than 10μm (PM10)

(Unit: µg/m3)

Standard value of annual mean

concentration: 70μg/m3

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Ambient (Taipa) Station 43.2 38.1 -11.8%

Ambient (Coloane) Station 44.3 41.2 -7.0%

Roadside (Macao) Station 53.1 50.4 -5.1%

High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 47.8 48.9 +2.3%

High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station Note1 Note

2 Note

3

Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 42.4 Note

3

Fine suspended particulates with diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5)

(Unit: µg/m3)



2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease



High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 19.9 22.7 +14.1%

Roadside (Macao) Station 22.1 25.8 +16.7%

High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 27.6 Note2 Note

3

Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 Note

5 Note

3

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) (Unit: µg/m3)


concentration is not defined 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease



High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 6.1 5.3 -13.1%


3


3

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (Unit: µg/m3)



2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease




Ambient (Coloane) Station 29.3 39.5 +34.8%


3


3


15

Ozone (O3) (Unit: µg/m3)



Percentage

increase/

decrease


Ambient (Taipa) Station 57.1 59.8 +4.7%

Ambient (Coloane) Station 55.4 59.1 +6.7%


3


3

Carbon monoxide (CO) (Unit: mg/m3)



Percentage

increase/

decrease




Ambient (Coloane) Station 0.61 0.61 -


3


3

(Data source: SMG, 2019) Notes: 1 According to 2017 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective data, the

annual mean concentration is not stated.

2 According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, monitoring at the High Density Residential

Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since 13th December of 2017, and resumed on 8

th

August of 2018. Due to insufficient effective data in 2018, the annual mean concentration is not

stated.

3 Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not calculated due to

insufficient effective data.

4 According to 2017 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, monitoring has been started at the

Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station since 1st August of 2017. Due to insufficient effective data in 2017, the


5 According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective data, the


2.2 General Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions

DPSIR Framework

Status

According to the estimation results of the emission inventory4, the

estimated emissions of Pb, SOx, CO, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and NOx

in 2017 reduced successively as compared to those of 2016, only the

estimated emissions of NH3 increased compared with 2016 data (see

Table 2.4 and Figure 2.5).

4 The emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gas of Macao in 2017 in this Report is

estimated, analyzed, updated and revised based on the internationally adopted technical materials such

as EMEP/EEA“Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook”, IPCC “Guidelines for National Greenhouse

Gas Inventories” and USEPA “Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42”, etc. The estimated

atmospheric pollutants mainly include: CO, SOx, NOx, NH3, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and Pb.


I Impacts

R Responses

Resposta D Driving Forces


16

Status

The proportion of emission sources in 2017 was similar to that in 2016.

Although the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants resulting

from land transport, local production of electricity as well as commercial,

domestic and service industries decreased in 2017 as compared to those

of 2016, transportation (including land transport, maritime transport and

air transport) and local production of electricity were still the major

sources of various atmospheric pollutants, accounting for a considerable

proportion. In 2017, wastewater treatment remained the major source of

NH3, while organic solvents and land transport were the major sources of

NMVOC. Except those from land transport and local production of

electricity, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants resulting

from construction sector, industrial sector, waste incineration and air

transport increased in 2017 as compared to those of 2016. Construction

sector was the major contributor to particulates, while industrial sector,

waste incineration and air transport accounted for a relatively small

proportion. Besides, the estimated emissions of various air pollutants

(except SOx and Pb) resulting from maritime transport in 2017 also

decreased when compared with those in 2016 (see Figure 2.6).

Decadal trends

Considering the overview of the estimated emissions of atmospheric

pollutants from 2008 to 2017, CO emissions showed an overall

downward trend, NMVOC and SOx emissions exhibited a gentle upward

trend, while significant upward trends were observed in the estimated

emissions of NOx, NH3, Pb, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5. To be specific, the

estimated emissions of NMVOC, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 decreased

year-on-year since 2015, the reductions in 2017 were more obvious (see

Figure 2.5).


17

CO SOx NOx

NH3 NMVOC TSP


18

PM10 PM2.5

Pb

Figure 2.6 Percentage of emissions of various

atmospheric pollutant sources in 2017

(Data source: DSPA, 2019)

Figure 2.5 Annual estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants by sector in the past years


Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants.



19

Table 2.4 Percentage increase/decrease of estimated emissions of various atmospheric pollutants by sector between 2016 and 2017

(Unit: %) CO SOx NOx NH3 NMVOC TSP PM10 PM2.5 Pb1

Total estimated emissions -10.3 -12.1 -4.0 +17.6 -9.8 -7.0 -6.5 -6.2 -26.5

Land transport -12.3 -81.3 -5.4 -5.0 -21.4 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -31.6

Maritime transport -5.2 +2.2 -6.0 -5.4 -1.4 -1.4 -0.7 +4.8

Air transport +2.0 +0.6 +1.2 +2.9 - - - -

Commercial, domestic and service industries -3.0 -15.2 -11.0 -10.2 -9.6 -8.6 -10.0 -33.3

Construction sector +5.0 +5.2 +5.0 +4.6 +4.9 +4.9 +4.9 -

Industrial sector +8.8 +9.2 +9.2 +10.0 +8.8 +8.8 +8.8 +100.0

Local production of electricity -22.7 -23.3 -12.9 -19.6 -23.5 -23.0 -23.2 -23.0

Waste incineration +1.8 +1.9 +2.3 +14.3 +12.5 +12.5 +12.5 +5.4

Sanitary landfills -5.9 -4.9

Wastewater treatment +18.7 -1.7

Fuel supply +1.8

Organic solvents -3.3 - - -


Note: 1 The major sources of estimated lead emissions are land transport, waste incineration and local production of electricity (approximately 98% in total).


20

2.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

DPSIR Framework

Status

Local production of electricity, waste incineration and land transport are

the main sources of the estimated emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG)

in Macao. In 2017, the estimated GHG emissions increased by 11.4%

compared with those in 2016 owing to a 60% increase in local production

of electricity.

In 2017, the estimated emissions of CO2 and N2O increased by 11.8%

and 11.4% respectively while that of CH4 decreased by 4.9% (see Figure

2.8 and Table 2.5).

In 2017, local production of electricity was the largest source of estimated

emissions of GHG and CO2. Sanitary landfill represents a major source of

CH4 emissions while wastewater treatment and waste incineration were

the major sources of N2O emissions (see Figure 2.9).

Decadal trends

Generally speaking, the estimated GHG emissions from 2008 to 2017

showed an overall upward trend due to the increase in estimated CO2

emissions, while N2O and CH4 accounted for a smaller proportion of total

emissions. It is noteworthy that the estimated GHG emissions rebounded

significantly from 2015 to 2017, principally due to the increase in local

production of electricity (see Figure 2.7).

GHG

Figure 2.7 Annual estimated GHG emissions in the past years

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of estimated GHG emissions.



I Impacts R Responses

Resposta

Resposta

D Driving Forces


21

GHG CO2

CH4 N2O

Figure 2.9 Percentage of GHG emissions from

various sources in 2017


Figure 2.8 Annual estimated emissions of GHG by sector in the past years


Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of estimated emissions of various GHGs.



22

Table 2.5 Percentage increase/decrease of estimated emissions of GHG by

sector between 2016 and 2017

(Unit: %) GHG CO2 CH4 N2O

Total estimated emissions +11.4 +11.8 -4.9 +11.4

Land transport -0.5 -0.5 -11.2 -6.7

Maritime transport -5.5 -5.5 -5.0 -

Air transport +0.7 +1.5 - -

Commercial, domestic and service

industries -1.4 -1.4 - -

Construction sector +5.8 +5.8 - -

Industrial sector +8.3 +11.4 - -

Local production of electricity +37.8 +37.9 +8.7 -

Waste incineration +12.3 +12.9 +4.2 +3.8

Sanitary landfills -4.7 - -5.1

Wastewater treatment +19.5 +19.0

Fuel supply - -

Organic solvents - -


2.4 Eco-efficiency of the Energy Sector

DPSIR Framework

Status

In 2018, the final energy consumption in Macao increased by 4.2%

compared with that of 2017. The energy consumption was

correspondingly for government departments and others, commercial,

restaurants and hotels as well as domestic users (see Figures 2.10 and

2.11).

In terms of energy consumption per unit of GDP, the energy consumption

per unit of GDP in 2018 decreased by 3.9% compared with that of 2017,

revealing that the efficiency of energy utilization was improved (see

Figure 2.10).

In 2018, nearly 90% of electricity of Macao was purchased from outside,

which was higher than that of 2017. Local production of electricity

decreased to 9% of the total, including 5% generated by natural gas, 4%

by fuel oil. Moreover, 2% of electricity was generated by incineration of

solid waste (see Figure 2.12).

In 2017, the estimated emission index of atmospheric pollutants related to

local production of electricity increased by 60% compared with that of

2016, in which a larger proportion was from production of electricity with

natural gas. Amongst the related atmospheric pollutants, the estimated

emission index of TSP、NOx、SOx decreased, however that of GHG

increased along with the increased local production of electricity in 2017

(see Figure 2.13).



Resposta

Resposta

D Driving Forces


23

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the local final energy consumption increased with

economic and social development, while the energy consumption per unit

of GDP declined in general, indicating that energy efficiency was

improved (see Figure 2.10).

From 2008 to 2017, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants

and the estimated emissions of GHG related to local production of

electricity both tended to decline, the latter rebounded in the recent years

(see Figure 2.13).

Figure 2.10 Final energy consumption in the past years

(Data sources: DSEC, AACM, 2019)

Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.

Figure 2.11 Percentage of final energy consumption by sector in 2018


Notes: 1 According to the data of DSEC, the sectors of final energy consumption in 2018 are updated.

2 The electricity consumption of government departments refers to the total usage of all

government-paid electricity meter contracts, including general public administrative agencies,

urban public lighting, public medical and educational institutions.

Figure 2.12 Electricity structure of Macao from 2014 to 2018

(Data source: GDSE, 2019)


24

Figure 2.13 Eco-efficiency of the energy sector

(Data sources: DSPA, GDSE, 2019)


Table 2.6 Percentage of final energy consumption by sector in 20181

(Unit: %) 2018

Industrial sector 3.8

Domestic sector 16.2

Commercial, restaurants and hotels 17.1

Government departments and others2 62.9


Notes: 1 According to the data of DSEC, no comparison could be made with 2017 due to the update in

sectors of final energy consumption in 2018.

2 The electricity consumption of government departments refers to the total usage of all

government-paid electricity meter contracts, including general public administrative agencies,

urban public lighting, public medical and educational institutions.


25

2.5 Eco-efficiency of the Transport Sector

DPSIR Framework

Status

In 2018, the number and density of motor vehicles as well as fuel

consumption of maritime transport in Macao decreased as compared to

those in 2017, while the fuel consumption of land transport and flight

movements both increased compared with those in 2017 (see Tables

2.7-2.9).

The estimated emission index of atmospheric pollutants associated with

land transport and the number of motor vehicles decreased concurrently

in 2017 (see Figure 2.16).

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the number of motor vehicles, density of motor

vehicles, fuel consumption of land transport and flight movements in

Macao increased in varying degrees, while the fuel consumption of

maritime transport remained relatively stable.

From 2008 to 2017, the estimated emission index of atmospheric

pollutants associated with land transport showed an overall upward trend

except for a downward trend observed in the emission indexes of CO and

NMVOC (see Figure 2.16).

Figure 2.14 Number of motor vehicles and motor vehicle density in the past

years (Data source: DSEC, 2019)




Resposta

Resposta

D Driving Forces


26

Figure 2.15 Fuel consumption of land and maritime transport as well as

flight movements in the past years (Data sources: DSEC, CAM, 2019)


Table 2.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of motor vehicles

between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: no.) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

No. of motor vehicles per kilometer

(motor vehicle density) (no./km) 565 535 -5.3%

Total number of motor vehicles 241,611r 240,145 -0.6%

• Light motorcycles [electric] 29,352

[80]

26,256 [72]

-10.6%

[-10.0%]

• Heavy vehicles [electric] 7,387

r

[1]

7,217

[63]

-2.3%

[+6,200.0%]

• Industrial vehicles [electric] 410

[1]

408

[0]

-0.5%

[-]

• Light vehicles [electric] 107,540

r

[140]

108,442

[245]

+0.8%

[+75.0%]

• Heavy motorcycles [electric] 96,922

[2]

97,822

[2]

+0.9%

[-] (Data source: DSEC, 2019)

Note: r Revised figures.

Figure 2.16 Eco-efficiency of the land transport sector

(Data sources: DSPA, DSEC, 2019)


27

Table 2.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of fuel

consumption of land and maritime transport between 2017 and

20181

(Unit: TJ) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Fuel consumption of maritime transport 2,810 2,709 -3.6%

Fuel consumption of land transport 5,744 5,957 +3.7%


Note: 1 Only fuel consumption is included.

Table 2.9 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of flight

movements between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: no.) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Flight movements 58,520 65,779 +12.4%

(Data source: CAM, 2019)

In 2018, the air quality recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” at the air

monitoring stations accounted for more than 92% of the total number of

monitoring days, which was similar to that of 2017. The AQI of Macao was

better in May and July, but worse in October.

In 2018, the major air pollutant in Macao was O3, with higher annual mean

concentrations recorded at the Ambient Stations than those recorded at the

High Density Residential Area Stations, revealing that photochemical

pollution is to be improved in those areas. Affected by transport emissions,

local production of electricity and other factors, the annual mean

concentrations of NO2 recorded at Roadside (Macao) Station and High

Density Residential Area (Macao) Station both exceeded the standard value

in 2018. Furthermore, the annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5

were both lower than the standard value, which is consistent with the overall

trend recorded by the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta

Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network. Likewise, the annual mean

concentrations of SO2 and CO recorded at all air monitoring stations

decreased compared with those of 2017.

In 2017, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants in Macao,

including Pb, SOx, CO, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and NOx decreased

successively as compared to those in 2016, except NH3. Transportation and

local production of electricity remained the major contributors of atmospheric

pollution. According to the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants

from 2008 to 2017, CO emissions showed an overall downward trend,

NMVOC and SOx emissions both exhibited a gentle upward trend, while

significant upward trends were observed in the estimated emissions of NOx,

NH3, Pb, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5.

In respect of GHG emissions, local production of electricity was the

largest source of the estimated emissions of GHG and CO2, sanitary landfill

represents a major source of CH4 emissions while wastewater treatment and

waste incineration were the major sources of N2O emissions. The estimated

emissions of GHG from 2008 to 2017 tended to increase in general. In the

past decade, local final energy consumption increased while energy

consumption per unit of GDP decreased, indicating that energy efficiency

was improved.


28

The estimated emission index of atmospheric pollutants associated with

land transport and the number of motor vehicles decreased concurrently in

2017. From 2008 to 2017, the estimated emission index of atmospheric

pollutants associated with land transport showed an overall upward trend

except for a downward trend observed in the emission indexes of CO and

NMVOC.

In 2018, the Government of the Macao SAR successively approved

Regulations on the Construction and Operation of Fuel Filling Stations,

Emission Standards for Air Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants as

well as Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Industrial Establishments

for Pharmaceutical Production, Copper Clad Laminate Manufacturing and

Plastic Processing, also revised the standards for exhaust emission of newly

imported vehicles, heavy and light motorcycles as well as vehicles in use,

pushed forward the formulation of emission standards for the major

stationary air pollution sources, so as to further improve air quality.

Regarding production of electricity, it is suggested to continually promote

the utilization of clean energy, increase the proportion of production of

electricity with natural gas, and promote carbon audit and energy efficiency

management in order to enhance public awareness of energy conservation

and emission reduction. In respect of transport sector, it is suggested to

continuously reinforce strategy to control the number of vehicles, optimize

public transportation network, timely review the exhaust gas emission

standards for vehicles, promote the use of electric vehicles and improve

supporting facilities, build orderly a pedestrian system, encourage green

commuting, and improve the fuel quality of various types of transportation, so

as to reduce pollutant emissions. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to

strengthen joint prevention and control for atmospheric pollution through

continual and close regional cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong

and Macao.

= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad


29

3. Water Environment

The Government of the Macao SAR has been taking forward a

series of management work related to water environment of

Macao. In 2018, in addition to the ongoing coastal water quality

monitoring and ensuring water supply, the Government of the

Macao SAR also developed the Macao Sewage Treatment

Facilities Master Plan and issued Law No.7/2018 - Maritime Area

Management Framework Law, formulated general principles and

regulatory framework for maritime area management, which

included environmental protection of maritime areas.

This chapter will illustrate the status and variation of the

indicators regarding the water environment in potable water,

quality of coastal waters, maritime areas and wastewater

treatment.


Quality of Potable Water

Potable Water Consumption

Maritime Areas

Wastewater Treatment

3.1 Quality of Potable Water

DPSIR Framework

Status

In 2018, water supply in Macao was not affected by salty tide. The

potable water quality of Macao was maintained at a low salinity level

(green)1 through regional cooperation, centralizing the coordination of

water diversion in the Pearl River catchment, ensuring the water security

in Macao.

In 2018, the quality of potable water in Macao met all testing standards.

The chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water

Treatment Plant decreased when compared with that of 2017.

In 2018, the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks

in Macao was above 99%, which was similar to that of 2017 and was in

compliance with the requirements of relevant law2.

In 2018, the total rainfall in Macao increased slightly compared with that

of 2017 (see Table 3.1).

1 It is divided according to the Salinity Scale for Potable Water. For more information, please refer to the

website of Macao Water Supply Co., Ltd.. 2

According to Decree Law No.46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao

(RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water that the qualified rate of tested

samples reaches 95%.

P Pressures

S States I Impacts

R Responses

Resposta

Resposta

D Driving Forces


30

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the annual average chloride concentration of treated

water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant showed an overall

downward trend, while the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the

distribution networks was maintained above 99%. Besides, the rainfall in

Macao remained at a stable level.

Figure 3.1 Rainfall in Macao in the past years

(Data source: SMG, 2019)



Figure 3.2 Chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water

Treatment Plant in the past years

(Data source: IAM, 2019) Notes: 1 The standard limit on chloride concentration in the abstraction for hunman consumption

according to GB 3838-2002 is 250mg/L.

2 The gray line is the trend line.

Figure 3.3 Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks of

Macao in the past years

(Data source: IAM, 2019)


31

Table 3.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease or difference of

rainfall, chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde

Water Treatment Plant and qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the

distribution networks of Macao between 2017 and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

or difference

Rainfall (mm) 1,783.2 1,795.6 +0.7%

Chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment

Plant

Annual average chloride concentration (mg/L) 18.4 17.7 -3.8%

Highest chloride concentration (mg/L) 36.4 30.7 -15.7%

Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks 1

• Coloane distribution network (%) 100.0 100.0 －

• Macao Peninsula distribution network (%) 99.6 99.7 +0.1%

• Taipa distribution network (%) 99.4 99.7 +0.3%

(Data sources: SMG, IAM, 2019)

Note:

1 According to Decree Law No.46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao

(RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water that qualified rate of

coliform bacteria in the distribution networks of tested samples reaches 95%.

3.2 Potable Water Consumption

DPSIR Framework

Status

In comparison with 2017 data, billed water consumption increased

slightly, water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP decreased, and

domestic water consumption per capita was similar in 2018 (see Table

3.2).

Among different types of water consumption, all types of water

consumption increased in 2018 as compared to those of 2017, except a

decrease recorded in industrial water consumption. Wherein, commercial

water consumption, which is also the major driving factor for the increase

in the volume of water flowing through the distribution networks and billed

water consumption, accounted for a higher proportion and the increase

was large. It is believed that such increases might be attributed to the

booming economy, successive operations of large-scale tourism and

entertainment facilities and steady increase in visitor arrivals (see Table

3.3).

In terms of water consumption in different districts, water consumption of

all districts increased in varying degrees in 2018 as compared with those

of 2017. Specifically, the increases in Coloane and the Cotai Reclamation

Zone were more significant (see Table 3.4).

In 2018, leakage rate in the distribution networks was similar to that of

2017 (see Table 3.6).

P Pressures

S States I Impacts

R Responses

Resposta

Resposta

D Driving Forces


32

Decadal trends

Although billed water consumption in Macao has been on an overall

upward trend in the past decade, water consumption per ten thousand

MOP GDP has shown a downward trend. In 2018, water consumption per

ten thousand MOP GDP was reduced by nearly 50% of that of 2009.

Besides, leakage rate in the distribution networks also tended to

decrease, representing that water consumption efficiency was improved.

In the past decade, domestic water consumption per capita maintained at

150-160 L/capita·day.

In the past decade, all types of water consumption, except industrial

water consumption, increased to varying degrees; with the most notable

increase in commercial water consumption. In terms of water

consumption in different districts, the upward trend in water consumption

of the Cotai Reclamation Zone was the most obvious in the past decade.

Figure 3.4 Volume of water flowing through the distribution networks, billed

water consumption and domestic water consumption in the past

years

(Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019) Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.


33

Figure 3.5 Billed water consumption per capita, domestic water consumption

per capita and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019) Notes: 1 Billed water consumption per capita = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷

(end-yearpopulation × days of the year).

2 Domestic water consumption per capita = domestic water consumption for the whole year ÷

(end-year population × days of the year).

3 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for

producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water

supply for the whole year.


Figure 3.6 Volume of billed water consumption by sector in the past years

(Data source: DSAMA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of total billed water consumption.


Figure 3.7 Volume of billed water consumption by geographical area in the

past years

(Data source: DSAMA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of total billed water consumption.



34

Table 3.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed/domestic

water consumption, billed/domestic water consumption per capita,

and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP between 2017

and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Water consumption per ten thousand MOP

GDP1 (m

3/10,000 MOP)

2.40r 2.28 -5.0%

Domestic water consumption per capita2

(L/capita·day) 156.9 157.2 +0.2%

Billed water consumption per capita3

(L/capita·day) 371.0 373.3 +0.6%

Domestic water consumption (ʼ000 m3) 37,391 38,283 +2.4%

Billed water consumption (ʼ000 m3) 88,436 90,944 +2.8%

(Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019)

Notes: 1 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for

producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water

supply for the whole year.

2 Domestic water consumption per capita = domestic water consumption for the whole year ÷

(end-year population × days of the year).

3 Billed water consumption per capita = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year

population × days of the year). r Revised figure.

Table 3.3 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed water

consumption by sector between 2017 and 20181

(Unit: m3) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Industrial sector 4,780,408 (5.4%) 4,536,947 (5.0%) -5.1%

Public sector 5,684,786 (6.4%) 5,762,152 (6.3%) +1.4%

Domestic sector 37,391,197 (42.3%) 38,283,332 (42.1%) +2.4%

Commercial sector 40,579,426 (45.9%) 42,361,984 (46.6%) +4.4%

(Data source: DSAMA, 2019)

Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by sector

over total billed water consumption in Macao.

Table 3.4 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed water

consumption by geographical area between 2017 and 20181

(Unit: m3) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Macao Peninsula 56,075,398 (63.4%) 56,925,411 (62.6%) +1.5%

Taipa 12,422,886 (14.0%) 12,885,638 (14.2%) +3.7%

University of

Macau in Hengqin

Island

858,369 (1.0%) 894,155 (1.0%) +4.2%

Cotai Reclamation

Zone 15,188,698 (17.2%) 16,047,531 (17.6%) +5.7%

Coloane 3,890,466 (4.4%) 4,191,680 (4.6%) +7.7%

(Data source: DSAMA, 2019)

Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by

geographical area among total billed water consumption in Macao.


35


Table 3.5 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per

capita in recent years1

City/Region

Water

consumption per

capita

(L/capita·day)

Domestic water

consumption per

capita

(L/capita·day)

Data source

Macao 373.3 2 157.2

2

Report on the State of

the Environment of

Macao 2018, Macao

Hong Kong 368.9 3 200.4

3

Water Supplies

Department Annual

Report 2016/2017,

Hong Kong

Guangzhou 368.7 4 279.0

4

Guangzhou Statistical

Yearbook 2018,

Guangzhou

Notes: 1 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per capita are estimated

based on the official data of different regions, with the calculation methods in Notes 2-4.

2 (Billed) water consumption per capita in Macao = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷

(end-year population × days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = domestic

water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year population × days of the year).

3 This is 2016 data, excluding sea water consumption. Water consumption per capita = water

consumption per capita (m3/year) ÷ days of the year; domestic water consumption per capita =

domestic potable water consumption ÷ (population served with potable water × days of the

year).

4 This is 2017 data. Water consumption per capita = volume of water sales ÷ (end-year resident

population × days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = water consumption

per capita per day.

Figure 3.8 Leakage rate in the distribution networks in the past years

(Data source: SAAM, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.


Table 3.6 Numerical data and difference of leakage rate in the distribution

networks between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: %) 2017 2018 Difference

Leakage rate in the distribution networks 9.0 9.4 +0.4

(Data source: SAAM, 2019)


36

3.3 Maritime Areas

DPSIR Framework

Status

The quality of coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with that of

2017, however, heavy pollution was still observed in Inner Harbor (see

Figure 3.9).

The evaluation3 of the quality of coastal waters in Macao in 2018 shows

that the total evaluation index, non-metal evaluation index and heavy

metal evaluation index all decreased to varying degrees compared with

those of 2017. Specifically, the heavy metal evaluation index remained far

below the standard value, but the non-metal evaluation index was still

higher than the standard value (see Table 3.7 and Figure 3.10).

In terms of chlorophyll a concentration4, data recorded at all monitoring

points decreased in 2018 except those recorded at Sanitary Landfill and

Cheoc Van monitoring points. Decrease at the Inner Harbor was the most

notable, which was more than 50% (see Table 3.10 and Figure 3.14).

3 Sea Water Quality Standards - Category III (applicable to general industrial water consumption zones and

coastal resort zones) (GB3097-1997) of China was adopted for the analysis of the water quality.

Additionally, due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A monitoring

point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. 4 Organic pollution and eutrophication are key factors of red tide outbreak. Therefore, the eutrophication

index can reflect the level of eutrophication in the waters, with chlorophyll a concentration as supporting

data to determine the richness of planktonic algae.

Status

In terms of eutrophication index, the indices of all monitoring points

increased in varying degrees except those recorded at Inner Harbor,

Cheoc Van and Airport monitoring points. High index was recorded at

Inner Harbor (see Table 3.9 and Figure 3.13).

In terms of water quality of maritime areas, the DSPA has been

conducting the “Studies on Water Quality Monitoring Scheme of Maritime

Areas of Macao”, serving as scientific references for developing the

related water quality monitoring schemes of maritime areas in the future.

According to relevant studies, inorganic nitrogen and active phosphorus

are the primary factors that affect the quality of sea water of Macao. In

addition, open sea water, Pearl River surface runoff, surrounding

land-based pollution and hydrodynamic conditions also affect the water

quality of maritime areas in Macao.

P Pressures

S States I Impacts

R Responses

Resposta

Resposta

D Driving Forces


37

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the total evaluation index of quality of coastal waters

in Macao showed an overall downward trend. Wherein, the heavy metal

evaluation index showed a downward trend, but the upward trend and

exceedance of the non-metal evaluation index is notable.

In the past decade, the eutrophication index at each monitoring point

(except Praia Grande and Inner Harbor) indicated an overall upward

trend, while improvement was recorded in the chlorophyll a concentration

with a significant decrease.

Figure 3.9 Distribution of monitoring points of coastal waters in 2018

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring

point was not carried out in 2018.


38

Figure 3.10 Evaluation indices of coastal waters in Macao in the past years

(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00).



Figure 3.11 Non-metal evaluation index for water quality by monitoring point

in 2018

(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019)

Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00).

2 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring

point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.

Figure 3.12 Heavy metal evaluation index for water quality by monitoring

point in 2018

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00)



Figure 3.13 Eutrophication index by monitoring point in the past years

(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring



39

Figure 3.14 Chlorophyll a concentration by monitoring point in the past

years

(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring


Table 3.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of comprehensive

evaluation index of coastal waters of Macao between 2017 and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Heavy metal evaluation index 0.03 0.02 -33.3%

Total evaluation index 0.50 0.47 -6.0%

Non-metal evaluation index 1.11 1.05 -5.4%


Table 3.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of non-metal

evaluation index by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Airport 0.89 0.71 -20.2%

Inner Harbor 2.28 1.89 -17.1%

Cheoc Van 0.81 0.69 -14.8%

Hac Sa 0.77 0.68 -11.7%

Tam Kong Temple 0.96 0.93 -3.1%

Reference Point 0.89 0.87 -2.2%

Pac On 1.09 1.08 -0.9%

Outer Harbor 1.13 1.13 -

Sanitary Landfill 1.03 1.04 +1.0%

Taipa 1.05 1.15 +9.5%

Praia Grande 1.12 1.24 +10.7%

Reclamation Zone A Note1 Note

1 Note

2

(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Notes:



2 Considering the comparability and insufficient data, the percentage increase/decarease cannot

be calculated for Reclamation Zone A.


40

Table 3.9 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of eutrophication

index by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Inner Harbor 190.4 137.8 -27.6%

Cheoc Van 13.5 11.0 -18.5%

Airport 17 14.7 -13.5%

Tam Kong Temple 27.4 27.6 +0.7%

Hac Sa 11.4 11.6 +1.8%


Outer Harbor 36.4 44.4 +22.0%

Reference Point 18.4 23.7 +28.8%

Praia Grande 35.5 47.4 +33.5%

Taipa 26.7 41.7 +56.2%

Pac On 28.7 46.0 +60.3%


1 Note

2


Notes: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring




Table 3.10 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of chlorophyll a

concentration by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: μg/L) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Inner Harbor 21.3 10.2 -52.1%

Pac On 4.7 3.1 -34.0%

Praia Grande 6.9 4.6 -33.3%

Reference Point 3.6 2.5 -30.6%

Taipa 5.6 4.3 -23.2%

Hac Sa 3.9 3.0 -23.1%

Outer Harbor 4.2 3.6 -14.3%

Tam Kong Temple 3.8 3.3 -13.2%

Airport 3.4 3.2 -5.9%

Cheoc Van 3.2 3.3 +3.1%



1 Note

2


Notes: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring





41

3.4 Wastewater Treatment

DPSIR Framework

Status

In 2018, the daily mean treated volume of each WWTP/WWTS of Macao

and the total treated volume of wastewater increased compared with

those of 2017.

In respect of effluent quality of WWTP/WWTS, the effluent quality

recorded at Macao Peninsula WWTP and TIP WWTS of 2018 met the

design standard and the requirements of relevant law. However, some

exceedances5 were recorded at Taipa WWTP and Coloane WWTP,

owing to the discharge of oil waste and high concentrated wastewater

into public sewage network beyond the design capacity of wastewater

treatment.

Tendência

5 Exceedances in COD and SS were observed in the effluent of Coloane WWTP, and exceedance in SS

was recorded in the effluent of Taipa WWTP. Such exceedances were primarily attributed to the following

aspects: frequent inflow of oil waste and high concentrated wastewater into the above WWTPs through

public sewage network; Taipa WWTP suffered from a lack of standby capacity of wastewater treatment

due to the upgrading project; the inffluent quality of Coloane WWTP exceeded frequently the maximum

design capacity because oil waste from kitchen grease traps of eating houses as well as chemical

wastewater from temporary toilets collected by mobile suction sewage trucks in the entire city are to be

treated at the Coloane WWTP.

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was

on an overall upward trend, which had been in line with the trend of

potable water consumption. With the increase of resident population in

Coloane and the operation of tourism and entertainment facilities in the

Cotai Reclamation Zone, the treated volume of wastewater of the

Coloane WWTP has been increased by over three times in the past

decade.

Regarding the overall effluent quality of WWTP/WWTS in the past

decade, the pollutant concentration of the effluent of Macao Peninsula

WWTP was improved, those recorded at Coloane WWTP and Taipa

WWTP tended to increase, while no comparison could be made at the

TIP WWTS due to the adjustment of testing indicators.

Table 3.11 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of daily mean

treated volume by WWTP/WWTS of Macao between 2017 and 20181

(Unit: m3 ) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Daily mean treated

volume 210,850 223,274 +5.9%

• Macao Peninsula

WWTP 144,338 (68.5%) 147,839 (66.2%) +2.4%

• Taipa WWTP 2 22,174 (10.5%) 24,837 (11.1%) +12.0%

• Coloane WWTP 43,159 (20.5%) 48,770 (21.8%) +13.0%

• TIP WWTS 1,179 (0.5%) 1,828 (0.8%) +55.0%


Notes: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of daily mean treated volume by

WWTP/WWTS in Macao.

2 The treated volume of Taipa WWTP includes the treated volume of Macau International Airport

WWTS.

P Pressures

S States I Impacts

R Responses

Resposta

Resposta

D Driving Forces


42

Figure 3.15 Daily mean treated volume by WWTP/WWTS in the past years

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The treated volume of Taipa WWTP includes the treated volume of Macau International Airport

WWTS.

2 The gray line is the trend line of the total treated volume of wastewater.


The quality of potable water was maintained at a low salinity level (green)

in 2018, and the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks

complied with the requirements of relevant laws. Driven by the increase in

commercial water consumption, billed water consumption in 2018 increased

slightly compared with that of 2017, water consumption per ten thousand

MOP GDP decreased compared with that of 2017, and domestic water

consumption per capita was similar to that of 2017.

The overall quality of coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with

that of 2017, but it is notable that non-metal evaluation index was still higher

than the standard value. In addition, the eutrophication index recorded at

several monitoring points increased in varying degrees compared with 2017

data, with the highest index recorded at Inner Harbor.

In the past decade, the overall quality of coastal waters and chlorophyll a

concentration in Macao were improved. However, the trend of non-metal

evaluation index, which exceeded the standard value, should be a concern.

In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was

on an overall upward trend, which was in line with the trend of potable water

consumption.


43

It is suggested to strengthen water environmental protection and pollution

control, enhance the separation system for rainwater and wastewater as well

as network management, optimize continuously the coastline remediation,

step up the management of coastal waters, conduct monitoring of water

quality of maritime areas, formulate the emergency response plan and

precautionary measures against marine pollution, as well as promote

maritime functional zones during the detailed work related to the

implementation of the Maritime Area Management Framework Law. In the

meantime, it is also recommended to continuously reduce the leakage rate in

the distribution networks in an orderly manner, implement the Macao

Sewage Treatment Facilities Master Plan, promote the construction and

upgrading of wastewater treatment facilities, also to revise relevant

regulations and standards as well as promote the publicity and education of

water conservation, so as to protect the water environment and water

resources more effectively.



44

4. Solid Waste

In recent years, the Government of the Macao SAR has

launched a number of policies related to “waste reduction at

source and resources recycling”, formulated the Macao Solid

Waste Resources Management Programme (2017-2026), and

gradually expanded recycling network for more types of

recyclable waste.

The generation, treatment, disposal and recycling of solid

waste in Macao in 2018 will be introduced in this chapter.


Generation, Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste

Recycling of Solid Waste

4.1 Generation, Treatmnt and Disposal of Solid

Waste

DPSIR Framework

Status

Driven by the steadily progressing economic, increased purchasing

power of residents and rapidly increasing number of visitor arrivals, the

disposal quantity of municipal solid waste in Macao increased slightly in

2018, while the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita was

similar to that of 2017 (see Figure 4.1 and Table 4.1). The major physical

components of municipal solid waste are correspondingly organic

substances, plastics and paper/cardboard, etc. (see Figure 4.2 and Table

4.3).

P Pressures S States I Impacts

R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess



45

Status

In 2018, the volume of construction waste decreased drastically

compared with that in 2017, owing to the substantially reduced production

of sea mud which can be attributed to the decreased number of

large-scale excavation projects. In comparison with 2017, the quantity of

slag also decreased in 2018, but that of fly ash increased. In 2018,

legislative process of Construction Waste Management System of Macao

has been started; the Government of the Macao SAR also continued to

facilitate waste classification and waste reduction at source of

construction waste through a variety of measures in order to encourage

reduction of construction waste in the construction sector (see Figure 4.4

and Table 4.5).

In 2018, the quantity of special and hazardous waste was similar to that in

2017 (see Figure 4.3 and Table 4.4).

In comparison with 2017, the quantity of all types of waste vehicles in

2018 decreased significantly except for the increases recorded in

industrial machines and heavy vehicles (see Figure 4.6 and Table 4.6).

In 2018, the quantity of oily waste in storage tanks of the electricity supply

company decreased slightly compared with that in 2017 (see Figure 4.5).

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste and the

disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita in Macao both had

an overall upward trend, despite the slowdown in growth between 2015

and 2018.

In the past decade, the volume of construction waste and the quantity of

special and hazardous waste showed overall upward trends, however

there was a decline for the former in recent year.

In the past decade, the number of waste vehicles was on an overall

upward trend, maintaining at relatively stable level between 2009 and

2014. Specifically, the number of waste vehicles increased in recent years

due to the reinforced control of vehicles, phasing out of two-stroke

motorcycles and the impact of the typhoon.


46

Figure 4.1 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste and disposal quantity

of municipal solid waste per capita in the past years

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of disposal quantity of municipal solid waste.


Table 4.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the disposal

quantity of municipal solid waste and disposal quantity of municipal

solid waste per capita between 2017 and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease


waste per capita1 (kg) 2.16 2.17 +0.5%


waste2 (tonne) 510,702 522,548 +2.3%


Notes: 1 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita = disposal quantity of municipal solid waste

÷ (mid-year population × days of the year).

2 Municipal solid waste refers to the solid waste generated from daily life, commercial and industrial

activities; which includes domestic waste as well as commercial and industrial waste.


Table 4.2 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita in recent years1

City/

Region

Disposal quantity

of municipal solid

waste per capita

(kg/capita‧day)

Data source

Macao 2.172

Report on the State of the Environment of

Macao 2018, Macao

Singapore 1.453

Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2018,

Singapore

Hong Kong 1.454

Monitoring of Solid Waste in Hong Kong 2017,

Hong Kong

Beijing 1.175 Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2018, Beijing

Guangzhou 0.995

Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook 2018,

Guangzhou

Shanghai 0.845

National Bureau of Statistics of China –

National Data, China

Notes: 1 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita in this Report is estimated based on the

official data, with calculation methods stated in notes 2-5.

2 Data of 2018 is cited. Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita = disposal quantity of

municipal solid waste ÷ (mid-year population × days of the year).

3 Data of 2017 is cited. Waste for disposal per capita = disposal quantity of waste (domestic

waste + non-domestic waste) ÷ (mid-year population × days of the year).

4 Data of 2017 is cited. Per capita disposal rates of municipal solid waste = disposal quantity of

municipal solid waste (daily average) ÷ mid-year population. Municipal solid waste includes

domestic waste, commercial waste and industrial waste.

5 Data of 2017 is cited. Daily mean quantity of domestic waste for removal per capita = removal

quantity of domestic waste ÷ [resident population (end-year) × days of the year].


47

Figure 4.2 Physical composition of municipal solid waste in the past years


Table 4.3 Physical composition of municipal solid waste between 2017 and

2018

(Unit: %) 2017 2018

Wood 5.1 1.9

Metals 3.8 4.4

Glass and rubble 3.3 4.7

Fabrics 5.2 3.4

Paper/cardboard 29.7 20.3

Plastics 23.0 22.5

Organic substances 27.4 39.5

Others 2.6 3.3


Figure 4.3 Quantity of special and hazardous waste transferred for treatment

in the past years

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.


Figure 4.4 Waste disposed in landfills in the past years

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of construction waste.



48

Figure 4.5 Oily waste in storage tanks of the electricity supply company in

the past years

(Data source: CEM, 2019) Notes: 1 The data shows the quantity of oily waste in storage tanks of the electricity supply company in

that year.

2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017

Figure 4.6 Quantity of waste vehicles in the past years

(Data source: DSAT, 2019)

Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of the total number of waste vehicles.


Table 4.4 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the quantity of

special and hazardous waste between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: tonne) 2017 2018 Percentage

increase/decrease

Special and hazardous waste1 3,751 3,756 +0.1%


Note: 1 Special and hazardous waste includes waste tyres, slaughterhouse waste, animal carcasses,

medical waste, oil residues, chemical waste and waste oil, etc.

Table 4.5 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of quantity of

construction waste, sea mud, slag and fly ash between 2017 and

2018

2017 2018 Percentage

increase/decrease

Construction waste (’000 m3) 2,933 2,010 -31.5%

Among which: Sea mud1 (’000 m

3) 1,408 331 -76.5%

Slag (tonne) 101,244r 96,821 -4.4%

Fly ash (tonne) 19,242 20,879 +8.5%


Notes: 1 Sea mud is a kind of excavation material generated in civil works. r Revised figure.


waste vehicles between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: no.) 2017 2018 Percentage

increase/decrease

Total number of waste vehicles 26,224 16,647 -36.5%

• Light motorcycles 8,711 3,521 -59.6%

• Semi-trailers 34 18 -47.1%

• Light vehicles 9,745 5,712 -41.4%

• Heavy motorcycles 7,403 6,841 -7.6%

• Industrial machines 9 13 +44.4%

• Heavy vehicles 322 542 +68.3%

(Data source: DSAT, 2019)


49

4.2 Recycling of Solid Waste

DPSIR Framework

Status

In terms of waste recycling, the import/export statistics of plastics, rubber,

paper and metals reveals that the recovery rate of recyclable waste in

2018 is 22.1%, equal to that of 2017 (see Figure 4.7 and Table 4.8).

Meanwhile, paper and metals collected through “Eco Fun-Waste Sorting

can be Fun” Scheme, “Recycling Red Envelopes is Very Easy” Scheme

and “Recycling Lunar Cake Boxes is Very Easy” Scheme of DSPA, as

well as “Waste Separation and Recycling Programme” of the Municipal

Affairs Bureau (IAM) increased in 2018 than those in 2017, but plastics

collected decreased. The “Glass Bottle Recovery Programme” of IAM

was suspended owing to the typhoon in 2017, and resumed in May of

2018. Additionally, IAM recycled 1,734 tonnes of timber waste in 2018.

Status

In respect of electronic waste treatment, DSPA had launched the

“Computers and Communication Equipments Recovery Programme”1,

through which, 39,646 computers or communication equipments were

collected in 2018. Wherein those conformed to the requirements were

donated to charities after treatment, while the rest were dismantled and

recycled. Some recyclable components and materials were transported to

other regions for recycling and resource treatment according to the

requirements of the Basel Convention, the overall recovery rate reached

roughly 90%.

In 2018, DSPA established more than 1,100 collection points through

“Recycling Batteries is Very Easy” Scheme2, and collected a total of

11,692 kg of used batteries, which increased by 80% compared with that

in 2017.


computers and communication equipments between 2017 and 2018


increase/decrease

Computers and

communication equipments 1

7,646 39,646 Note 2

(Data source: DSPA 2019) Notes: 1 Computers and communication equipments include desktop, laptop, cathode ray tube/ liquid

crystal display, printer, scanner and others.

2 The “Computers and Communication Equipments Recovery Programme” was commenced in

October of 2017. Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not

calculated.

1 Computers and Communication Equipments Recovery Programme

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext3.aspx?a_id=1506045567 2“Recycling Batteries is Very Easy” http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext2.aspx?a_id=101411


R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext3.aspx?a_id=1506045567

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext2.aspx?a_id=101411


50

Status

In 2018, the DSPA and IAM jointly recovered about 355,016 kg of food

waste, which roughly increased by 50% compared with that of 2017. The

DSPA has established food waste treatment facilities at the Macao

Refuse Incineration Plant, processing the food waste collected through

the recovery plan with the participation of government departments,

schools, hotels, banks, restaurants, supermarkets, etc. In 2018, DSPA

initiated the “Food Waste from Eating Houses Recycling Pilot Scheme”3,

collecting industrial and commercial food waste from the small and

medium-sized restaurants in Macao. Besides, DSPA also developed the

“Financial Support Scheme for Acquisition of Equipments and Vehicles

for the Waste Collection Sector” through the Environmental Protection

and Energy Conservation Fund, providing financial support to the

companies in the waste collection sector for the purchase of equipments

or vehicles necessary for the processes of collection, transportation,

separation, pre-treatment or recycling of recyclable waste.

3 Work overview on the reduction and recycling of food waste

https://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext.aspx?a_id=1533635494

Decadal trends

According to the recovery rate based on calculation of import and export

statistics of plastics, rubber, paper and metals, notwithstanding the

continuous increase in varieties of recycled waste, expanded recycling

network and increased recovery quantity, the overall growth of recovery

rate was moderate in the past decade, owing to an obvious increase in

the generation of solid waste.

https://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext.aspx?a_id=1533635494


51

Figure 4.7 Recovery rate of recyclable waste based on calculation of import

and export statistics in the past years

(Data source: DSEC, 2019) Notes: 1 It includes plastics, rubber, paper and metals.

2 As recyclable waste recovered in Macao is basically transported to the Mainland China and

other countries for recycling, the above calculation is made in accordance with import and

export statistics of DSEC including quantity of plastics, rubber, recovered (waste and scrap)

paper or paperboard and scrap metals.


4 The “Equal” in the figure indicates the variation between 2018 and 2017.

Table 4.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the recovery

rate of recyclable waste based on calculation of import and export

statistics between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: %) 2017 2018 Percentage

increase/decrease

Recovery rate of recyclable waste 1 22.1 22.1 －


Notes: 1 It includes plastics, rubber, paper and metals.

2 As recyclable waste recovered in Macao is basically transported to the Mainland China and

other countries for recycling, the above calculation is made in accordance with import and

export statistics of DSEC including quantity of plastics, rubber, recovered (waste and scrap)

paper or paperboard and scrap metals.

Table 4.9 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the quantity of

recycled waste collected by DSPA and IAM between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: kg) 2017 2018 Percentage

increase/decrease

Used batteries1 6,471 11,692 +80.7%

Recycled metals2 153,390 242,973 +58.4%

Food waste3 237,860 355,016 +49.3%

Recycled paper2 2,575,541

r 2,697,573 +4.7%

Recycled aluminum/iron cans2

(no.) 1,100,943 1,114,662 +1.2%

Recycled plastics2 278,932 250,194 -10.3%

Recycled glass4 491,480 417,544 Note

4

(Data sources: DSPA, IAM, 2019)

Notes: 1 Used batteries: Used batteries collected through the “Used Battery Collection Scheme” of

DSPA.

2 Recycled plastics, recycled paper, recycled aluminum/iron cans (number) and recycled metals:

Including recovery quantity in the “EcoFun-Waste Sorting can be Fun” Scheme, “Recycling Red

Envelopes is Very Easy” Scheme, “Recycling Lunar Cake Boxes is Very Easy” Scheme of

DSPA and the “Waste Separation and Recycling Programme” of IAM.

3 Food waste: Including food waste recovery quantity treated by the food waste demonstration

project, on-site treatment studies and “Food Waste from Eating Houses Recycling Pilot

Scheme” of DSPA and the food waste recovery plan of IAM.

4 Recycled glass: Recovery quantity collected through the “Glass Bottle Recovery Programme”

of IAM, which has been suspended since October 2017 due to the typhoon, then resumed in

May 2018. Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not calculated. r Revised figure.


52

Generally speaking, the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste

increased slightly in 2018, while the disposal quantity of municipal solid

waste per capita was similar to that in 2017. The quantity of all types of waste

vehicles decreased in 2018 except for the increases recorded in industrial

machines and heavy vehicles compared with 2017 data. The quantity of

special and hazardous waste was similar to that in 2017; the quantities of

construction waste, sea mud and slag decreased in varying degrees, while

that of fly ash increased. Moreover, the types of recyclable solid waste

increased continuously and the recycling network expanded gradually.

According to the import and export statistics, the recovery rate of recyclable

waste in 2018 was computed to be 22.1%, equal to that of 2017. In addition,

paper and metals collected through various recycling programs organized by

the DSPA and IAM increased in 2018 than those in 2017, but plastics

collected decreased.


During the past decade, there was a continuous increase in the disposal

quantity of municipal solid waste of Macao, and the disposal quantity of

municipal solid waste per capita remained at a high level. It is suggested to

make efforts to promote the construction and improvement of legislation and

supporting infrastructures with respect to the Macao Solid Waste Resources

Management Programme (2017-2026), employ measures of Restrictions on

the Use of Plastic Bags, take forward the legislation work of Construction

Waste Management System of Macao and Financial Support Scheme for

Food Waste Treatment Equipments, strengthen implementation of “Waste

reduction at source and resources recycling”, promote waste classification

and and waste reduction, take forward the “Recycling and Pre-treatment

Programme of Electrical and Electronic Equipments” and “Reducing Plastic

is Very Easy”, so as to improve the recovery rate of recyclable waste,

advocate cherishing resources and waste reduction not only for residents in

their daily life but also for enterprises in business operation. Furthermore, it is

suggested to facilitate the regional cooperation for solid waste management

under the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao

Greater Bay Area, reinforce the capacity building of regional collaborative

treatment and disposal for special and hazardous waste, and strengthen the

supervision of transboundary movements, so as to promote harmless

disposal, reduction and recycling of solid waste.


53

5. Nature Conservation

Facilitating ecological civilization and striking for a balance

between humans and nature are prioritized work of

environmental protection.

In recent years, aside from constantly pushing forward the

urban greening action plans in the Five-Year Development Plan,

the Government of Macao SAR has proactively initiated survey

on ecological environment, mapped out the reforestation and

conservation programmes, proceeded with relevant work of

forest stand improvement, ecological remediation, wetland and

mangrove conservation, as well as biodiversity preservation. The

evolution in green area as well as animals and plants of Macao

will be introduced in this chapter.

Indicator for environmental analysis in this chapter

Green Area

1

Photo source: IAM, 2019

5.1 Green Area

DPSIR Framework

Status

In accordance with the “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area

in Macao” (2015), the green area under the jurisdiction of IAM in 2018

was similar to that of 2017. Green area per capita in 2018 had slightly

decreased compared with that in 2017, owing to increased population

(see Figure 5.2 and Table 5.1).

In 2018, the number of roadside trees of Macao increased compared with

that of 2017 (see Table 5.5), however, the total number has not yet

reached 2017 level before the typhoon attack. The number of roadside

tree species (including arbor and shrub) in 2018 remained the same as

that in 2017 (see Figure 5.5).

In terms of animal species, according to the results of survey in 2018, the

species of reptiles increased compared with that in 2017, and the species

of fishes and amphibians remained unchanged, but the species of birds

decreased compared with that in 2017. Considering the comparability, no

comparison is made in the number of species of mammals and insects

between 2017 and 2018 due to updated statistical methods or new

findings in research (see Table 5.4).


R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess


54

Status

The Cotai Ecological Zone is one of the valuable wetlands of Macao,

which provides habitats for numerous species of fishes, benthos, insects

and birds. Among them, some are classified as Grade II National Key

Protected Species, including Platalea minor (Black-faced Spoonbill),

Egretta eulophotes, Egretta sacra and Platalea leucorodia. During the

bird season, the maximum number of Black-faced Spoonbills recorded in

the zone decreased from 59 in 2017 to 54 in 2018.

In 2018, there was no record of hill fire in Macao.

In terms of fulfillment of the Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)1, 7,949

certificates of imports and re-exports of endangered species were issued

in 2018, which was significantly higher than that in 2017. Moreover, there

were 37 cases prosecuted for CITES violations in 2018, substantially

decreased by 60% compared with that in 2017.

1 In order to cooperatively fulfill the responsibility stipulated in the CITES, the Government of the Macao SAR

regulates the imports and exports of relevant endangered species, and the Enforcement Law of CITES

came into force in September 2017.

https://www.economia.gov.mo/zh_TW/web/public/pg_cites_intro?_refresh=true

Decadal trends

Since the “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has

been revised in 2015, no comparison between evolution of green area

under the jurisdiction of IAM and green area per capita in the past decade

could be made. In recent years, green area under the jurisdiction of IAM

was similar, however, green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM

tended to shrink owing to the growing population in Macao.

In the past decade, the total number of roadside trees of Macao was on

an overall upward trend (see Figure 5.7). Regarding the number of

roadside tree species, the shrubs remained unchanged while those of the

arbors increased (see Figure 5.5).

In respect of animal species, relevant survey indicated that there was a

downward trend in bird species, amphibian species remained relatively

stable while other animal species increased in varying degrees in the past

decade (see Figure 5.6). In addition, the total number of Black-faced

Spoonbills recorded in the Cotai Ecological Zone during the past decade

remained relatively stable.

In the past decade, hill fires of Macao showed a downward trend and

stayed at an extremely rare level.

In the past decade, the number of issued CITES certificates for imports

and re-exports of endangered species (see Figure 5.8) and cases

prosecuted for CITES violations increased in general (see Figure 5.9).

https://www.economia.gov.mo/zh_TW/web/public/pg_cites_intro?_refresh=true


55

Figure 5.1 Macao green area in 2018

(Data source: DSCC, 2019)

Figure 5.2 Green area and green area per capita under jurisdiction of IAM


(Data sources: IAM, DSEC, 2019) Notes: 1 The “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has been revised in 2015. Given

the modification of the standard, relevant green areas are calculated in conformity with the

updated standards.

2 The green area under jurisdiction of IAM.


4 Green area per capita is calculated with the end-year population.

Figure 5.3 Green area by category under jurisdiction of IAM between 2016

and 2018

(Data source: IAM, 2019) Notes: 1 The “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has been revised in 2015. Given

the modification of the standard, relevant green areas are calculated in conformity with the

updated standards.

2 The green area under jurisdiction of IAM.



56

Figure 5.4 Number of hill fires in the past years

(Data sources: DSEC, CB, 2019)

Notes: 1 There was no hill fire records in 2018.


Figure 5.5 Number of tree species in Macao in the past years


Note: 1 The gray line is the trend line.

Figure 5.6 Number of animal species in Macao in the past years


Notes: 1 There were 673 insect species in 2018.

2 The number of animal species is the number of survey records obtained through regular

monitoring and related research projects.

Figure 5.7 Number of roadside trees in Macao in the past years


Note: 1 The gray line is the trend line.


57

Table 5.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of green area

distribution under the jurisdiction of IAM between 2017 and

2018 1,2,3

(Unit: m2) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Green area per capita 4

(m2/capita)

10.8 10.6 -1.9%

Green area 7,068,262 7,080,138 +0.2%

• Cotai Reclamation

Zone 167,578 (2.4%) 170,581 (2.4%) +1.8%

• Taipa 1,517,493 (21.4%) 1,528,573 (21.6%) +0.7%

• Macao Peninsula 1,066,006 (15.1%) 1,066,006 (15.0%) －

• Coloane 4,317,185 (61.1%) 4,314,978 (61.0%) -0.1%

(Data sources: IAM, DSEC, 2019)

Notes: 1 The green area under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area,

therefore relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao.

2 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentages of the respective green area of

different regions under the jurisdiction of IAM in relation to the total green area under the

jurisdiction of IAM in that year.

3 The classification and area data of green area under the jurisdiction of IAM are calculated

based on the “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” (2015) as revised

in 2015.

4 Green area per capita refers to the green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM,

excluding privately owned green area, therefore relevant data does not represent the total

green area of Macao. Additionally, it is calculated based on the end-year population in

accordance to the IAM.

Table 5.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of green area

distribution under the jurisdiction of IAM by category between 2017

and 2018 1,2,3

(Unit: m2) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Green space for

traffic infrastructure 505,741 (7.2%) 519,824 (7.3%) +2.8%

Green space for

ecological landscape 3,658,655 (51.8%) 3,658,655 (51.7%) －

Nursery for urban

greening 42,203 (0.5%) 42,203 (0.6%) －

Green space for

leisure and recreation 2,861,663 (40.5%) 2,859,456 (40.4%) -0.1%

(Data source: IAM, 2019)

Notes: 1 The green area classification and area data for 2017 and 2018 are calculated based on the

“Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” (2015) as revised in 2015.

2 The green area under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area, therefore

relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao.

3 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentages of the respective green area of each

category in relation to the total green area of Macao in that year.

Table 5.3 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of hill fires



increase/decrease

Number of hill fires 1 0 -100.0%

(Data source: CB, 2019)


58

Table 5.4 Number of animal species in Macao between 2017 and 20181

(Unit: type) 2017 2018

Birds 145 126

Amphibians 9 9

Mammals 34 212

Fishes 218 218

Reptiles 23 35

Insects 573 6733

(Data source: DSEC -“Environmental Statistics 2018”, 2019)

Notes:

1 The number of animal species is recorded through regular monitoring and related research

projects.

2 The number decreased due to the deduction of captive animals and that there were no new

findings in native animals in recent years.

3 The number of insects increased due to the reorganization of insect records and that 113 ant

species were proven by related research in 2018.

Table 5.5 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the number and

tree species in Macao between 2017 and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Number of trees (Unit: no.)

Roadside trees in Macao Peninsula

7,841 8,740 +11.5%

Roadside trees in the islands 8,315 8,642 +3.9%

Number of tree species (Unit: type)

Roadside tree species (Arbor) 241 241 －

Roadside tree species (Shrub) 175 175 －


Figure 5.8 Number of CITES certificates for imports and re-exports issued by

Macao Economic Services (DSE) in the past years

(Data source: DSE, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line


Figure 5.9 Number of cases prosecuted for CITES violations

(Data source: SA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line



59

Table 5.6 Accumulated number of species of animals and plants recorded in

Ecological Zone I & II in 2018 (type)

Fishes Benthos Insects Birds Amphibians

70 131 484 177 5

Reptiles Mammals Floating

Algae Zooplankton Embryophyta

20 10 217 134 381


Table 5.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of CITES1

certificates for imports and re-exports issued by DSE between 2017

and 2018


increase/decrease

CITES certificates 6,881 7,949 +15.5%

(Data source: DSE, 2019)

Note:1 In order to cope with the implementation of the CITES, the Government of the Macao SAR

regulates the imports and exports of relevant endangered species, and the Enforcement Law of

CITES came into force in September 2017.

Table 5.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the number of CITES

1 violations prosecuted between 2017 and 2018


increase/decrease

Number of cases 101 37 -63.4%

(Data source: SA, 2019)

Note: 1 In order to cope with the implementation of the CITES, the Government of the Macao SAR

regulates the imports and exports of relevant endangered species, and the Enforcement Law of

CITES came into force in September 2017.

In comparison with 2017, the green area under the jurisdiction of IAM

remained stable in 2018, the green area per capita slightly decreased, while

the number of roadside tree species stayed unchanged. Despite the increase

in the number of roadside trees, the total number has not yet reached 2017

level before the typhoon attack.

In recent years, the green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM

tended to decrease. In the past decade, the total number of roadside trees of

Macao was on an overall upward trend. Regarding the number of roadside

tree species, the shrubs remained unchanged while that of the arbors

increased.

Since the end of 2017, DSPA has continued to take forward the “Ecological

Survey of Macao and Study on Management Norms” in order to

systematically investigate and evaluate the animals, plants and ecosystem in

Macao.


60

It is suggested to continually push forward urban greening action plans,

optimize greening layout, expand green space for leisure and recreation, as

well as promote road greening, ecological remediation of mountain forests

and biodiversity preservation. Additionally, concerted efforts shall be made to

promote the construction of ecological civilization, map out corresponding

measures of ecological protection planning, optimize protection of wetlands

and mangroves, enhance maritime ecosystem, and proceed with ecological

education, so as to raise public awareness of nature conservation across the

whole society. Furthermore, it is also recommended to improve the ecosystem

across the region and jointly construct the green bay area through closer

cooperation among Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao in ecological

protection.



61

6. Ambient Noise

The Government of the Macao SAR has been striving to

mitigate the impact of different noise sources on the daily lives of

residents through law optimization, improving mechanisms of

complaints and inter-departmental collaboration, reinforcement

of control of vehicles, promotion of the use of electric vehicles,

as well as strengthening inspections and publicity measures, etc.

In 2018, the Government of the Macao SAR also drafted the

Revision of Prevention and Control of Ambient Noise, so as to

timely improve relevant regulations to be in line with social

development.

This chapter will analyze the

noise sources, noise monitoring

and noise complaints to

illustrate the ambient noise

status in Macao.


Driving Force of Noise

Noise Levels

Noise Complaints

6.1 Driving Force of Noise

DPSIR Framework

Status

Road traffic noise, noise from social and residential activities, as well as

construction noise are the major noise sources in Macao. In 2018, the

total number of motor vehicles decreased slightly compared with that of

2017 (see Table 2.7), the population density also decreased compared

with that of 2017 (see Figure 1.2), while the number of construction

establishments increased slightly (see Figure 6.1).

Figure 6.1 Number of licensed construction establishments in the past years




R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess


62

6.2 Noise Levels

DPSIR Framework

Status

In 2018, the Horta e Costa Station recorded the highest noise level

(including daytime and night-time, see Table 6.1).

In comparison with 2017, the Horta e Costa Station and Braga Street

Station recorded similar noise levels in 2018, the noise levels recorded at

the Seac Pai Van Station, Correia Silva Street Station and Ecological

Zone Station increased. Since the operation of the Areia Preta Station is

less than one year in 2017, no comparison is made (see Figure 6.2 and

Table 6.1).

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the noise levels recorded at the Horta e Costa Station

showed an overall downward trend, the noise levels at the Braga Street

Station remained stable, while those recorded at the Ecological Zone

Station which is located near the newly developed area (in the past half

decade) and the Correia Silva Street Station (in the past decade) tended

to increase in general (see Figure 6.3).

Figure 6.2 Annual average hourly Leq at each fixed ambient noise monitoring station between 2017 and 2018


Note: 1 The Venceslau de Morais Station has been moved to the Areia Preta Station since 27th April of

2017 as for operation owing to district planning and only data from May to December of 2017 of

the Areia Preta Station is available. As the data is less than one year, no comparison between

2017 and 2018 is made.


R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Force


63

Horta e Costa Station Braga Street Station Correia Silva Street Station

Ecological Zone Station Seac Pai Van Station Areia Preta Station

Figure 6.3 Annual average Leq recorded at each fixed ambient noise monitoring station in the past years (at various time intervals)


Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of the annual average 24-hour Leq of relevant monitoring stations.

2 The monitoring data collected at Ecological Zone Station has been published officially since April of 2014.

3 The monitoring data collected at Seac Pai Van Station has been published officially since January of 2016.

4 The monitoring data collected at Areia Preta Station has been published officially since May 2017.


64

Table 6.1 Annual average Leq at each fixed ambient noise monitoring station (at

various time intervals) between 2016 and 2018, and level differences (Unit: dB(A))

Horta e Costa Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018

Difference

24 hours 73.4 73.3 73.3 -

Daytime (08h-20h) 74.7 74.6 74.5 -0.1

Night-time (20h-08h) 71.7 71.3 71.7 +0.4

Evening (20h-24h) 73.2 73.1 73.2 +0.1

Midnight (24h-08h) 70.5 70.1 70.6 +0.5

Difference between L10 and L90 16.0 16.1 13.7 -2.4

Braga Street Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018 Difference

24 hours 65.9 65.9 66.1 +0.2

Daytime (08h-20h) 66.9 67.1 67.2 +0.1

Night-time (20h-08h) 64.4 64.3 64.5 +0.2

Evening (20h-24h) 65.2 65.1 65.3 +0.2

Midnight (24h-08h) 63.9 63.9 63.9 -

Difference between L10 and L90 11.7 12.0 11.9 -0.1

Correia Silva Street Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018

Difference

24 hours 69.0 67.4 68.6 +1.2

Daytime (08h-20h) 70.4 69.2 70.1 +0.9

Night-time (20h-08h) 66.8 64.1 66.4 +2.3

Evening (20h-24h) 68.5 66.2 68.5 +2.3

Midnight (24h-08h) 65.3 61.7 64.7 +3.0

Difference between L10 and L90 23.1 22.7 23.2 +0.5

Ecological Zone Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018

Difference

24 hours 58.9 60.5 61.6 +1.1

Daytime (08h-20h) 60.8 62.5 63.4 +0.9

Night-time (20h-08h) 55.0 56.1 58.2 +2.1

Evening (20h-24h) 56.4 58.0 60.1 +2.1

Midnight (24h-08h) 53.9 54.6 56.6 +2.0



65

Seac Pai Van Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018 Difference

24 hours 63.1 62.9 64.7 +1.8

Daytime (08h-20h) 65.0 64.5 66.7 +2.2

Night-time (20h-08h) 59.2 60.1 60.4 +0.3

Evening (20h-24h) 61.1 61.8 62.1 +0.3

Midnight (24h-08h) 57.6 58.9 59.1 +0.2


Areia Preta Station 1

2017

(May to December) 2018

24 hours 62.7 62.4

Daytime (08h-20h) 64.5 64.0

Night-time (20h-08h) 59.3 59.0

Evening (20h-24h) 61.4 61.1

Midnight (24h-08h) 57.5 57.2

Difference between L10 and L90 13.9 13.8


Note: 1 The monitoring data collected at the Areia Preta Station has been published officially since May of

2017. Considering the comparability, the difference is not calculated.

6.3 Noise Complaints

DPSIR Framework

Status

In 2018, the number of noise complaints increased slightly compared with

that of 2017. The major types of complaints were still “Conversation and

shouting” as well as “Music and karaoke”, which together accounted for

approximately 60% of the total complaints, reflecting that noise from social

and residential activities caused significant nuisance to residents (see

Figure 6.5).

Figure 6.4 Noise complaints received in the past years


Note: 1. The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.


R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess


66

Figure 6.5 Percentages of noise complaints by category in 2018


Table 6.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of the total

number of noise complaints between 2017 and 2018

(Unit：case) 2017 2018 Percentage

increase/decrease

Total noise complaints 1 9,196 9,301 +1.1%


Note: 1 It includes the noise complaints received by CPSP, DSPA, IAM and DST.

Noise from social and residential activities, road traffic noise as well as

construction noise were still the major noise sources.

In recent years, besides the noise levels recorded at stations near the

newly developed area increased, those recorded at other stations remained

stable or decreased slightly. Meanwhile, according to the number of noise

complaints, noise from social and residential activities caused significant

noise disturbance to residents, indicating that it’s necessary to promote good

citizenship to reduce noise and respect others.

In the future, it is suggested to proceed with law revision, urban master

plan and control the number of vehicles, promote the use of electric vehicles,

install noise barriers, improve pedestrian system, encourage green

commuting, adopt low-noise construction equipments, enhance law

enforcement and inspections, as well as promote public awareness of

reducing noise, in an effort to build a quiet and livable environment together.



67

7. Environmental Investment

and Participation

In recent years, ecological conservation and green

development have been the keynote of government policies. As a

matter of fact, besides the lead of the government policies, social

participation is crucial. Furthermore, concerted effort has been

made to push forward the construction of ecological civilization

through closer environmental cooperation with neighboring

regions, specifically taking opportunity of the construction of

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Relevant environmental investment, participation as well as

regional cooperation will be introduced in this chapter.


Public Investment Related to Environmental Protection

Regional Cooperation

Public Participation and Concern

Environmental Management of Enterprises

7.1 Public Investment Related to Environmental

Protection

DPSIR Framework

Status

“Planning and Environment” and “Infrastructure” are the two major

categories related to environmental protection in the public expenditure of

the Government of the Macao SAR. In total, these two categories

accounted for 2.1% of the public expenditure in 2018, which was similar

to that in 2017. However, the total amount of the two expenditures

decreased (see Figures 7.1-7.2 and Table 7.1). The major expenditure

included operation and enhancement of infrastructures, urban drainage

system, sewage interception and sludge removal projects, among others.


R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess




68

Decadal trends

There was an upward trend in the expenditure on “Planning and

Environment” and “Infrastructure” in the past decade, which accounted

for 1.7% to 3.4% of the total public expenditure. However, it has fallen

back since 2016 (see Figure 7.1).

Figure 7.1 Public expenditure on “Planning and environment” and

“Infrastructure” in the past years (Data source: DSF, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of the total public expenditure of “Planning and environment” and

“Infrastructure”. 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation of “Planning and environment” and “Infrastructure”

between 2018 and 2017.

Table 7.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of expenditure on

“Planning and environment” and “Infrastructure” between 2017 and

20181

(Unit: ‘000 MOP) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Infrastructure 1,145,161 (1.5%) 860,359 (1.1%) -24.9%

Planning and

environment 749,032 (1.0%) 811,324 (1.0%) +8.3%

(Data source: DSF, 2019) Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of public expenditure of each category to

the total public expenditure.

Figure 7.2 Public expenditure by function in 2018

(Data source: DSF, 2019)


69

7.2 Regional Cooperation

Status

In 2018, the Government of the Macao SAR continued to strengthen and

deepen international and regional environmental exchange and

cooperation, including organization of the “2018 Macao International

Environmental Co-operation Forum & Exhibition (2018 MIECF)”1.

Meanwhile, the Government of the Macao SAR is also pushing foward

environmental protection cooperation with the Ministry of Ecology and

Environment of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Science

and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, the Pan-Pearl River

Delta Region, and the Guangdong-Macao, Hong Kong-Macao and

Zhuhai-Macao regions through relevant cooperative mechanisms (for

details, please refer to Work Report of the Environmental Protection

Bureau 20182). In addition, relevant work of “Guangdong-Hong

Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network”3

has been carried on continually.

1 2018 Macao International Environmental Co-operation Forum & Exhibition (2018 MIECF):

http://www.macaomiecf.com/miecf2018 2 Section 2.8 Exchange and Cooperation for Environmental Protection of the Work Report of the

Environmental Protection Bureau 2018: http://www.dspa.gov.mo/publish.aspx 3Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network:

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext.aspx?a_id=100988

Development trends

In the wake of promulgation of the “Outline Development Plan for the

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area”, construction of

ecological civilization will be pushed forward through building ecological

barriers, enhancing environmental protection and improvements as well

as green innovation and low carbon development, being in line with the

principle of “Green Development and Ecological Conservation”. Regional

cooperation in environmental protection will develop in a diversified,

forward-looking and pragmatic direction.

http://www.macaomiecf.com/miecf2018

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/publish.aspx

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext.aspx?a_id=100988


70

7.3 Public Participation and Concern

DPSIR Framework

Status

The Government of the Macao SAR has continuously promoted public

awareness on environmental protection and green living by organizing

diversified publicity and education activities. In 2018, the number of

co-organizers and the total number of activities related to environmental

publicity and education held by DSPA and IAM decreased while the total

number of participants and expenses increased, compared with those in

2017 (see Figure 7.3 and Table 7.2).

In comparison with 2017, the number of environmental complaints

reported by residents to DSPA increased to 2,038 in 2018, and the

number of complaints on environmental hygiene problems reported to

IAM decreased to 7,007 in 2018. A significant increase in the noise

complaints is observed (see Tables 7.3 and 7.4).

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the number of co-organizers, total number of activities

and expenses of environmental protection activities held by DSPA and

IAM all tended to increase in general, the total number of participants

remained relatively stable (see Figure 7.3).

The number of complaints reported by residents to DSPA and IAM has

been on an overall upward trend in the past decade. Specifically, the

environmental complaints reported to DSPA increased significantly (see

Figures 7.4 and 7.5).

Table 7.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of environmental

publicity and educational activities held by DSPA and IAM between

2017 and 2018

2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Expenses (‘000 MOP) 7,880.9 9,311.8 +18.2%

Total number of participants

(‘000 ppl) 419.5 491.4 +17.1%

Total number of activities (no.) 1,772 1,571 -11.3%

Number of co-organizers (no.) 986 783 -20.6%



R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess


71

Total number of activities Total number of participants Table 7.3 Numerical data and percentage

increase/decrease of environmental

complaints lodged with DSPA by category


(Unit: case) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Total number of

complaints 1,976 2,038 +3.1%

• Air pollution 562 510 -9.3%

• Noise 1,304 1,368 +4.9%

• Others 88 105 +19.3%

• Environmental

hygiene 22 55 +150.0%

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Number of co-organizers Expenses

Table 7.4 Numerical data and percentage

increase/decrease of environmental hygiene

complaints lodged with IAM by category

(cooking fumes emission, noise disturbance

and waste) between 2017 and 2018

(Unit: case) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Total number of

complaints 8,124 7,007 -13.7%

• Waste 1,384 1,227 -11.3%

• Cooking fumes

emission 489 516 +5.5%

• Noise

disturbance 54 110 +103.7%

Figure 7.3 Statistics on the environmental publicity and education activities held by DSPA and IAM in

the past years



2 Tthe percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017. (Data source: IAM, 2019)


72

Figure 7.4 Number of environmental complaints presented to DSPA by the

public in the past years

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes:

1 The gray line is the trend line of total complaint cases.


Figure 7.5 Number of environmental hygiene complaints presented to IAM by

the public in the past years (cooking fumes emission, noise

disturbance, waste) (Data source: IAM, 2019) Notes:

1 The gray line is the trend line of total complaint cases.

2 The percentage in the figure is the variation of “cooking fumes emission”, “noise disturbance”

and “waste” between 2018 and 2017.

7.4 Environmental Management of Enterprises

DPSIR Framework

Status

The Government of the Macao SAR continued to promote

environmental management in various industries. In particular, 19

hotels were awarded the “2018 Macao Green Hotel Award”, which

increased compared with that in 2017. The “Macao Green Hotel Award”

has a validity of three years, the awardees of 2018 and those of

2016-2017 totaled 55 hotels, accounting for approximately 50% of the

hotels in Macao with over 28,400 guestrooms, which is more than 70%

of the total number of guestrooms in Macao (see Figure 7.6 and Table

7.5).

The Government of the Macao SAR continued to enhance the

performance of enterprises on environmental protection by awarding

environmental management certifications as well as organizing various

courses and seminars related to environmental management. The

accumulated number of entities awarded the ISO14001 Certificate in

2018 increased by 6.3% compared with that of 2017 (see Figure 7.7

and Table 7.6), and the participants of courses and seminars related to

environmental management held by public departments and

institutions4 totaled more than 1,500.

4 Mainly refers to the courses and seminars related to environmental management held by DSPA, DSAMA,

CPTTM, SAAM, CEM and CAM.


R Responses

Resposta

D Driving Forcess


73

Decadal trends

In the past decade, the number of awarded green hotels has continued to

increase, indicating that the hotel industry is more concerned with

environmental protection (see Figure 7.6).

Figure 7.6 Accumulated number of hotels awarded the “Macao Green Hotel

Award” and the number of guestrooms in the past years

(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation of “accumulated number of hotels awarded the Macao

Green Hotel Award” and “number of guestrooms in the awarded hotels” between 2018 and 2017.

Figure 7.7 Accumulated number of entities awarded the ISO14001 Certificate

on Environmental Management System in the past years

(Data source: CPTTM, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line


Table 7.5 Accumulated number and percentage increase/decrease of hotels

awarded the “Macao Green Hotel Award” and the number of

guestrooms between 2017 to 2018

(Unit: no.) 2017 2018

Percentage

increase/

decrease

Accumulated number of hotels awarded the

“Macao Green Hotel Award” 51 55 +7.8%

Number of guestrooms in the awarded hotels 27,159 28,449 +4.7%



74

Table 7.6 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of information

related to environmental management system between 2017 and

2018

2017 2018 Percentage

increase/decrease

Total number of participants enrolled in

courses and seminars related to

environmental management system (ppl)

8041 1,581

2 Note

3

Courses and seminars related to

environmental management system (no.) 25

1 55

2 Note

3

Accumulated number of entities awarded

the ISO14001 Certificate on

Environmental Management System (no.)

96r 102 +6.3%

(Data source: Government departments and institutions that provide information to the Report, 2019) Notes: 1 The statistical data before 2017 (include 2017) is made based on the number of courses and

seminars related to environmental management held by CPTTM.

2 Mainly refers to the courses and seminars related to environmental management held by

DSPA, DSAMA, CPTTM, SAAM, CEM and CAM.

3 Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not calculated. r Revised figure.

The Government of the Macao SAR continued to allocate public

expenditure on environmental protection and strengthen environmental

cooperation with different regions in 2018. Moreover, the number of hotels

awarded the “Macao Green Hotel Award” as well as the number of entities

awarded certificate on environmental management continued to increase. In

2018, the number of co-organizers and the total number of activities related

to environmental publicity and education decreased in comparison with

2017, while the total number of participants and expenses increased

compared with those in 2017. The total number of participants remained

relatively stable in the past decade.

In terms of promoting public participation, it is suggested to progressively

launch diversified environmental publicity and education, training

programmes and seminars aiming at different communities, push forwards

ecological education, enhance social concerns and sense of responsibility

for environmental protection, elevate public awareness of protecting the

environment as protecting lives, advocate low-carbon living (such as waste

reduction, plastic reduction, carbon reduction and noise reduction),

production as well as urban construction and operation mode, encourage

enterprises to implement environmental management, as well as enhance

public understanding of international environmental issues and international

conventions.

As for regional cooperation, it is suggested to push forward the

construction of ecological civilization in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao

Greater Bay Area, further improve and deepen regional environmental

cooperation in accordance with the Five-Year Development Plan of the

Government of the Macao SAR as well as requirements of maritime

management, for the purpose of jointly building a green, livable and

low-carbon ecological bay area.



75

8. Conclusions

The Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 reveals the

status and evolution trends of various areas, including social and economic

evolution, atmospheric environment, water environment, solid waste, nature

conservation, ambient noise as well as environmental investment and

participation.

In 2018, the economy of Macao progressed steadily, local population grew

and visitor arrivals soared, tourism intensity continued to increase and

stayed relatively higher than those of neighboring regions. Furthermore, the

consumption of various resources and the disposal quantity of municipal

solid waste also tended to increase, driven by the growth of GDP, population

and visitor arrivals, representing that Macao is under considerable

environmental pressure.

In respect of atmospheric environment, the number of days of air quality

recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” at air monitoring stations in 2018

accounted for more than 92% of the total number of monitoring days, which

was similar to that of 2017. The AQI of Macao was better in May and July, but

worse in October. In 2018, the major air pollutant in Macao was O3, with

annual mean concentrations recorded at the Ambient Stations being higher

than those recorded at the High Density Residential Area Stations, indicating

that measures are required to reduce the photochemical pollution in those

areas. Affected by various transport emissions, local production of electricity

and other factors, the annual mean concentrations of NO2 recorded at

Roadside (Macao) Station and High Density Residential Area (Macao)

Station both exceeded the standard value in 2018. Besides, the annual mean

concentrations of SO2 and CO recorded at all monitoring stations decreased

compared with those of 2017. On the other hand, the annual mean

concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were both lower than the standard value,

corresponding to the overall trend observed by the Guangdong-Hong

Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network.

According to the analysis of estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants

and GHG, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants in Macao in

2017, including Pb, SOx, CO, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and NOx,

decreased successively as compared to those in 2016, except NH3. Various

types of transports and local production of electricity remained the major

sources of atmospheric pollution. In respect of GHG emissions, local

production of electricity was the largest source of estimated emissions of

GHG and CO2, sanitary landfill was the major source of CH4 emissions while

wastewater treatment and waste incineration were the major sources of N2O

emissions.

With respect to water environment, the quality of potable water was

maintained at a low salinity level (green) in 2018, and the qualified rate of

coliform bacteria in the distribution networks complied with the requirements

of relevant laws. Driven by an increase in commercial water consumption,

billed water consumption in 2018 increased slightly compared with that of

2017. Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP decreased in 2018

compared with that of 2017, and domestic water consumption per capita was

similar to that of 2017. In respect of coastal waters, the overall quality of

coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with that of 2017, but it is

notable that non-metal evaluation index was still higher than the standard

value. In addition, the eutrophication index recorded at several monitoring

points increased in varying degrees compared with 2017 data, with the

highest value recorded at Inner Harbor.



76

8. Conclusions

With regard to solid waste management, the disposal quantity of municipal

solid waste in Macao increased slightly compared with that of 2017, and the

disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita was similar to that of

2017. The quantity of all types of waste vehicles decreased in 2018 except

for the increases recorded in industrial machines and heavy vehicles

compared with 2017 data. The quantity of special and hazardous waste was

similar to that in 2017; the quantities of construction waste, sea mud and slag

decreased in varying degrees, however, that of fly ash increased. Moreover,

the types of recyclable solid waste increased continuously and the recycling

network expanded gradually. According to the import and export statistics,

the recovery rate of recyclable waste in 2018 was computed to be 22.1%,

equal to that of 2017. In addition, the paper and metals collected through

various recycling programs organized by the DSPA and IAM increased in

2018 compared with those in 2017, but that of plastics collected decreased.

As for nature conservation, in comparison with 2017, the green area under

the jurisdiction of IAM remained similar in 2018, the green area per capita

decreased slightly, while the number of roadside tree species stayed

unchanged. Despite the increase in the number of roadside trees, the total

number has not yet reached 2017 level before the typhoon attack.

As for ambient noise, noise from social and residential activities, road

traffic noise and construction noise were still the major noise sources. In

2018, the highest noise level occurred at the Horta e Costa Station. In recent

years, noise levels recorded at stations near the newly developed area

increased, and those recorded at other stations tended to remain stable or

decrease slightly. Meanwhile, according to the number of noise complaints,

noise from social and residential activities caused significant nuisance to

residents.

With respect to environmental investment and participation, the

Government of the Macao SAR continued to allocate public expenditure on

environmental protection and strengthen environmental cooperation with

different regions in 2018. Moreover, the number of hotels awarded the

“Macao Green Hotel Award” as well as the number of entities awarded

certificates on environmental management continued to increase. In 2018,

the number of co-organizers and the total number of activities related to

environmental publicity and education decreased in comparison with 2017,

while the total number of participants and expenses for such activities

increased compared with those in 2017.

One of the priorities outlined in the “Five-Year Development Plan of the

Macao Special Administrative Region (2016-2020)” is to enhance

environmental protection and promote environmentally-friendly lifestyle,

followed by a suite of policies which comprises key projects for optimizing

environmental protection, environmental improvement plan and urban

greening action plan, etc., in a bid to protect the environment more

effectively.



77

8. Conclusions

In the future, consistent efforts shall be made to support national strategies

and regional principles of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay

Area for green development and ecological conservation, to take forward

construction of ecological civilization, improve the quality of ecological

environment, enhance resource conservation and stick to environmental

policies, improve environmental laws, regulations, guidelines and quality

standards, reinforce pollution control and expand waste recycling; also to

progressively optimize environmental infrastructures and relevant

management, facilitate green, intelligent, energy-saving and low-carbon

production and lifestyle, encourage residents to practice

environmentally-friendly living, promote waste reduction at the source,

encourage enterprises to implement environmental management and recycle

waste products, while enhancing environmental services and publicity in

communities, as well as promoting regional and collaborative environmental

management, aiming to improve ecological environment and sustain green

development together.



78

Major environmental sub-indicators Comparison between

2018 and 2017

Trends of the past

decade

Atmospheric Environment

Percentage of days with air quality recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” at air monitoring stations

1

Estimated emissions of greenhouse gases

2

3

Electricity consumption

Energy consumption per unit of GDP

Water Environment

Annual average chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant

Billed water consumption per capita

Total evaluation index of quality of coastal waters

Non-metal evaluation index of quality of coastal waters

Heavy metal evaluation index of quality of coastal waters

Eutrophication index of coastal waters

Chlorophyll a concentration of coastal waters Solid Waste

Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste

Nature Conservation

Green area per capita 4

No comparability 6

Green area 5



79

Major environmental sub-indicators Comparison between

2018 and 2017

Trends of the past decade

Ambient Noise

Annual average 24 hours Leq

Horta e Costa Station Braga Street Station

Horta e Costa Station

Braga Street Station

Seac Pai Van Station Correia Silva Street Station

Ecological Zone Station

Ecological Zone Station 7

Correia Silva Street Station

(Areia Preta Station is excluded) (Seac Pai Van Station and Areia

Preta Station are excluded)

Environmental

Investment and

Participation

Public expenditure on “Planning and environment”

and “Infrastructure”

Total number of participants (in activities)

Number of entities awarded the ISO14001

Certificate on Environmental Management System

Notes: 1 The AQI standard of Macao has been upgraded in 2012 to meet the interim target-1 suggested by the WHO. This shows the trend from 2013 to 2018.

2 This is the comparison between 2017 and 2016.

3 This shows the trend from 2008 to 2017.

4 Green area per capita refers to the green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area, therefore relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao. Additionally,

it is calculated based on the end-year population in accordance to the IAM.

5 The green area under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area, therefore relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao.

6 The “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has been revised in 2015. As relevant standard has been adjusted, no comparison on the trend of the past decade was made for the time being.

7 The data recorded at the Ecological Zone Station in recent years is from 2014 to 2018.




80

Appendix

I. Air Quality Index of Macao 1 PPoolllluuttaanntt PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 O3 CO

Unit μg/m3 mg/m

3

Index 24 hour-average Hourly

average* 8 hour-average*

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

50 100 35 40 100 80 5

100 150 75 125 200 160 10

200 350 150 660 750 350 17

300 420 250 1,300 1,500 600 34

400 500 350 1,700 2,000 800 46

500 600 500 2,120 2,500 1,000 57

(Data source: SMG, 2019)

Notes: 1 The AQI adopted since 2nd

July of 2012.

* The highest value in 24 hours.

II. Noise monitoring parameters

Parameter Definition

Leq,T

Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level (Leq) refers to the

mean value of noise level energy during a specific period of time (T),

or the energy equivalent of steady noise level along with time.

L10 The noise level exceeded during 10% of the monitoring period,

representing a rather high-intensity noise level during that period.

L90 The noise level exceeded during 90% of the monitoring period,

representing a relatively low-intensity noise level during that period.


http://www.dspa.gov.mo/StateReportHTML/2016/pdf/en/appendix.pdf


81

Appendix

III. Distribution of environmental protection

infrastructures and monitoring stations in Macao

Map source: DSCC

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/StateReportHTML/2016/pdf/en/appendix.pdf


82

Abbreviations

A AACM Autoridade de Aviação Civil (Civil Aviation Authority)

AQI Air Quality Index

As Arsenic

C CAM Sociedade do Aeroporto Internacional de Macau, S.A.R.L. (Macau International

Airport Co. Ltd.)

CB Corpo de Bombeiros (Fire Services Bureau)

Cd Cadmium

CEM Companhia de Electricidade de Macau, S.A. (Macau Electricity Company Limited)

CH4 Methane

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

COD Chemical oxygen demand

CPSP Corpo de Polícia de Segurança Pública (Public Security Police Force)

CPTTM Centro de Produtividade e de Transferência de Tecnologia de Macau (Macau

Productivity and Technology Transfer Center)

Cr Chromium

Cu Copper

D dB Decibel, sound level

DPSIR Driving forces - Pressures - States - Impacts - Responses

DSAMA Direcção dos Serviços de Assuntos Marítimos e de Á gua (Marine and Water Bureau)

DSAT Direcção dos Serviços para os Assuntos de Tráfego (Transport Bureau)

DSCC Direcção dos Serviços de Cartografia e Cadastro (Cartography and Cadastre

Bureau)

DSE Direcção dos Serviços de Economia (Macao Economic Services)

DSEC Direcção dos Serviços de Estatística e Censos (Statistics and Census Bureau)

DSF Direcção dos Serviços de Finanças (Financial Services Bureau)

DSPA Direcção dos Serviços de Protecção Ambiental (Environmental Protection Bureau)

DST Direcção dos Serviços de Turismo (Macao Government Tourism Office)

E EEA European Environment Agency

EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme

G GB Guobiao (Chinese National Standard)

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GDSE Gabinete para o Desenvolvimento do Sector Energético (Energy Sector

Development Office)

GHG Greenhouse gas

H Hg Mercury

I IAM Instituto para os Assuntos Municipais (Municipal Affairs Bureau)

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISO International Organization for Standardization

K kWh kilowatt hour

L L10

The noise level exceeded during 10% of the monitoring period, representing

a rather high-intensity noise level during that period

L90 The noise level exceeded during 90% of the monitoring period, representing

a relatively low-intensity noise level during that period

Leq Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level (Leq)

M Macao SAR Macao Special Administrative Region

MIECF Macao International Environmental Cooperation Forum & Exhibition

N N2O Nitrous oxide

NH3 Ammonia

Ni Nickel

NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOx Nitrogen oxides

O O3 Ozone

P Pb Lead

PM10 Respirable suspended particulate with diameter less than 10μm

PM2.5 Fine suspended particulate with diameter less than 2.5μm

ppl people

ppl/km2 People per square kilometer

R RADARM Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao

S SA Serviços de Alfândega (Macao Customs Service)

SAAM Sociedade de Abastecimento de Á gua de Macau

(Macao Water Supply Company Limited)

Se Selenium

SMG Direcção dos Serviços Meteorológicos e Geofísicos

(Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau)

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SOx Sulphur oxides

SS Serviços de Saúde (Health Bureau)

SS (Section 3.4) Suspended solids

T TIP Transborder Industrial Park

TSP Total suspended particulates

U USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

V VOC volatile organic compound

W WHO World Health Organization

WWTP wastewater treatment plant

WWTS wastewater treatment station

Z Zn Zinc

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/StateReportHTML/2016/pdf/en/abbreviations.pdf


83

Reference

General Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s

Republic of China

http://www.mee.gov.cn

Environmental Protection Bureau (DSPA) http://www.dspa.gov.mo

Cartography and Cadastre Bureau (DSCC) http://www.dscc.gov.mo

Municipal Affairs Bureau (IAM) http://www.iam.gov.mo

Civil Aviation Authority (AACM) http://www.aacm.gov.mo

Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (DSEJ) http://www.dsej.gov.mo

Energy Sector Development Office (GDSE) http://www.gdse.gov.mo

Financial Services Bureau (DSF) http://www.dsf.gov.mo

Fire Services Bureau (CB) http://www.fsm.gov.mo/cb

Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ) http://www.dicj.gov.mo

Government Information Bureau (GCS) http://www.gcs.gov.mo

Health Bureau (SS) http://www.ssm.gov.mo

Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau (DSSOPT) http://www.dssopt.gov.mo

Legal Affairs Bureau (DSAJ) http://www.dsaj.gov.mo

Macao Customs Service (SA) http://www.customs.gov.mo

Macao Economic Services (DSE) http://www.economia.gov.mo

Macao Government Tourism Office (DST) http://www.macautourism.gov.mo

Marine and Water Bureau (DSAMA) http://www.marine.gov.mo

Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG) http://www.smg.gov.mo

Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) http://www.dsec.gov.mo

Transport Bureau (DSAT) http://www.dsat.gov.mo

Others

European Environment Agency (AEA) http://www.eea.europa.eu

Macao Water Supply Company Limited (SAAM) http://www.macaowater.com

Macau Electricity Company Limited (CEM) http://www.cem-macau.com

Macau Productivity and Technology Transfer Center

(CPTTM)

http://www.cpttm.org.mo

Portuguese Environmental Agency (APA) http://www.apambiente.pt

International Conventions

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

their Disposal

http://www.basel.int

Convention on Biological Diversity

http://www.cbd.int

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

http://www.cites.org

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Convention-on-the-Pr

evention-of-Marine-Pollution-by-Dumping-of-Wastes-and-Other-Matter.aspx

International Plant Protection Convention

https://www.ippc.int

Minamata Convention on Mercury

http://www.mercuryconvention.org/

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

http://www.pic.int

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

http://www.pops.int

The Paris Agreement

https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region

http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/plant.protection.south-east.asia.pacific.1956.html

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

http://unfccc.int

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer; Montreal Protocol on

Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

http://www.ozone.unep.org

http://www.dspa.gov.mo/StateReportHTML/2016/pdf/pt/reference.pdf

http://www.mee.gov.cn/


http://www.dscc.gov.mo/

http://www.iam.gov.mo/

http://www.aacm.gov.mo/

http://www.dsej.gov.mo/

http://www.gdse.gov.mo/

http://www.dsf.gov.mo/

http://www.fsm.gov.mo/cb

http://www.dicj.gov.mo/

http://www.gcs.gov.mo/

http://www.ssm.gov.mo/

http://www.dssopt.gov.mo/

http://www.dsaj.gov.mo/

http://www.customs.gov.mo/

http://www.economia.gov.mo/

http://www.macautourism.gov.mo/

http://www.marine.gov.mo/

http://www.smg.gov.mo/

http://www.dsec.gov.mo/

http://www.dsat.gov.mo/

http://www.eea.europa.eu/

http://www.macaowater.com/

http://www.cem-macau.com/

http://www.cpttm.org.mo/

http://www.apambiente.pt/

http://www.basel.int/

http://www.cbd.int/

http://www.cites.org/

http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Convention-on-the-Prevention-of-Marine-Pollution-by-Dumping-of-Wastes-and-Other-Matter.aspx

http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Convention-on-the-Prevention-of-Marine-Pollution-by-Dumping-of-Wastes-and-Other-Matter.aspx

https://www.ippc.int/

http://www.mercuryconvention.org/

http://www.pic.int/

http://www.pops.int/

https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/plant.protection.south-east.asia.pacific.1956.html

http://unfccc.int/

http://www.ozone.unep.org/

Technical Planning

Title Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Published by Environmental Protection Bureau

Date of Publication August 2019

Address Estrada de D. Maria II, 32-36, Edifício CEM, 1º andar, Macau

Hotline (853) 2876 2626

Telephone (853) 2872 5134

Fax (853) 2872 5129

E-mail [email protected]

Website http://www.dspa.gov.mo

ISSN 2415-4652

All rights reserved

mailto:[email protected]


Documents

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 - DSPA · 2019-08-13 · (DSPA) has paid close attention to the continuous improvement in the quality and publication date of